Piezo-optic, photoelastic, and acousto-optic properties of SrB4O7 crystals

On the basis of studies of the piezo-optic effect, it has been shown that SrB(4)O(7) crystals can be used as efficient acousto-optic materials in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range. The full matrices of piezo-optic and photoelastic coefficients have been experimentally obtained for these crystals. The acousto-optic figure of merit and the diffraction efficiency have been estimated for both the visible and deep ultraviolet spectral ranges.     

Acousto-optic interaction in alpha-BaB(2)O(4)and Li(2)B(4)O(7) crystals

Experimental studies and analysis of acousto-optic diffraction in alpha-BaB(2)O(4) and Li(2)B(4)O(7) crystals are given. Ultrasonic wave velocity, elastic compliance and stiffness coefficients, and piezo-optic and photoelastic coefficients of alpha-BaB(2)O(4) and Li(2)B(4)O(7) crystals are determined. The acousto-optic figure of merit has been estimated for different possible geometries of acousto-optic interaction. It is shown that the acousto-optic figures of merit for alpha-BaB(2)O(4) crystals reach the value M(2)=(270 +/- 70) x 10(-15) s(3)/kg for the case of interaction with the slowest ultrasonic wave. The directions of propagation and polarization of those acoustic waves are obtained on the basis of construction of acoustic slowness surfaces. The acousto-optic diffraction is experimentally studied for alpha-BaB(2)O(4) and Li(2)B(4)O(7) crystals.     

Simple, high-performance type II ?-BaB 2 O 4 optical parametric oscillator

A visible /near-IR optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on type II phase matching in ?-BaB2 O4 (BBO) is described. Pumped at 355 nm, this OPO covers 410 -2500 nm completely with a single set of standard Nd:YAG cavity optics. The output efficiency is >25 %, the linewidth of the OPO is narrower than 1 -2 cm-1 without the use of gratings or etalons, and the signal-beam divergence is <400 ?rad. Three type I BBO doubling crystals are used to extend the tuning range from 208 to 415 nm. Doubling efficiencies as high as 40 % are easily obtained. The reasons for the high doubling and overall system efficiency are discussed.     

Synthesis and optical characterization of LiKB4O7, Li2B6O10, and LiCsB6O10 glasses

In the current work we report on the synthesis of LiKB(4)O(7), Li(2)B(6)O(10), and LiCsB(6)O(10) borate glasses. The results for their piezo-optic, acousto-optic, acoustic, elastic, refractive, optical transmission, and optical resistance properties are also presented. It is shown that some of these glasses represent efficient acousto-optic materials that are transparent down to the vacuum ultraviolet range and highly resistant to laser radiation.     

Growth and properties of manganese and lithium doped TGS crystals

Mn⁺² doped and Li⁺ doped TGS crystals (MTGS and LTGS) have been grown from the TGS solution containing MnSO₄·H₂O and Li₂SO₄·H₂O respectively by the slow cooling method. The growth habit and domains configuration of MTGS and LTGS are altered from those of TGS crystal. The dielectric properties of both crystals are of the same order to that of TGS, but the pyroelectric coefficients are much higher than that of TGS. An internal chemical bias field has been observed in LTGS and MTGS crystals.     

电子束辐照对BBO晶体一阶超极化率的影响

与传统热力学方法不同,本文从辐照电场角度出发研究电子束辐照对BBO(β-BaB2O4)材料的非线性性能影响。利用量子化学方法和有限场方法计算其一阶超极化率β的全部分量,以此分析不同辐照强度下β的改变规律。研究表明:在电子束流强度为50μA的情况下,当射线能量小于400Mev时辐照电场对β的影响不大,平均值βav波动幅度最大仅为3%;此后随射线能量增大βav开始急剧下降,能量越高下降速度越快,420Mev时已经下降10%,材料面临失效的危险。研究结果还表明辐照电场对β三个分量的影响并不一致,随辐照能量增加βx、βy分量呈减小趋势,但βz分量却增加较快,预示着晶体中的共扼π轨道可能受到破坏。     

Single crystal growth of α-Bi2O3

Single crystals of α-Bi₂O₃ were grown by the pulling method from melts containing 6.25 mol % of Li₂O. The addition of Li₂O to Bi₂O₃ melt lowers the melting point below the cubicmonoclinic phase transition point and makes it possible to obtain crack-free α-Bi₂O₃ single crystals. The purity of starting materials has great influence on the quality of crystals. The crystal is optically positive and the refractive indices are n_x=2.574, n_y=2.659 and n_z=2.786 at the wavelength of 0.589 μm.     

Evaluation of Morphology—Stable Critical Size of KNbO3 Crystals

Skeletal form of KnbO3 crystals growing in Li2B4O7 solvent was in-situ observed at 900℃ and it was found that shallow depression started to develop on the surface of KnbO3 crystals when the crystal size exceeded several micron,typically 7 micron.Based on the quantitative criterion derived by Chernov,the estimated critical size of KNbO3 crystals was 1 micron,which was consistent with the experimental measurement.The kinetic coefficients,Kcorner and Kcr,in the criterion were experimentally obtained in the diffusive-convective and diffusive-advective flow states respectively.     

羟基磷灰石生物涂层的复合制备与生物相容性

采用等离子喷涂CaHPO4和水热处理复合制备羟基磷灰石生物涂层,研究了羟基磷灰石涂层的结合强度和溶解性,用成骨细胞考察了生物相容性,结果表明,喷涂涂层由C aHPO4,β－Ca2P2O7和α-C3(PO4)2组成,其相比例,结晶性和形貌取决于喷涂电流和喷涂距离;喷涂涂导经过水热处理可转化为针状结晶的缺钙羟基磷灰石,这种羟基磷灰石涂层具有高的结合强度和稳定性,与成骨细胞的生物相容性良好。     

Recovery of ammonium alum from waste solutions with a varying ratio of NH4 to Al in groundwater remediation after underground uranium leaching

Experiments with cooling crystallization of ammonium alum, (NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O), were performed with concentrated multicomponent acidic solutions (originating from underground uranium leaching in Stráz pod Ralskem area, Czech Republic, and containing as the principal components Al3+, NH4+, and SO4(2-) ions) as well as with similar solutions prepared in the laboratory. The yield of NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O crystals increased significantly with the increasing NH4+/Al3+ molar ratio, in accordance with pertinent solubility data. The purifying effect of crystallization was quantified by means of the distribution coefficients, characterizing the uptake of ionic impurities to alum crystals; the tendency of cationic impurities to crystallize with NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O decreased in the following order: K+ > Cr3+ >Na+ approximately Fe3+ >Mg2+ approximately Zn2+ >Fe2+. Additionally, gypsum (CaSO4.2H(2)O) solubilities at 25 degrees C, in mother liquors after NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O crystallization, were determined.     

Investigation of single and multidomain Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals with mm2 symmetry

The piezoelectric properties of Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals with various engineered domain configurations were investigated. Rhombohedral and monoclinic∕orthorhombic crystals poled along their crystallographic [011] directions were found to possess macroscopic mm2 symmetry, with "2R" and "1O" domain, respectively. Crystals with the "2R" domain configuration were found to exhibit high extensional piezoelectric coefficients d(33) (～1300 pC∕N) and d(32) (～-1680 pC∕N), while crystals with the "1O" configuration possessed high shear coefficients d(15) (～3500 pC∕N) and d(24) (～2070 pC∕N), with relatively low extensional piezoelectric coefficients d(33) (～340 pC∕N) and d(32) (～-260 pC∕N). The observed results were explained by "polarization rotation" model, as related to their respective domain configurations.     

稳恒电场对小晶面晶体生长的影响

本文选用NH4Cl和H2O过饱和二元溶体为研究对象,研究其在稳恒电场作用下溶体中游离晶的重熔规律及晶体生长规律.利用显微镜感光器件(CCD)及智能通讯测温仪表,对实验过程进行实时照片拍摄和实时温度记录.结果表明:电场的Joule Heat效应为决定性因素,使得NH4Cl溶体温度场显著变化,导致糊状区的游离晶重熔明显;N...     

High-temperature studies of MI(UO2BO3) (MI = Li, Na)

The phase transitions in uranyl borates M^I(UO₂BO₃) (M^I = Li, Na) were studied by high-temperature X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The thermal expansion coefficients of these compounds were determined. A reversible polymorphous transition, not accompanied by changes in the unit cell symmetry, was revealed in the Li derivative. The thermal expansion coefficients of β-Li(UO₂BO₃) are 3–10 times higher than those of the α-modification, and α_β changes sign and becomes positive. The anisotropy of the thermal expansion of the phases studied is determined by the structure of the layers.     

工艺参数对α-Al_2O_3粉体性能的影响

以440℃预烧后的AlOOH或无定形Al2O3为原料,乙醇为分散剂,采用机械球磨和常压焙烧法制备α-Al2O3粉体,探讨矿化剂AlF3及机械球磨对α-Al2O3性能的影响,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线圆盘式离心粒度分析仪等手段对α-Al2O3粉体分散性、颗粒形貌和物相进行表征。结果表明,焙烧后得到纯α-Al2O3相粉体,且随着AlF3用量的增加,α-Al2O3粉体的分散性变差,α-Al2O3的形貌由多维向二维转化,从而形成片状α-Al2O3;由于机械力化学及F-的作用,球磨4 h出现六方片状α-Al2O3,且随着球磨时间的延长,六方片状α-Al2O3数量增多,粒径增大。     

The forced magnetostriction of Lu2Fe17and Y2Fe17single crystals

A very large forced magnetostriction was observed for Y2Fe17and Lu2Fe17hexagonal single crystals near their ordering temperatures. The isotropic exchange coefficients are large, compared with the anisotropic terms. These results, which are consistent with the large magnetic volume anomaly observed previously, are interpreted in terms of the dependence of the magnetic interactions on interatomic distance. The largest magnetostriction is measured along the c-axis and a positive sign is observed for (c/a)/(c/a). Both these results are associated with the strong dependence on interatomic distance of the negative interactions occurring in the substitution zones.     

Field stability of piezoelectric shear properties in PIN-PMN-PT crystals under large drive field

The coercive fields (E(C)) of Pb(In?.?Nb?.?)O?-Pb(Mg(1/?)Nb(2/?)O?-PbTiO? (PIN-PMN-PT) ternary single crystals were found to be 5 kV/cm, double the value of binary Pb(Mg(1/?)Nb(2/?)O?-PbTiO? (PMNT) crystals, further increased to 6 to 9 kV/cm using Mn modifications. In addition to an increased EC, the acceptor modification resulted in the developed internal bias (E(int)), on the order of ~1 kV/cm. The piezoelectric shear properties of unmodified and Mn-modified PIN-PMN-PT crystals with various domain configurations were investigated. The shear piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling factors for different domain configurations were found to be >2000 pC/N and >0.85, respectively, with slightly reduced properties observed in Mn-modified tetragonal crystals. Fatigue/cycling tests performed on shearmode samples as a function of ac drive field level demonstrated that the allowable ac field levels (the maximum applied ac field before the occurrence of depolarization) were only ~2 kV/cm for unmodified crystals, less than half of their coercive field. Allowable ac drive levels were on the order of 4 to 6 kV/cm for Mn-modified crystals with rhombohedral/orthorhombic phase, further increased to 5 to 8 kV/cm in tetragonal crystals, because of their higher coercive fields. It is of particular interest that the allowable ac drive field level for Mn-modified crystals was found to be ≥ 60% of their coercive fields, because of the developed E(int), induced by the acceptor-oxygen vacancy defect dipoles.     

Controlled synthesis and growth mechanism of alpha nickel molybate microhombohedron

Novel α-NiMoO₄ microhombohedron have been successfully synthesized via a microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal route at 140 °C for 16 h. The obtained samples are characterized by means of X-ray power diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction analysis. It is found that the as-prepared products are single-crystalline α-NiMoO₄ microhombohedra. And the microhombohedron are possibly fabricated by oriented self-assemble of modular nanobuilding-blocks basing on the anisotropic growth habit of α-NiMoO₄ crystals and the selective absorption of surfactant molecules on the faces of the prime crystals.     

Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of ferrous oxalate dihydrate

Two different polymorphs of ferrous oxalate dihydrate were synthesized by precipitation of ferrous ions with oxalic acid: α-Fe(C₂O₄) · 2H₂O with a monoclinic unit cell is obtained after precipitation and ageing at 90 °C, whereas the orthorhombic β-type is formed after precipitation at room temperature. The morphology of the oxalate crystals can be tailored from prismatic crystals of the α-polymorph over star-like aggregates of α/β-mixtures to non-agglomerated crystallites of β-oxalate. Thermal decomposition in air gives hematite at T ≥ 250 °C; if the thermolysis reaction is performed at low oxygen partial pressures (e.g., T = 500 °C and p _O2 = 10^?25 atm) magnetite is obtained. The synthesized magnetite is stoichiometric as signaled by lattice parameters of a ₀ = 8.39 Å. The thermal decomposition of ferrous oxalate is monitored by thermal analysis, XRD, and IR-spectroscopy. The morphology of the oxalate crystals is preserved during thermal decomposition; the oxalates are transformed into spinel particle aggregates of similar size and shape. The crystallite size of the magnetite particles increases with temperature and is 40 or 55 nm, if synthesized from β-oxalate at 500 °C or 700 °C, respectively. The saturation magnetization of the magnetite particles decreases with decreasing particle size. Since the particles are larger than the critical diameter for superparamagnetic behavior they display hysteresis behavior at room temperature.     

Face shear piezoelectric properties of relaxor-PbTiO(3) single crystals

Poling relaxor-PbTiO(3) single crystals along pseudocubic [011] results in a macroscopic symmetry of mm2, enabling a large face shear d(36) in Zt±45° cut crystals. In order to allow the determination of electrical properties by the resonance method, square samples are required. Using Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals, piezoelectric d(36) coefficients were determined to be in the range of 2000-2500 pC∕N, with electromechanical coupling factor k(36)～0.80-0.83. Mechanical quality factor Q～180 and ultralow frequency constant of ～500 Hz m were obtained. Together with the wide temperature usage range (up to ～110 °C) and high ac driving field stability (～5 kV∕cm), such face shear crystals have a promising potential for ultralow-frequency-transducer applications.     

Low Temperature Synthesis of Single-crystal Alpha Alumina Platelets by Calcining Bayerite and Potassium Sulfate

Single-crystal alpha alumina (α-Al2O3) platelets were synthesized by calcining a powder mixture of bayerite (α-Al(OH)3) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) at 900℃. The crystalline phase evolutions and morphologies of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized samples mainly consisted of single-crystal α-Al2O3 platelets with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 μm and a thickness of 50-150 nm. Moreover, with 3, 5, and 8 wt% (referred to the obtained alumina) α-Al2O3 seeds adding into the powder mixture of bayerite and potassium sulfate, the average diameter of α-Al2O3 platelets can be reduced to 450, 240, and 220 nm, respectively. It is found that the sequence of the phase transformation is the bayerite (α-Al(OH)3) → boehmite (γ-AlOOH) →γ-Al2O3 →α-Al2O3. Further analysis indicated that K2SO4 can promote the phase transformation from γ-Al2O3 to α-Al2O3 and the formation of single-crystal α-Al2O3 platelets might be attributed to the liquid phase K3Al(SO4)3.