Synthesis of robot control for assembly processes

The paper addresses the control of an automatic assembly process represented by the typical operation of peg-in-hole insertion. The control problem is to track a prespecified trajectory defined by the peg position and orientation relative to the hole location (nominal control). The problem is compounded by the assumption that misalignment and variation in system parameters may occur such that the nominal control must be complemented with a synthesis which regulates the perturbed stage of the system. The regulation is achieved using a robust servomechanism approach and a force feedback approach. The two approaches are illustrated using simulation results.     

微小型直升机控制系统设计与姿态控制实验研究

介绍了一个微小型自主直升机试验平台的系统组成和工作原理。基于嵌入式计算机和MEMS传感器技术,构建了一个小巧的低成本飞行控制系统;针对微小型直升机的姿态控制问题,提出了一种基于多传感器测量的姿态数据融合方法和姿态控制算法,并进行了飞行试验研究,同时探讨了初期试验阶段的实用安全装置和方法,给出了单自由度、三自由度和系留飞行姿态控制试验的结果与分析。     

On the design of fuzzified trajectory shaping guidance law

Midcourse guidance is commonly designed to save as much energy as possible so that the missile’s final speed can be maximized while entering the homing stage. For this purpose, a competitive guidance design should be able to generate an admissible flight trajectory as to bring the interceptor to a superior altitude for a favorable target engagement. In this paper, a new adaptive trajectory shaping guidance scheme based on the adaptive fuzzy inference system, which is capable of generating a variety of trajectories for efficient target interception, is presented. The guidance law is developed with the aim of saving the interceptor’s energy conservation while improving performance robustness. Applications of the presented approach have included a variety of mission oriented guidance, such as cruise missile guidance, anti-ballistic missile guidance, etc.     

An analytical guidance law of planetary landing mission by minimizing the control effort expenditure

An optimal trajectory design of a module for the planetary landing problem is achieved by minimizing the control effort expenditure. Using the calculus of variations theorem, the control variable is expressed as a function of costate variables, and the problem is converted into a two-point boundary-value problem. To solve this problem, the performance measure is approximated by employing a trigonometric series and subsequently, the optimal control and state trajectories are determined. To validate the accuracy of the proposed solution, a numerical method of the steepest descent is utilized. The main objective of this paper is to present a novel analytic guidance law of the planetary landing mission by optimizing the control effort expenditure. Finally, an example of a lunar landing mission is demonstrated to examine the results of this solution in practical situations.     

名义代价期望目标下的智能车辆困境避险规划

提出了一种基于冲突伤害名义代价的避险规划方法。综合碰撞伤亡代价、法规、伦理和冲突不确定等因素,在伦理调查基础上建立对冲突各方中人的伤害名义代价模型。以名义代价期望为目标函数,车辆物理系统限制为约束条件,构建两难困境下的轨迹规划问题。采用暖启动数值优化的分层优化算法对规划问题求解。设计了两难困境仿真场景,仿真实验表明,提出的方法给出了符合公众预期的避险规划。     

机器人在焊接相贯线时的无碰撞轨迹规划

研究解决了基于工作空间焊接机器人无碰撞轨迹规划问题的有效途径几何图形法。该方法适合于机器人在以线段和圆弧为边界障碍物环境下运动的轨迹规划算法。借鉴二维空间的几何图形法解决了三维空间机器人无碰撞轨迹规划问题。     

Intelligent on-line fault tolerant control for unanticipated catastrophic failures

As dynamic systems become increasingly complex, experience rapidly changing environments, and encounter a greater variety of unexpected component failures, solving the control problems of such systems is a grand challenge for control engineers. Traditional control design techniques are not adequate to cope with these systems, which may suffer from unanticipated dynamic failures. In this research work, we investigate the on-line fault tolerant control problem and propose an intelligent on-line control strategy to handle the desired trajectories tracking problem for systems suffering from various unanticipated catastrophic faults. Through theoretical analysis, the sufficient condition of system stability has been derived and two different on-line control laws have been developed. The approach of the proposed intelligent control strategy is to continuously monitor the system performance and identify what the system's current state is by using a fault detection method based upon our best knowledge of the nominal system and nominal controller. Once a fault is detected, the proposed intelligent controller will adjust its control signal to compensate for the unknown system failure dynamics by using an artificial neural network as an on-line estimator to approximate the unexpected and unknown failure dynamics. The first control law is derived directly from the Lyapunov stability theory, while the second control law is derived based upon the discrete-time sliding mode control technique. Both control laws have been implemented in a variety of failure scenarios to validate the proposed intelligent control scheme. The simulation results, including a three-tank benchmark problem, comply with theoretical analysis and demonstrate a significant improvement in trajectory following performance based upon the proposed intelligent control strategy.     

Characteristics of practical control for point-to-point (PTP) positioning systems: Effect of design parameters and actuator saturation on positioning performance

In this study, a nominal characteristic trajectory following (NCTF) controller for point-to-point (PTP) positioning systems is introduced and its performance is evaluated. The NCTF controller consists of a nominal characteristic trajectory (NCT) and a compensator. The objective of the NCTF controller is to make the object motion follow the NCT and end at its origin. Therefore, the NCT is used as an intended object motion and the compensator is used to make the motion of the controlled object follow the NCT. The NCTF controller is designed based on a simple open-loop experiment of the object and no information except the NCT is necessary for controller design. The effectiveness of the NCTF controller is evaluated and discussed through simulations and experiments using an experimental rotary positioning system. The effect of the design parameters on the robustness of the NCTF controller to inertia and friction variations is evaluated and the influence of saturation on the positioning performance is examined. Moreover, the effects of the saturation on the positioning performance and robustness are compared with those of conventional PID ones. It is proved that the NCTF controller is much more accurate and robust to inertia and friction variations than the PID controllers, even if the saturation occurs.     

基于粒子群遗传优化算法的多机器人任务分配研究

在粒子群优化算法中,引入遗传算法中的克隆算子和变异算子,提出了粒子群遗传优化算法,并将多机器人系统的任务分配问题转换为在多维解空间内寻找最优解的问题,利用粒子群遗传优化算法在此空间寻找最优解,以实现对多机器人任务的协调分配.算例仿真表明,粒子群遗传优化算法不但具有粒子群优化算法所具有的易于工程实现、计算效率高等优点,还克服了粒子群优化算法易早熟、粒子群整体收敛性差等缺点,能够解决多机器人任务分配问题.     

电子商务网络支付安全问题的探讨分析

计算机网络的技术发展相当迅速.随着互联网上黑客病毒泛溢,网络犯罪等威胁日益严重,网络安全管理的任务将会越来越艰巨和复杂.抓好网络安全问题对保障网络信息安全至关重要.因此文章时电子商务网络支付安全问题进行探讨分析.     

毫米波雷达微弱行人轨迹跟踪-预测一体化方法

针对城市道路场景微弱行人目标雷达回波信号极易被强背景杂波淹没,导致目标轨迹跟踪及预测失效难题,提出了一 种基于调频连续波-多输入多输出毫米波雷达的微弱行人轨迹跟踪-预测一体化方法。 首先,利用递归贝叶斯检测前跟踪算 法,直接从未经阈值处理的雷达三维原始频谱数据中提取目标运动轨迹,解决了传统阈值决策信息丢失带来的跟踪性能下降问 题,并在此基础上提出了一种基于 Transformer 的端到端轨迹预测模型,进一步挖掘隐藏在跟踪轨迹中的时空相关性,完成了微 弱行人目标轨迹的精准预测。 实验结果表明,方法在信噪比大于-20 dB 时,预测轨迹的平均位移误差和最终位移误差分别小 于 0. 706、1. 215 m,均优于高斯过程、长短期记忆网络等传统方法。     

高速高精度叠层直线运动控制系统

在分析粗精动控制系统的耦合及轨迹分配等问题的基础上,介绍叠层试验台高速高精度直线运动的实现: 采用永磁直线交流电动机驱动粗动台,粗动台行程大但带宽较低;音圈电动机驱动精动台,精动台带宽高但行程较小。用绝对空间闭环方式实现试验台的粗精运动控制,这种方法可以忽略粗动台对精动台的惯性力扰动,精动台直接跟踪给定轨迹,粗动台跟踪精动台的运动轨迹防止精动台发生运动饱和。试验结果表明,精动台显著提高了系统的定位和跟踪精度,该控制方法使叠层试验台的高速高精度运动得以方便实现。     

基于小波逼近的机械系统非完整运动规划数值方法

机械系统中的非完整约束通常是由不可积的速度约束或不可积的守恒律引起。由于非完整约束的存在,系统的运动控制和规划问题比一般的机械系统要困难得多。机械系统在动量和动量矩守恒且为零的情况下,系统动力学方程可降阶为非完整形式约束方程。基于这样的方程,将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。针对带有非完整约束的机械系统,导出自由漂浮的空间机器人系统非完整运动模型。利用最优控制技术和小波分析方法,在控制输入中引入小波函数逼近,提出一种非完整机械系统运动规划数值方法。将该方法用于自由漂浮空间双臂机器人系统,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

ENHANCEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY BY INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMING OF FEED RATE IN 3-AXIS MILLING

An optimized feed scheduling strategy (OFSS) is proposed in this paper to maximize the metal removal rate in 3-axis milling while guaranteeing the machining accuracy. This strategy integrates the feed drive dynamics, described by the acceleration/deceleration (Acc/Dec) profile, with the minimum-time trajectory planning in order to achieve the desired feed rate at the appropriate position. An optimum use of the feed drive capabilities is considered to track the changes in the cutting geometry along the tool path. Therefore, this strategy combines different constraints and various criteria in modifying the feed rate to maintain near-constant cutting force resulting in highly non-linear problem. The constraints include the cutting force, the feed rate boundaries, the contour error and the characteristics of the (Acc/Dec) profile. The criteria are the maximum production rate, the machining accuracy and safety. The performance of the OFSS in terms of these criteria, is compared to two end milling operations where the trajectory planning disregards the feed drive dynamics. The first is based on a feed scheduling strategy using control points (FSCP). The second is a milling operation with nominal feed rate. By increasing the feed rates, the OFSS improves the machining accuracy, reduces the machining time, and allows a better regulation of the cutting force.     

融合侧翻稳定性的SUV换道轨迹规划方法研究

针对运动型多功能汽车(Sport utility vehicle,SUV)换道过程中侧翻安全问题,提出融合侧翻稳定性的SUV换道轨迹规划方法。建立三自由度车辆动力学模型,推导SUV侧翻稳定性及侧滑稳定性评价指标。采集自车状态及环境信息,将换道轨迹规划分成预规划和重规划两个阶段;预规划阶段采用五次多项式模型生成横向轨迹簇,重规划阶段考虑周围车辆动态变化,生成包含自车纵向速度信息的轨迹簇。融合侧翻稳定性指标、侧滑稳定性指标以及双圆拟合的车辆外形最小距离,构建代价函数;进行轨迹簇碰撞筛选、稳定性筛选及轨迹选择。运用内点惩罚函数进行轨迹优化,求解最优轨迹。选取两种典型工况进行换道轨迹规划仿真,结果表明SUV沿着该方法规划的轨迹行驶可完成换道躲避障碍物,且横向位移小、换道效率高,可有效避免侧翻危险。     

ENHANCEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY BY INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMING OF FEED RATE IN 3-AXIS MILLING

An optimized feed scheduling strategy (OFSS) is proposed in this paper to maximize the metal removal rate in 3-axis milling while guaranteeing the machining accuracy. This strategy integrates the feed drive dynamics, described by the acceleration/deceleration (Acc/Dec) profile, with the minimum-time trajectory planning in order to achieve the desired feed rate at the appropriate position. An optimum use of the feed drive capabilities is considered to track the changes in the cutting geometry along the tool path. Therefore, this strategy combines different constraints and various criteria in modifying the feed rate to maintain near-constant cutting force resulting in highly non-linear problem. The constraints include the cutting force, the feed rate boundaries, the contour error and the characteristics of the (Acc/Dec) profile. The criteria are the maximum production rate, the machining accuracy and safety. The performance of the OFSS in terms of these criteria, is compared to two end milling operations where the trajectory planning disregards the feed drive dynamics. The first is based on a feed scheduling strategy using control points (FSCP). The second is a milling operation with nominal feed rate. By increasing the feed rates, the OFSS improves the machining accuracy, reduces the machining time, and allows a better regulation of the cutting force.     

空间站空空支架天线抗力学环境设计与仿真分析

空空支架天线是空间站核心舱的重要组成部分,担负着核心舱与来访飞行器对接时的通信任务,在全任务阶段,将受到不同的载荷冲击.文中对其发射阶段、入轨阶段、交汇对接阶段和分离阶段的载荷工况进行识别,并通过有限元分析、动力学仿真和计算校核,保证其抗力学环境设计满足要求,为后续产品详细结构设计、在轨成功展开和安全运行提供重要支撑.     

A dual-stage control system for high-speed, ultra-precise linear motion

Modern manufacturing equipment often requires high-speed and ultra-precise linear motion. For implementing such motion, a coarse–fine dual stage is effective because the coarse stage has a low bandwidth with a large workspace, and in contrast, the fine stage has a high bandwidth with a small stroke. This paper presents the implementation of an air-bearing, dual-stage system and its control strategy. A closed-loop feedback in an absolute space is used to realize coarse–fine control. The fine stage is driven by a voice coil motor that tracks the designed trajectory, while the coarse stage is driven by permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor that tracks the trajectory of the fine stage to prevent its motion saturation. Also analyzed are the coupled dynamics of the air-bearing dual stage driven by a direct-drive motor. Identification and robust control design for the fine stage are introduced in detail. Method tests for the single fine stage are performed, and the results demonstrate that ultra-precision control can be realized for the fine stage. Next, experiments are presented with the dual stage using different loads. Experimental results show that our control strategy can achieve high-speed, ultra-precision linear motion through the dual stage with a satisfactory performance.     

基于标定和关节空间插值的工业机器人轨迹误差补偿

轨迹精度是工业机器人重要的动态性能,目前工业机器人的轨迹精度远低于定位精度,提出一种基于机器人运动学标定和关节空间插值误差补偿的方法来提高机器人轨迹精度。基于MD-H方法建立机器人的运动学模型,在此基础上运用机器人微分运动学理论建立末端位置误差模型和轨迹误差模型。为克服最小二乘法等传统方法在数据噪声较大且不符合高斯分布时收敛慢甚至发散的问题,提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的机器人运动学参数辨识方法,实现运动学参数辨识的快速收敛。经过分析发现机器人误差在关节空间具有连续性的特点,为此提出一种关节空间插值误差补偿方法,建立网格形式的误差补偿数据库,并利用关节空间距离权重函数和已知的网格顶点误差计算各控制点的关节转角误差。通过试验对所提出的参数辨识和关节空间误差补偿方法进行了验证,试验结果表明：经过运动学参数辨识和补偿后机器人的绝对定位精度由1.039 mm提高到0.226 mm,轨迹精度由2.532 mm提高到1.873 mm,应用关节空间插值误差补偿后机器人的轨迹精度进一步提高到1.464 mm。     

Control of flight parameters of a quadrotor vehicle moving over a given trajectory

The problem of control of an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle with vertical takeoff and landing, which moves over a trajectory specified in the coordinate space, is considered. A method of constructing a system of automatic control of quadrotor vehicle takeoff and flight is proposed. Analytical relations for control actions on four engines that ensure vehicle motion over a prescribed trajectory with desired values of altitude and velocity are derived.