阵列解析式超声聚焦换能器研制及空间感测分析方法研究

传统的超声聚焦换能器大都采用单一的压电感测元件作为接收源,接收信号为作用于压电材料上的反射声场积分结果,无法反映反射声场的空间分布特性。采用激励与接收相分离的方式,研制一种新型阵列解析式超声聚焦换能器,利用多个感测元件为接收单元,通过一套基于FPGA技术的高速超声检测系统,实现了对被测试件反射声场的空间分布信号的采集和分析。阐述阵列解析式超声换能器的设计与制作方法,对换能器的多个感测元件的激励响应特性进行标定,利用该换能器的阵列感测元件的空间分布特性,对多角度声场感测信号进行分析和处理。以阶梯试件的台阶高度为测试对象开展空间感测声场测试方法分析试验研究,达到预期效果,为不规则裂缝缺陷检测奠定了基础。     

船用超声液位传感器的压电陶瓷瞬态特性分析

为解决传统解析法难以求解压电陶瓷瞬态特性的问题,将有限元方法引入到压电陶瓷瞬态特性分析中去.介绍了压电陶瓷瞬态特性分析的有限元理论,提出了有限元计算过程中的5个关键问题的解决方法,并从给出压电陶瓷实例出发进行了仿真试验,比较了不受约束力和受环状压应力两种结构形式下压电陶瓷的发射和接收特性.研究结果证明,环状分布压应力有...     

An electromagnetic model of a piezoelectric transducer

A one-dimensional electromechanical model of a piezoelectric transducer, which reproduces excitation of ultrasonic pulses in a product, reception of echo signals, and calculation of waves in all its elements (damper, protector, piezoelectric element, contact-liquid layer, etc.), is considered. The results of calculations of electric and wave processes in a normal ultrasonic transducer, when it operates jointly with a generator of probing pulses, are presented. Good agreement between the calculation and experimental results is demonstrated.     

Magnetostriction electromagnetic–acoustic excitation of ultrasonic waves without a bias field

A high-performance technique is suggested for generating ultrasonic waves by the magnetic–acoustic method without using a bias field. The technique is based on the frequency doubling of emitted ultrasonic wave as compared to the frequency of the field coil of electromagnetic transducer due to the evenness of magnetostriction. The efficiency of excitation and reception of ultrasonic waves at the doubled frequency without a bias field is compared with that at the base frequency with a bias field.     

压电换能器底座ANSYS有限元分析

压电换能器是超声无损检测中的一个重要的组成环节,然而,有许多因素影响压电换能器的性能。文章运用有限元ANSYS软件,模拟出压电换能器的模型,分析其底座对压电换能器性能的影响。结果发现,金属基座不仅具有保护压电材料的作用,解决电极引出问题,而且还能增大压电换能器的输出电压,有效地提高其压电性能。     

A graphic representation of through electromagnetic-acoustic transformations

The processes of the excitation, propagation, and reception of acoustic vibrations are considered. Acoustic vibrations were excited using the electromagnetic-acoustic (EMA) method. A double-wire antiphased emitter served as a source of a high-frequency field and stainless steel was used as an object of excitation. The graphic dependences for the plane perpendicular to the radiation direction were plotted. The graphs were plotted for an electromagnetic field excited by an emitter, an acoustic field, and an electromagnetic field that was generated as a result of reverse EMA transformation. In addition, the effects of metals with different conductances on the electromagnetic field excited by the emitter were analyzed. The studies were performed for different frequencies and different working gaps. The region of excitation of eddy currents for materials with drastically different conductances was visually demonstrated. The regions of the eddy current distribution were shown to depend on the gap.     

螺旋波纹管导波检测技术的数值仿真和试验研究

为对螺旋波纹管进行缺陷检测,研究纵向模态超声导波在螺旋波纹管中的传播特性。在Abaqus仿真软件平台中构建螺旋波纹管的计算模型,得到含有环向裂纹缺陷时的仿真结果。在此基础上,采用自主研制的电磁声换能器进行试验研究。试验所用的激励信号为经Hanning窗调制的20个振荡周期的正弦脉冲,中心频率为240 kHz,采用单一传感器在螺旋波纹管中激励和接收L(0, 2)模态导波,实现对螺旋波纹管中人工裂纹缺陷的识别,分析并计算缺陷位置测量不确定度。有限元仿真和试验结果表明,超声导波技术可以实现对螺旋波纹管裂纹缺陷的检测。     

Design and characterization of immersion ultrasonic transducers for pulsed regime applications

Ultrasonic transducer design is focused to maximize performance in specific applications, usually leading to complex design and expensive construction and assembly. With the aim to overcome this drawback, a general-purpose immersion ultrasonic transducer for pulsed regime applications has been developed. The design of each element of the transducer is described in this paper, wherein materials and geometries for each part have been recommended. A simple theoretical model has been proposed in order to predict the form of the received electric signal in the target transducer. The model is based on the assumption that the piezoelectric element acts as an underdamped oscillator, forced by the acoustic field coming from the propagation medium. Excellent agreement between the experimental measurements and the analytical model is achieved. Electrical impedance measurements reveal negligible differences between the resonance frequency of the active element and that of the assembled transducer. The designed devices have been characterized in water using two identical transducers placed face to face with changeable orientation. The experimental results show a highly linear response and the generation of a collimated acoustic field. The effects of the thickness of the matching layer on the transmission coefficient have been also studied, resulting in a smooth decrease in the received amplitude, which may significantly lower large-scale production costs.     

A multilayer transducer that contains piezoelectric layers

Formulas for the transfer functions and electric resistance for transducers that consist of an arbitrary number of active (piezoelectric) and passive layers are obtained. Parallel and series electrical connections of layers are considered. Formulas for reducing any active layer to a passive one are obtained. On the basis of the analysis of the obtained expressions and presented calculation results, recommendations for the practical use of the considered transducers are expounded. The obtained data allow the development of transducers with appreciably improved characteristics in comparison to the case where only one active element is used. The proposed new calculation method makes it possible to substantially simplify the determination of formulas for an arbitrary number of layers. The formulas for the main functions of a transducer concern multiple three-sided transducers, on one side of which certain conditions for their electrical connection are imposed. The transfer functions for the reception mode with respect to the voltage at the working surface of the transducer are obtained. The proposed calculation method can be also applied to other types of transducers.     

圆锥型压电换能器的动态设计与实验研究

对一种圆锥型夹心式压电换能器进行了动态设计与实验分析。利用有限元分析方法对换能器进行了动态设计,给出了该类压电换能器有限元建模方法,分析了换能器主要结构尺寸对振动模态、固有频率的影响。依据有限元分析结果,提出了一种基于数值分析的换能器优化设计方法,简化了设计过程。在数值分析的基础上,设计、研制了圆锥型夹心式压电换能器,并对压电换能器进行了性能测试。并将实验测试数据和有限元分析结果进行了对比,测试结果验证了数值分析与设计方法的合理性。     

超声波轴承用挤压式压电换能器的共振频率

设计了一种超声悬浮轴承用新型径向挤压式压电换能器,用于验证超声波轴承径向共振频率理论计算的正确性。基于弹性理论、压电方程和机电类比原理,建立压电换能器机电等效电路图,理论推导出了压电换能器径向振动的共振频率方程;然后,应用Matlab软件计算出了压电换能器的共振频率。采用有限元软件对已知结构尺寸的换能器进行模态分析,计算出压电换能器所需振型及该振型下的共振频率,数值仿真分析了换能器结构尺寸对换能器共振频率和径向振幅的影响。最后,设计了 一台样机,从理论、仿真及实验三方面对其共振频率进行验证。实验结果显示：换能器径向振动共振频率的理论值与实验结果相对误差为5.89%,仿真值与实验结果误差为3.53%。实验结果证明了理论计算方法的正确性,为压电挤压换能器的设计提供了理论依据。     

Increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in ultrasonic testing of repair welds using the technology of thinned antenna arrays

To test objects of materials with a high level of structural noise, use of thinned antenna arrays (TAAs) that have a large spatial aperture and consist of a small number of elements that are positioned from one another at a distance larger than the wavelength is proposed. A TAA moves over the surface of a tested object and echo signals are recorded during transmission and reception by different pairs of piezoelectric plates. For each transmitter-receiver pair, the measured echo signals are used to reconstruct partial images, which are then coherently added together to form the final image, by the SAFT method. A procedure for calibrating each piezoelectric plate of the TAA in order to determine the coordinates of its center for efficient coherent summation of partial images has been developed. The calibration procedure reduces the requirements for the accuracy of the arrangement of the piezoelectric plates of the TAA on a prism. The use of the technology of TAAs allows one to obtain images of flaws in repair welds with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is 12 dB higher than the SNR for an image obtained using the technique for a single-element transducer. The results of testing specimens of 800 pipelines with repair welds in weld seams are presented. The efficiency of this method is shown in comparison to the method in which a single-element piezoelectric transducer is used.     

压电石英晶片扭转效应理论研究与验证

从各向异性弹性理论和麦克斯韦电磁理论出发,较系统地探讨了圆形压电石英晶片扭转效应理论,得出了扭转应力场与非线性极化电场分布规律,并采用有限元法求得了极化电荷电场在压电片内的分布。根据理论分析,用分割电极法有效地在压电片表面布置了检测电极,理论与试验结果均表明电极检测的极化电荷量与外转矩成线性关系,理论与试验基本符合。这些研究为新型转矩传感器与测力仪的开发奠定了必要的理论基础。     

基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材缺陷自动检测装置

针对目前国内外普遍采用的压电超声技术在铝合金板材检测中的不足,研制了基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材自动检测装置.设计了激发和接收导波的电磁超声换能器(EMAT),由FPGA完成电磁超声发射接收电路控制和数据采集.利用LabWindows CVI软件编写上位机程序,通过USB总线实现FPGA与上位机的数据交换,并在上位机完成数据分析和处理.研制了机械装置控制探头在铝合金板材表面折线形运动,实现整个铝合金板材缺陷的检测,并为板材在线检测装置的研制打下基础.基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材缺陷自动检测装置,可对厚度为10 mm以下的整个铝合金板材进行快速检测,并能在上位机实现缺陷的自动判别.     

Analysis of Natural Vibrations of Round Flexing Membrane-Type Piezoelectric Transducers with an Arbitrary Dimension Ratio

The problem of natural vibrations of a round exing membrane-type piezoelectric transducer (piezoelectric plate) with an arbitrary dimension ratio is solved in the exact formulation using the finite element method for two variants of fastening the membrane (simply supported and rigidly fixed plate). The natural frequency spectra are analyzed in the resonance and antiresonance regimes. The displacement distributions over the plate surfaces are also analyzed and the dependences of the dynamic electromechanical coupling coefficient are investigated as functions of the geometric dimensions of the piezoelectric transducer, the plate material, and the piezoelectric ceramic composition. The optimum geometric dimensions of the transducer which ensure the maximum dynamic electromechanical coupling coefficient are determined and the value of the coefficient is estimated.     

Acousto-optical imaging of standing electromagnetic waves in multielement piezoelectric transducers of acoustoelectric devices

An acousto-optical method for monitoring the electric-field distributions in multielement piezoelectric transducers for microwave devices, when standard probe techniques are unsuitable, is described. The method is based on the recording of the intensity of laser radiation that is diffracted by acoustic waves emitted by separate elements of a transducer. This method allows close matching of the transducer to the feeding microwave section, the characterization of the spatial uniformity of the transducer-excited acoustic flux, and the measurement of the dispersion and deceleration of electromagnetic signals in the transducer.     

Simulation and Finite Element Analysis of Porous Piezoceramic Disk-Shaped Transducer with Plano-Concave Surface

The paper investigates a disk-shaped piezoelectric transducer with plano-concave surface. Special form of the construction enhances the flexibility of the transducer and improves its effectiveness similar to the known transducers of Cymbal and Moonie types. The analysis of the transducer was performed using the finite element technologies and ANSYS finite element software. The influence of the porosity of the piezoceramic material of the transducer on its performance was studied both in static analysis and steady-state oscillations mode. The porosity of the piezoceramic material was taken into account by the effective properties of porous piezoceramic as a composite structure, which were calculated in numerical experiments on solving the homogenization problems by the effective moduli method and the finite element method.     

方形石英晶片扭转效应的研究

利用各向异性弹性理论和麦克斯韦电磁理论,得出方形石英晶片的扭转应力场与非线形极化电场分布规律,并采用有限元分析软件ANSYS求得极化电荷所产生电场在压电体内分布。在理论分析的基础上,用分割电极法有效地在压电体表面布置了检测电极,实验测定发现极化电荷量与外扭矩成线形关系,理论与实验基本符合,为转矩测量技术的发展和新型测力仪的设计打下了必要的基础。     

Force balanced transducer based on electromagnetic lever with improved linearity

The elastically sensitive element nonlinearity and the signal–noise ratio are the limitation of the traditional force transducer, which makes the precision is rarely higher than 0.02%. This study proposes a force transducer with electromagnetic force balance lever structure. The transducer utilized a controllable electromagnet that generated the controllable electromagnetic force to offset the load while the load value is obtained by the coil voltage, which solves the signal–noise ratio problem. Analyzing the electromagnetic force curves under different temperatures by the piecewise linearization method acquires the high linearity electromagnetic force, which solves the nonlinearity problem. Test results indicated that the transducer linearity was 0.001%, and its precision was 0.003%.     

基于压电陶瓷的新型换能器的研究

Cymbal换能器是一种新型压电复合换能器,能输出较大的位移和驱动力。应用软件分别分析和实验验证了Cymbal换能器的形状参数h对频响和结构特性的影响,同时比较了Cymbal和其它两种结构的换能器在位移方面的差异。