憎水性对线路绝缘子耐污闪特性影响的试验分析

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)防污闪涂料因具有良好的防污闪作用,在我国电力系统得到了大量应用.然而,受长期积污、材料老化、短时快速积污、外力破坏等因素的影响,绝缘子表面涂层的憎水性状态会发生显著变化,这对于线路绝缘子耐污闪能力可能存在较大影响.为此,基于现场获得的运行多年的RTV涂层绝缘子,对不同表面憎水性状态下的绝缘子耐污...     

Electrical and environmental stress and the hydrophobic stabilityof SIR, EVA and their blends

This paper treats the effects of electrical and environmental stresses on the hydrophobicity of polymers intended for use in nonceramic insulators. We investigated the effect of UV radiation, corona discharges, dry-band arcing, acid rain and water absorption on hydrophobic transfers in, and the aging of, room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), high temperature vulcanized (HTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber and the blends made from HTV-SIR and EVA. Acid rain had little influence on hydrophobicity in any of the samples. EVA and the blends with low silicone ratios to EVA allowed much larger reduction in hydrophobicity after or while subjected to the above stresses (except for acid rain) than did the silicone rubbers and a blend with a high silicone ratio to EVA. Salt-fog tests were conducted to correlate the hydrophobic stabilities of materials with leakage current levels thereon. The hydrophobic stability of the silicone rubbers was attributed to low-molecular-weight silicone components that were able to migrate and finally cover the aged surface layers. Because EVA possessed less fluid components and less chemical stability under electrical and environmental stresses, its hydrophobicity was readily reduced and hardly recovered, which led to higher current leakage and early material aging. For each material, the critical hydrophobic level permitting leakage current to develop was determined by adding a non-ionic wetting agent to saline water     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-II

Flashover mechanisms of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation is presented and experimentally proven. A hydrophobic surface of silicone rubber wets and accumulates contaminants differently compared to conventional porcelain and glass insulators. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators is different than porcelain and glass. This part of the paper experimentally investigates ohmic heating, electrical field caused interaction between water droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharges and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. These studies have resulted in a new flashover mechanism which provides a better understanding of silicone rubber outdoor insulators and their excellent contamination performance. These results will be used for the development of a better laboratory test procedure to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions     

Surface discharges on polymeric insulator shed surfaces

This paper describes results of an experimental investigation into surface discharges occurring on the surface of polymeric insulators. Discharges on partially hydrophobic surfaces were found to occur across well defined dry bands, while discharges on hydrophobic surfaces appeared as small points of light occurring between discrete water drops. These discharges were observed to produce a localized loss of hydrophobicity. It is shown that these discharges are stable atmospheric-pressure glow discharges. The discharges are characterized by a high cathode voltage fall, dependent on the electrical conductivity of the water drop, and a voltage gradient in the positive column, dependent on the discharge current. A technique is presented for measuring the rate at which surface hydrophobicity of polymeric materials is lost due to the action of this type of discharge. It was found that the loss of hydrophobicity occurred predominantly in the region near the cathode     

Fractal phenomena. Dependence of hydrophobicity on surfaceappearance and structural features of SIR insulators

This paper reports the study of the dependence of hydrophobicity on the surface appearances and inherent chemical structure of the high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTVSR) insulator based on the fractal geometric principle. The fractal phenomena link the surface roughness with the hydrophobicity characteristics of silicone rubber (SIR) insulators. The rough surfaces of the insulators, no matter whether due to salt-fog aging or roughening by sandpaper, show the property of a fractal surface. According to the amount of hydrophobic material on the surface, surface roughness exerts different effects on the hydrophobicity of SIR insulators. Due to the behavior of fractal surfaces, the hydrophobicity of the appropriately roughened insulator can be enhanced, but depressed if dipped in hexane. Outdoor polymer insulating materials could be aged by environmental stresses and contaminants so that their surfaces become rough. The permanent change of surface roughness could be an indicator of aging state of the insulation material. The hydrophobicity of SIR insulators aged in salt fog in a fog chamber are investigated. During this aging, the inorganic filler and the hydrophobic groups in SIR are worn away so that the insulator surface becomes rough. The surface of the aged insulator becomes hydrophilic. After a subsequent rest, the hydrophobic polymer liquid in bulk diffuses and migrates to the insulator surface, which becomes more hydrophobic. Such a unique dependency of hydrophobicity on the surface appearance and chemical structure of SIR material is available for SIR insulator to maintain good contamination performances in outdoor applications     

紫外线老化对复合绝缘子硅橡胶憎水性的影响

硅橡胶复合绝缘子的优良耐污闪性能源自于硅橡胶材料的憎水性以及憎水迁移性。本文研究了紫外老化对硅橡胶憎水性影响以及硅橡胶表面积污后的憎水迁移性。研究结果表明：经小分子处理的硅橡胶经过2 000 h紫外线辐射后仍能够保持良好的憎水性,静态接触角仍能达到102.3°,憎水性等级为HC2级;硅橡胶上的污层在较短时间内具有了憎水性,憎水性等级能达到HC2~HC3。并对硅橡胶紫外老化机理以及憎水迁移性机理进行了分析。     

染污硅橡胶在不同憎水性时的污闪特性

研究了硅橡胶平板模型在不同憎水性条件下的污闪特性。试品以定量涂刷的方式染污,通过控制迁移时间,使固体污层获取不同程度的憎水性能。以污层表面的液滴面积最大值来代表污层的憎水性强度,分析污层憎水性能对平板模型的污闪电压、污层电导以及电弧发展过程的影响。随着污层憎水性能的改善,试品污闪电压逐步上升。污闪电压与液滴面积最大值存在关联,但两者间的分散性随污层憎水性能的改善而增加。污层表面水珠形态对电弧发展过程有重要影响,当污层表面水珠能形成连续水膜时,电弧通道集中且污闪电压低;当污层表面水珠呈离散分布时,放电区域分散且污闪电压高。根据污闪试验结果以及不同憎水性强度污层表面的液滴形态,将亲水性表面HC7细分为HC7A、HC7B、HC7C和HC7D四种状态。HC7B状态下,污层憎水性能虽然很微弱,但相对污层完全没有憎水性的情形(HC7C和HC7D),试品的污闪电压有明显的上升。因此,依据HC7B状态下的污闪电压设计复合绝缘子结构,可以在保证绝缘子安全裕度的同时,优化绝缘子的结构高度。     

复合绝缘子HTV硅橡胶材料老化特性的研究

针对在役复合绝缘子的老化问题,笔者分别对实验室电晕老化和现场自然老化的HTV硅橡胶材料的憎水性、泄漏电流、表面微观形貌以及化学成分等特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,电晕老化与现场老化造成材料特性变化的规律呈现一致性:电晕老化造成材料憎水性下降,且提高电晕老化强度(电压和时间)则导致憎水性恢复变慢,甚至不能完全恢复;现场老化材料的憎水性随年限不断下降,由HC1级(2年)降至HC5级(15年)。老化还造成样品的表面电阻率下降,引起表面泄漏电流增加;老化造成硅橡胶材料降解,表面缺陷增加,孔洞增加并加深,甚至产生裂纹,同时生成强极性基团等,从而引起硅橡胶机械及绝缘性能不断下降。     

运行多年RTV涂料绝缘子防污性能的研究

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)涂料具有优异的憎水性和憎水迁移性,可显著提高瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪电压,目前已在电力系统广泛应用。通过以挂网运行多年后的RTV涂料绝缘子为试品,对RTV涂层表面的积污状况、憎水性、憎水迁移性和憎水性丧失后的恢复能力及试品在长时间饱和受潮条件下的耐污闪能力进行研究,研究结果对RTV涂料在输电线路绝缘子上的使用提供了有力的技术支持。     

Flashover mechanism of non-ceramic insulators

The contamination performance of non-ceramic (NC) insulators is better than porcelain insulators. The paper describes the pollution collection mechanism and concludes that silicone rubber insulators collect more pollution than porcelain insulators. Long term exposure of silicone rubber insulators produces a thin layer of pollution, which is a mixture of dust, salt and silicone oil. Fog or morning dew produces droplets on the flat surfaces and forms conductive regions. Spot discharge starts between the regions, which reduces hydrophobicity. Simultaneously, dry-band arcing starts on the shank of the insulator. The two arcs join together, which leads to flashover. The flashover voltage of polluted NC insulators is significantly higher than porcelain ones. Insulator performance is measured with laboratory tests. However, salt-fog and clean-fog tests can give different flashover values     

硅橡胶表面分离水珠的局部放电对表面特性的影响

通过对硅橡胶表面存在分离水珠时的局部放电的测量和数据处理，得到了水珠局部放电相位谱图；并采用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)分析了局部放电引起的硅橡胶表面结构的变化。水珠间的放电过程中产生的热量和臭氧使硅橡胶表面发生裂解、氧化、交联、水解和缩合等反应，在其表面生产亲水性的硅醇、破坏甲基的对称结构和增加含氧量，这些导致了憎水性能的下降。     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

Chemical changes at the surface of RTV silicone rubber coatings oninsulators during dry-band arcing

Under wet and contaminated conditions dry band arcing occurs on the surface of HV outdoor insulators coated with room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber. The thermal impact of the arcing on the surface of the RTV causes chemical changes. The gradual loss of hydrophobicity due to dry band arcing is of considerable concern because it results in a reduction of the withstand voltage and subsequent failure of the insulator and power outage. In this study the RTV coatings were subjected simultaneously to salt-fog and electrical stress. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) were then employed to investigate the chemical changes. Possible chemical reactions and processes occurring under dry band arcing are suggested. The results of ATR-FTIR and ESCA indicate the formation of low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the reduction in the surface density of CH3 groups and crosslinking of the PDMS backbone chains at the surface. Chemical derivative analysis was also carried out to further elucidate the chemical changes on the surface of RTV coating     

基于动态接触角的硅橡胶憎水性表征方法的研究

当硅橡胶受到侵蚀和染污时,由于表面变得粗糙和溶质沉淀,导致接触角测量存在滞后效应,为了更合理表征硅橡胶的憎水性,将动态接触角方法用于硅橡胶憎水性的表征。该方法对材料表面通过注水/抽水的方式获得前进角/后退角。对洁净、浸泡、电晕和表面染污后的室温硫化硅橡胶涂层样本分别使用静态接触角方法、动态接触角方法进行测量。结果发现,浸泡、染污、电晕后的样本两种方法所得结果差别较大,静态接触角测量随机性较大且易受拍照时延的影响,对表面憎水性的表征能力不够,后退角能很好地表征材料的憎水性,后退角越小,则材料表面越容易被浸润。文中同时对浸泡、电晕、染污前后表面的粗糙度增加、溶质沉淀原因进行了分析,理论上解释了接触角测量的滞后效应。笔者的研究对硅橡胶及高分子材料的憎水性研究具有一定参考价值。     

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的改性研究

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料是一种新型防污、憎水、长效涂料,目前已在我国许多地区投入使用。但从目前推广的室温硫化硅橡胶涂料性能来看,涂料与资件的粘附力不够强,影响了涂料的使用效果,而且耐电弧能力也较差。章研究了改进温室硫化硅橡胶涂料机械性能和耐电弧能力的方法,尤其是其防污闪的主要特性－憎水迁移特性没有明显减弱。中还研究了室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的憎水迁移特性。     

Study on hydrophobicity transfer of RTV coatings based on a modification of absorption and cohesion theory

Room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber coatings are used increasingly on outdoor high voltage (HV) insulators subjected to heavy pollution. An important property of the RTV coatings is the ability to restore the surface hydrophobicity after a pollutant layer has built up on the surface, which can suppress the development of leakage currents, dry band arcing and flashover. The present study analyzes the hydrophobicity and the hydrophobicity transfer of RTV coatings and the factors that affected the hydrophobicity. A modification of absorption and cohesion theory was used to analyze the hydrophobicity transfer mechanisms and the influences of temperature, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molecular weight, degree of cross-linking, extent of soluble and non-soluble components, and the pollutant properties. The hydrophobicity transfer of RTV coatings was also investigated with various conditions of contaminations and various factors, which affect the hydrophobicity transfer, including the composition of RTV coatings and the outside conditions. Results show that the hydrophobicity transfer of RTV coatings is not only dependent on compositions but also on factors of circumstance. The analysis also explains the obvious difference between the hydrophobicity transfer of RTV coatings to kieselguhr and kaolin based on a particle and surface analysis using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method, which explains the relationship between a BET surface area and the hydrophobicity transfer of the RTV coatings     

Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity on RTV coating surfaces

Studies are reported on decay and recovery of hydrophobic properties on clean and contaminated surfaces of silicone rubber based RTV coating. Treatment that led to hydrophobicity losses were water immersion and water condensation with and without a presence of dc electric field. Contact angles (receding angles) and surface leakage currents were measured on the treated surfaces. A suppression of the leakage current was observed and its link to the diffusion of the low molecular weight fraction from the polymer bulk and dry band arcing is discussed. Attempts aiming to restore the lost hydrophobic properties are also described. As a means of recovery, resting at ambient atmosphere, under UV irradiation, and in vacuum at elevated temperature, was applied. The efficiencies were verified through measurements of receding angles, surface leakage currents, and thermally stimulated depolarization currents     

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的老化及对策

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料绝缘子运行多年后,就会老化,从而使得室温硫化硅橡胶涂料失效.提出了室温硫化硅橡胶涂层老化及寿命的判断,以室温硫化硅橡胶涂料老化后的处理方法.为室温硫化硅橡胶涂料在电力系统的广泛应用管理提供了理论依据.     

橡胶表面分离水珠在不均匀电场中的放电特性分析

通过针板电极模拟硅橡胶表面的极不均匀电场,研究硅橡胶表面分离水珠在不均匀电场中的放电特性,结果发现:在针板电极电场中,水珠的数量要达到一定程度后才能显著影响硅橡胶表面的闪络电压,少量分离水珠处于硅橡胶表面时闪络电压基本不变;水滴体积对不均匀电场中的闪络电压影响较小;硅橡胶表面闪络电压随分离水珠电导率的增大而减小。     

电力外绝缘用硅橡胶清洗修复剂制备及性能研究

硅橡胶广泛应用于电力行业的复合绝缘子和防污闪涂料,然而长时间工况运行后,容易发生老化粉化、污秽沉积,降低了表面憎水性。电网中目前有上亿支硅橡胶绝缘子服役多年,研究能够清除表面污秽,修复硅橡胶老化层的新型清洗剂迫在眉睫。本文探究不同非离子表面活性剂含量和修复剂含量对清洗效率和憎水性的影响。实验表明非离子表面活性剂含量在3%时,洗净率最高达到95%。而修复剂含量为11%时,憎水性最好,其憎水迁移性最佳可以达到HC1级。通过扫描电镜分析,发现清洗后硅橡胶表面微孔和裂缝消失,表面平整,表明该清洗剂具有去除老化层和污秽,修复老化绝缘子的效果。这为继续研发硅橡胶清洗修复剂,延长绝缘子服役期限提供一定的理论和实践基础。