煤粉燃烧过程中铁矿物质迁移特性的研究进展

综述了国内外关于煤中含铁矿物质在煤粉燃烧过程中的行为及其在结渣过程中作用的的研究进展，着重对硫铁矿、菱角矿在燃烧过程中迁移特性及其炉内产物的研究结果进行了评述；阐明了燃烧过程中含铁矿物质的迁移特性与它们在煤中的存在形式与其它物质关联程度以及燃烧环境气氛密切相关，从而使灰渣呈现出不同的沉积和结渣趋势。     

配煤对新疆准东高碱煤沾污结渣特性的影响

选用我国新疆准东地区某典型高碱煤和某低碱井工煤作为研究对象,研究了不同掺混比例对混煤灰熔融特性的影响,并应用相平衡理论对实验结果进行理论分析.结果表明:2种煤按不同比例混合后,由于混煤中的矿物质组成和煤灰化学成分发生变化,使得混煤灰的熔融特性也发生较大变化,混煤灰的熔融温度并不与2种煤的掺混比例呈线性变化关系,而与相应三元相图上的液相线温度具有一定的相似性;按照不同比例对不同煤样进行配比,可通过高温下煤中耐熔矿物质与助熔矿物质间的化学反应,改变混煤灰中的主要矿物质组成,减少高碱煤中Na、K等碱金属低温共熔物的生成,从而达到改变和调节煤灰熔融特性的目的.     

富氧燃烧条件下煤灰的沾污沉积特性研究

O_2/CO_2富氧燃烧发电技术被认为是未来最具潜力的燃煤低碳电力技术,近年来国内外都得到了快速发展。由于O_2/CO_2富氧燃烧条件下锅炉烟气组份发生了很大变化(以CO_2+H_2O为主),煤灰在富氧燃烧锅炉炉内的沾污、沉积行为也将发生较大变化。为此,在3 MWth煤燃烧热态试验平台上对比研究了煤在空气燃烧和O_2/CO_2富氧燃烧条件下灰的沾污沉积特性。研究结果表明:煤在空气燃烧和O_2/CO_2富氧燃烧条件下各受热面沉积灰样的化学组成并没有显著变化,富氧燃烧条件下沉积灰样中SO_3和Fe_2O_3发生了富集,而Si_2O和Al_2O_3的含量相对偏低,O_2/CO_2富氧燃烧条件下沉积灰样的煤灰熔融温度其在比空气燃烧条件下的煤灰熔融温度约低200℃。     

添加剂对煤灰熔融特性的影响

在8种煤灰中添加不同矿物质作助熔剂,对煤灰熔融特性进行研究;并用灰色系统方法对8种煤灰的矿物质成分和综合成分与煤灰熔融特性的相关度进行研究,然后对实验方法与灰色系统关联度方法进行比较研究.结果表明:添加剂可以降低煤灰熔融温度,也可以升高煤灰熔融温度,添加剂CaCO3为30%时,F煤和D煤得到最低熔点分别为1 250℃和1 350℃;添加剂硼砂(Na2B4O7·10H2O)为15%时,F煤到最低灰熔点1 150℃,硼砂为20%时,D煤可到熔点1 300℃以下.根据关联度方法可得到:酸性矿物质是影响煤灰熔融温度的主要因素,钠系物质对灰熔融性的关联度比钙系物质影响大,数学方法计算结果与实验结果相吻合.     

O2／CO2煤粉燃烧对矿物质成灰行为的影响

通过乌兰木伦煤在高温沉降炉中的燃烧实验,研究了O2/CO2燃烧时煤中矿物质的成灰行为.通过对所生成灰样的详细分析,并和O2/N2气氛下煤灰特性比较,研究了O2/CO2燃烧对矿物质成灰行为的影响.结果表明,与O2/N2燃烧相比,O2/CO2燃烧对灰样中生成的主要矿物质物相未产生显著影响,但改变了它们的相对含量;煤粉在O2和CO2体积比R为1:4条件下燃烧时,亚微米颗粒的生成量在较空气燃烧时减少,而当O2和CO2体积比R为2:3时,亚微米颗粒的生成量较相同氧浓度的O2/N2燃烧时大幅度增加;燃烧气氛还显著地影响亚微米颗粒的元素组成.     

提高煤灰熔融温度及其机理的研究

文章针对上海焦化有限公司煤的气化和燃烧工艺现状及其原料煤——神府煤灰熔融温度低的特点，通过实验，分别考察了粘土类阻熔剂以及与焦炭或其它煤混配对煤灰熔融性的影响，探讨了提高煤灰熔融温度的方法。结合X射线衍射及CaO-Al2O3-SiO2相图探讨了添加阻熔剂及配煤后的煤灰熔融机理，讨论了阻熔剂和配煤对煤灰熔融性的影响。从成本对比角度，为工业生产推荐了一套提高煤灰熔融温度的最佳方案。     

锅炉结渣机理及其防止措施研究(二)

第二部份、煤中矿物质与结渣关系与炉膛结渣有关的煤灰特性是灰的熔融温度和灰渣粘度,而决定煤灰熔融特性和灰渣流动特性的是煤中矿物质的成分与组成。鉴于矿物质的组成难以很好确定,现今的研究基本上是通过灰的化学成份,主要是Si_2O、Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Na_2O、K_2O对灰熔融温度和灰渣粘度的影响来进行。     

我国发电用煤的碱性成分在煤灰固硫中的作用

在煤燃烧过程中，煤灰自身有一定的固硫能力。本文根据我国发电用煤的煤质分析数据，将煤灰固硫率与煤中硫和碱性成分含量相关联，研究了实验室制灰和煤粉燃烧时煤中碱性成分的固硫作用，表明：实验室制灰条件下，钙在煤灰固硫中起主导作用，固硫率随煤中Ｃａ／Ｓ摩尔比的增加呈指数趋势增加，而其它成分（Ｎａ，Ｋ，Ｍｇ等）的作用不大；因钙的固硫作用类似于ＣａＯ吸收剂，实验室制灰时的固硫特性可应用于流化床燃烧；与此相比，煤粉炉中因温度高、停留时间短，钙的固硫作用显著降低，而其它碱性成分的贡献明显增大。     

高碱煤中钠基化合物对灰熔融特性的影响

选取新疆准东煤田高钠煤(五彩湾煤和天池煤)为研究对象,研究了准东煤中碱金属钠的赋存形态和钠基化合物对煤灰熔融特性影响机制.向低温灰中添加不同比例的Na_2O然后制取其高温混灰,利用X射线衍射仪分析矿物质组分在不同成灰温度下演化规律,探究碱金属钠对准东煤灰熔融特性的影响机制.结果表明:准东煤中钠以水溶钠形式为主;天池煤随着钠含量的增加,灰熔融温度先降低后趋于稳定;五彩湾煤随着钠含量的增加,灰熔融温度先降低后升高.天池煤掺混10%,Na_2O导致灰熔融温度降低,是由于煤灰中白云石、氢氧化钙分解产生大量CaO,碱金属钠促进CaO与煤灰中Si、Al等反应生成含钙钠的低温共熔体,且有低熔点矿物无水芒硝生成;五彩湾煤掺混10%,Na_2O导致灰熔融温度降低,是由于煤灰中新生成低熔点的钙铁辉石和无水芒硝,且碱金属钠促进钙铝黄长石和镁黄长石等含钙矿物质的低温共熔反应,掺混过量Na_2O导致灰熔融温度升高,这是由于煤灰中生成了大量高熔点矿物质.     

神华煤中含铁矿物质及其在煤粉燃烧过程中的转化

采用57Fe M(o)ssbauer谱仪对多种典型神华煤样及其在沉降炉中燃烧生成的煤灰样中的含铁成分进行定量测定和分析,研究了神华煤中含铁矿物的存在形式、含量及其在煤粉燃烧条件下的转化.研究表明,神华煤样中含铁矿物质包括黄铁矿、菱铁矿和含Fe2 的伊利石;黄铁矿和菱铁矿在燃烧过程中主要转化成氧化物,但也有相当一部分与硅酸盐反应生成了含铁玻璃体,从而有利于结渣的形成和发展;燃烧过程中黄铁矿及菱铁矿发生了破碎,导致破碎峰附近尺寸的颗粒中出现了Fe2O3的富集.     

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy of minerals in coal-Implications for ash deposition

The nature of mineral matter in coal determines its transformation into ash during combustion and the nature of resulting ash (e.g. chemical composition and particle size distribution), and subsequently influences the ash deposition behaviour. The behaviour of mineral matter is primarily influenced by two parameters: the mineral grain size, and whether the mineral grains are within the coal matrix or not. Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) of coal provides such information on mineral matter in coal. CCSEM data are, therefore, processed to predict the fouling and slagging characteristics of several coals. The fraction of basic oxides in each mineral grain may be considered as an indicator of stickiness of the corresponding ash particle due to formation of low melting compounds. The cumulative mass fraction of mineral grains with certain basic oxides or viscosity of resulting ash particles from included and excluded minerals are proposed as alternative indices for ash deposition.

The excluded mineral matter is in equilibrium with the combustion flue gases at the gas temperatures, whereas the included minerals are in equilibrium with the atmosphere within char at the burning char particle temperature. It is predicted from thermodynamic calculations based on this understanding that almost all the evaporation is either from the included mineral matter or from the atomically dispersed minerals in coal. This is due to the high temperature and reducing atmosphere inside the char particle. The release of the evaporated species is controlled by diffusion through the burning char particle and, therefore, may be estimated theoretically. The amount of mineral matter that is vaporized may then be related to fouling, whereas the melt phase present on the surface of large ash particles may be related to slagging. The theoretical speculations on the physical character of ash derived from these indices are compared with the experimental data obtained from combustion of coals in a drop-tube furnace.     

Mineral transformation during combustion of coal blends

Mineral behaviour for two individual coals (I, J) and their two‐component coal blends and 800°C ash blends heating were studied. Ash samples were heated progressively from 800°C to IT (initial deformation temperature) at 100°C intervals under different conditions. Coal samples were heated from room temperature to the corresponding temperature. Mineral transformation at each temperature was determined by X‐ray diffraction and SEM measurements. The results show that Si, Al, Fe and Ca compounds have a great form variation during heating. Their forms at different temperatures depend on the chemical composition of the ash, the blending ratio and the atmosphere. For different coal ashes, the main mineral matters at 800°C were quartz, anhydrite, hematite, calcite and feldspar. As the temperature increased, oxidation, thermal decomposition, transformation and reaction occurred between the components. Comparing a 40% I+60% J ash blend with individual ashes, fayalite was formed at 1100°C for the blend; the reaction product existed in a glassy phase at 1300°C. For a coal blend having the same ash ratio as the ash blend, FeO reacted with amorphous SiO₂ or Al₂O₃ to form fayalite and hercynite at 1000°C. As the temperature increased to 1100°C, fayalite and hercynite increased obviously. At 1200°C, some iron inclusion compounds melted to become glassy phase matter. Compared with the ash blend, iron species undergo a different change during coal blend heating: fayalite and hercynite formed earlier, iron compounds melted to form a glassy phase at lower temperature. This may be caused by early combustion of the more reactive coal (J coal) in the blend inducing local variation in oxygen concentration gradients around the less reactive coal and consequently affecting the reaction atmosphere and Fe mineral behaviour and interaction. That is to say, for coal blends, the mineral transformation was affected by both the mineral species interaction and the combustion behaviour. The calculations were performed to examine the fate of mineral matter under different combustion conditions using a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium calculation program. Calculations from coal blends were comparable with experiments from ash blends, this is because the calculation program only considers the interaction among the mineral species but does not consider the combustion reaction. It indicates that combustion and the relative volatiles also affected the mineral behaviour and slagging during coal blend combustion. Meanwhile, the mineral species evaporations were measured at high temperature: the main evaporated species were Na, K pure species and compounds, Fe, FeO, SiO and SiO₂. The evaporation of Fe has an important effect on initial deposition. Calculations were comparable with the experiments. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤粉超细化对炉内受热面积灰与结渣的影响

煤粉颗粒温度、环境气氛和惯性沉积是电站四角切圆煤粉燃烧锅炉炉内受热面积灰与结渣的主要外在因素，以此为依据采用超细化煤粉燃烧技术对炉内受热面积灰和结渣的影响进行了理论分析与实验研究，阐述了煤粉超细化对于减轻电站有四角切圆煤粉燃烧锅炉炉内受热面积灰与结渣具有优越性。     

Factors influencing the transformation of minerals during pulverized coal combustion

The transformation of minerals and dispersed inorganic constitutents during pulverized coal combustion has been examined by burning utility sized coals (70% less than 200 mesh) in a laboratory-scale combustor. Experiments were conducted with four U.S. coals possessing different mineralogies. Size and composition of the initial minerals and the resulting ash were measured by a variety of techniques, including computer controlled SEM, low temperature ashing, deposition on a cascade impactor, and optical (Malvern) particle size analysis. Results for a Kentucky # 11 coal with a large amount of fine, included silicate minerals suggest that coalescence amongst illite, kaolinite, and quartz minerals was the dominant process, with occasional iron incorporation into the resulting glass. Pyrite was found to fragment to a limited extent. Illinois # 6 bituminous coal, possessing a similar mineralogy, yielded similar results. For a Beulah lignite coal containing large pyrite grains, mineral fragmentation was inferred from the data, increasing with increasing oxygen level. A high ash content San Miguel Texas lignite containing zeolite minerals demonstrated little mineral interaction during combustion. Differences in results obtained for the different coals highlighted the importance of understanding individual mineral transformations in predicting the formation and behavior of ash.     

The efficiency of heat transfer through the ash deposits on the heat exchange surfaces by burning coal and coal-water fuels

The results of the numerical simulation of heat transfer from the combustion products of coal and coal-water fuels (CWF) to the internal environment. The mathematical simulation has been carried out on the sample of the pipe surfaces of the combustion chamber of the boiler unit. The change in the characteristics of heat transfer (change of thermochemical characteristics) in the conditions of formation of the ash deposits have been taken into account. According to the results of the numerical simulation, the comparative analysis of the efficiency of heat transfer has been carried out from the furnace environment to the inside pipe coolant (water, air, or water vapor) from the combustion of coal and coal-water fuels. It has been established that, in the initial period of the boiler unit operation during coal fuel combustion the efficiency of heat transfer from the combustion products of the internal environment is higher than when using CWF. The efficiency of heat transfer in CWF combustion conditions is more at large times (t ≥ 1.5 h) of the boiler unit. According to the results the numerical simulation of the temperature distributions in the system “pipeline environment — pipe wall — a layer of ash — the products of combustion” have been obtained. A significant decrease in heat flux from the combustion products to the inside pipe coolant in the case of coal combustion compared to CWF has been found. It has been proved that this is due primarily to the fact that massive and strong ash deposits are formed during coal combustion.     

准东煤灰与液态排渣煤粉炉耐火材料的烧结特性

采用TGA-DSC分析确定了准东煤灰和其混合灰样(不同质量比的准东煤灰和耐火材料)燃烧过程中的特征温度,并分别采用XRD和FSEM-EDS对不同特征温度段灰样进行矿物识别和形貌、能谱分析,得到了原灰与混合灰的烧结温度、灰中主要矿物的转化和熔融过程,并对比了不同耐火材料含量的煤灰熔融温度;在此基础上提出了耐火材料构型的极...     

Ash deposition behavior under coal and wood co-firing conditions in a 300 kW downfired furnace

Growth of ash deposits when wood was co-fired with coal was visually investigated in a 300 kW pilot-scale furnace. For comparison, combustion of pure coal was also conducted. A total of 10% and 20% wood were mixed with coal. The thickness and heat flux were obtained. The collected ash deposits and fly ash were characterized by a series of analysis methods to determine the physical and mineral properties. Their relationships were also revealed. Results showed that co-firing of coal with wood dramatically increased the ash deposition propensity. During the coal combustion, shedding of ash deposit occurred and the maximum deposit thickness was 15.33 mm. A deposit thickness of up to 27.02 mm was achieved for 10% wood, and the thickness increased to 34.20 mm for 20% wood. The variation in heat flux with deposit thickness substantially changed when wood was co-fired. A significant change was also observed in the mineral composition of ash deposit with the increase in wood ratio. The proportion of anorthite increased because that of lime in fly ash increased with wood ratio. In addition, the mean diameter of fly ash particles increased as wood ratio increased.     

Coal ash fusion temperatures—New characterization techniques,and implications for slagging and fouling

The well-documented shortcomings of the standard technique for estimating the fusion temperature of coal ash are its subjective nature and poor accuracy. Alternative measurements based on the shrinkage and electrical conductivity of heating samples are therefore examined with laboratory ash prepared at about 800°C in crucibles, as well as combustion ash sampled from power stations. Sensitive shrikage measurements indicate temperatures of rapid change which correspond to the formation of liquid phases that can be identified on ternary phase diagrams. The existence and extent of formation of these phases, as quantified by the magnitude of “peaks” in the test, provide alternative ash fusion temperatures. The peaks from laboratory ashes and corresponding combustion ashes derived from the same coals show clear differences which may be related to the evaporation of potassium during combustion and the reactions of the mineral residues to form combustion ash. A preliminary evaluation of data from nine power stations indicates that shrinkage measurements can provide an alternative approach to characterizing slagging.     

Distribution of mineral matter in pulverized coal

Mineral transformations, and therefore fly ash evolution, during pulverized coal combustion, depend on the amount, composition and spatial distribution of the inorganic matter within individual pulverized coal particles. Thus, it is necessary to have information on the mineral composition of individual particles, as well as that of the raw pulverized coal. A model is proposed based on the assumption that mineral inclusions of size and composition determined using a CCSEM are distributed randomly in the coal. From this distribution it is possible to generate distributions of mineral content for any particle size and density fraction of coal. The model has been checked by comparing computed results with data on the compositional variations of narrowly and density classified fractions of an Upper Freeport bituminous coal. The results of individual coal particle compositions are used to generate information on the variability of the composition of the fly ash generated during combustion.     

A study of techniques for reducing ash deposition in coal-fired gas turbines

Direct coal-fired gas turbines are potentially attractive alternatives to conventional steam cycle electric power generation because of their higher efficiencies. However, the high mineral matter content of coal creates problems with deposition, erosion, and corrosion of turbine components. Reported here is a study of methods to reduce the rate of formation of ash deposits, including a study of the effects of the addition of potential sulfur sorbents on downstream deposition problems. Methods studied involved modifying the combustion history of the coal particles in the combustor, cooling turbine components, and adding small amounts of aluminosilicate to the coal. The results show that the proper combination of these techniques can produce a two orders of magnitude reduction in the rate of ash deposit formation.