固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的研究进展

简述了固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料研究近况及重要进展。     

钙钛矿型中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料研究进展

中低温固体氧化物燃料电池(IL TSOFC)的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池商业化的必然趋势,阴极材料的研制是影响其发展的关键问题之一.锈钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是很有希望的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料,文章综述了近年来ABO3型钙钛矿阴极材料的研究情况,并提出了其发展方向.     

钙钛矿型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料

中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)商业化的必然趋势，影响其发展的关键问题是阳极材料、阴极材料和电解质材料的研制。钙钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是最有希望的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料，本文对钙钛矿结构的稀土复合氧化物阴极材料的导电机理、合成方法以及近年来国内外研究较多的ABO、型阴极材料的相关研究作了较为详细的叙述，并提出了其发展方向。     

固体氧化物燃料电池的制备

采用柠檬酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成了纳米级CeO2基阳极支撑平板式固体氧化物燃料电池（solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC）的电解质与电极材料。研究了SOFC三极板[NiO-Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9（CGO）,阳极;CGO电解质;La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ（LSCF）-CGO阴极]的制备工艺,对制膜过程、烧结工艺等做了探讨。指出了较佳的制备条件。结果表明：物理混合得到的阳极优于共燃烧得到的阳极;球磨分散得到的阳极致密,乳化分散得到的阳极中NiO与CGO的分散较为均匀。     

铋离子掺杂固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种可以将燃料中的化学能直接转化为电能的发电装置,具有燃料选择灵活、效率高、环境友好等优点。基于SOFC运行成本和长期稳定性的要求,降低工作温度已成为当前研究的热点。传统阴极较低的催化活性制约了SOFC的技术发展,因此开发具有良好催化性能的阴极材料至关重要。大量的研究表明,铋离子的掺杂能够有效提高材料的电导率和氧催化活性。从铋离子掺杂的角度出发,综述了铋离子掺杂对阴极材料的制备、结构、电导率和电化学性能的影响,并对掺铋SOFC阴极材料未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

中低温固体氧化物燃料电池陶瓷阴极材料

综述了中低温固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）陶瓷阴极材料的研究和发展动态，这些陶瓷材料包括焦绿石结构的A2Ru2O7-δ陶瓷，Ag-YDB(Y2O3dopedBi2O3)复合陶瓷以及具有钙钛矿结构的La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3(LSCF)型陶瓷。     

固体氧化物燃料电池材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是当今一种先进的能量转换装置，具有能量转换效率高、环境友好、燃料适用性强和无腐蚀等突出优点。该电池通常用陶瓷作组装材料，操作温度为600－1000℃。详细介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池各元件的材料，包括Y2O3稳定化的ZrO2固体电解质，Ni/稳定化ZrO2阳极，掺杂的LaMnO3阴极以及掺杂的LaCrO3连接材料等。     

燃料电池固体氧化物电解质研究进展

本文对当前燃料电池用固体电解质材料的研究进展进行了综述.首先介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池的发展趋势及其与电解质材料性能的关系,然后分别对Y2O3稳定ZrO2(YSZ)、Sc2O3稳定ZrO2(ScSZ)、Ce基材料和其他一些电解质材料如Bi2O3、LaGaO3的制备、掺杂和电导率性能等方面进行了总结.最后,提出了今后电解质材料研的几个重要方向.     

中低温固体氧化物燃料电池功能梯度阴极的合成

分别以Sr(NO3)2,Co(NO3)2·6H2O和Sm(NO3)3·6H2O,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O为原料,采用氨基乙酸法和固相合成法制备了Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3(SSC)和Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9(SDC)粉体,采用旋涂法在Al2O3基板上制备出了中低温固体氧化物燃料电池复合阴极层,并用X射线衍射仪、能谱仪和扫描电镜对梯度阴极的材料成分和微观结构等进行了分析。结果表明:复合浆料旋涂结合热处理可以有效地在基板表面制备出复合阴极层,且制备的阴极层与基板结合良好;通过使用氨基乙酸法和固相合成法制备的粉末,实现了阴极中晶粒尺度的调控;通过控制浆料中SSC和SDC相对含量获得了组分梯度;控制造孔剂含量有效地实现了孔隙度的调控,从而获得梯度化的固体氧化物燃料电池阴极。     

Analysis of the oxygen reduction process on SOFC composite electrodes

The electrochemical characteristics of composite cathodes consisting of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM) and Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) have been analysed in order to emphasise the opportunity offered by these electrodes in the attempt to reduce the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells. Impedance analysis and potentiodynamic polarisation have been used as tools to evaluate the main electrochemical parameters and the results show that a volume ratio between LSM and YSZ close to 1 gives the best electrochemical activity because of the extension of the three phase boundary (TPB) in the electrode. Electrodes of this composition were subjected to high current load to verify the stability of the electrochemical performance and the results confirmed good cathode reliability.     

Controlled-Pore-Size Composite Nickel Oxide Structures for Carbonate Fuel Cell Cathodes

The performance of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is significantly eroded when fuel and oxidant gases are allowed to combine chemically as occurs with a loss of gas impermeability by the cell's electrolyte structure. This performance decline is eradicated when the cell's electrodes possess pore size distributions small enough to absorb sufficient electrolyte to act as a secondary gas barrier. Described here is a process for preparing composite MCFC NiO cathodes where the median pore size of the gas barrier region is varied from 3.2 to 0.4 μm by adjusting the starting powder's Ni/NiO ratio. When filled with liquid Li₂CO₃-38 mol% K₂CO₃ at 923 K, these structures possess a gas pressure resistance of between 2.3 × 10⁵ and 13.6 × 10⁵ Pa, respectively. The incorporation of these composite cathodes in a MCFC can prevent the penetration of the oxidant gas into the fuel cell's interior.     

Fabrication and performance of PEN SOFCs with proton-conducting electrolyte

A positive-electrolyte-negative (PEN) assembly solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a thin electrolyte film for intermediate temperature operation was fabricated. Instead of the traditional screen-printing method, both anode and cathode catalysts were pressed simultaneously and formed with the fabrication of nano-composite electrolyte by press method. This design offered some advantageous configurations that diminished ohmic resistance between electrolyte and electrodes. It also increased the proton-conducting rate and improved the performance of SOFCs due to the reduction of membrane thickness and good contact between electrolyte and electrodes. The fabricated PEN cell generated electricity between 600°C and 680°C using H₂S as fuel feed and air as oxidant. Maximum power densities 40 mW·cm⁻² and 130 mW·cm⁻² for the PEN configuration with a Mo-Ni-S-based composite anode, nano-composite electrolyte (Li₂SO₄+Al₂O₃) film and a NiO-based composite cathode were achieved at 600°C and 680°C, respectively.     

SiCp/Al复合材料的应用及无压渗透法制备

综合介绍了SiCp／Al复合材料的性能、应用及其制备方法。着重介绍了无压渗透法,指出了该工艺的优缺点。对SiCp／Al系统的润湿性及改善润湿性的方法作了论述。     

Low-temperature SOFCs using biomass-produced gases as fuels

The electromotive force (e.m.f) is calculated for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on doped ceria electrolytes using biomass-produced gases (BPG, 14.7% CO, 14.2% CO₂, 15.3% H₂, 4.2% CH₄, and 51% N₂) as fuels and air as oxidant. It reveals that the BPG derived e.m.f. is very close to hydrogen when doped ceria is used as the electrolyte. A 35-m-thick samaria-doped ceria based single cell was tested between 450 and 650°C using BPG as fuel. Maximum power density of about 700 mW cm^–2 was achieved at 650 °C. The open-circuit voltage at 450 °C was 0.96 V, close to the calculated value. However, the cell power density using BPG as fuel was relatively lower than that using humidified hydrogen (3% H₂O), and close to that using humidified methane (3% H₂O). Impedance measurements indicate that the relatively lower power output may be attributed to the high anode--electrolyte interfacial polarization resistance when BPG is used as fuel.     

A New Vapor Deposition Method to Form Composite Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a complete solid-state energy conversion device with the potential advantages of high efficiency, silent operation, and low emissions. However, the current performance of SOFCs is still limited by a number of problems. Investigations in this field have indicated that it is imperative to fabricate efficient and compatible anodes for SOFCs to minimize polarization loss and to concurrently achieve long-term stability. In this paper, a critical review of previous studies is given and several criteria for the theoretically ideal anode are summarized. Accordingly, a newly developed vapor deposition technique, polarized electrochemical vapor deposition (PEVD), is applied to fabricate composite anodes to meet these criteria. The initial experimental results in the present study show that PEVD is capable of depositing a thin layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia on a porous metallic electrode to form a composite anode. This will not only provide continuous ionic and electronic conducting paths in the anode to reduce the overpotential loss and resistance, but also protect the metallic electrode from further sintering, vapor loss, and poisoning in the harsh SOFC operating conditions.     

Fabrication and operation of flow‐through tubular SOFCs for electric power and synthesis gas cogeneration from methane

Flow‐through type tubular solid oxide fuel cells were successfully fabricated and operated with a single‐chamber configuration for realizing the simultaneous generation of electric power and synthesis gas from methane by integrating a downstream catalyst into the fuel cell reactor. A new operation mode, which completely eliminated the gas diffusion between cathode side and anode side, is proposed. The cell showed high open‐circuit voltages of 1.02–1.08 V at the furnace temperature range of 650–800°C when operating on CH₄‐O₂ gas mixture at a molar ratio of 2:1. A peak power density of approximately 300 mW cm^?2 and a maximum power output of 1.5 W were achieved for a single cell with an effective cathode geometric surface area of 5.4 cm² at the furnace temperature of 750°C. The in‐situ initialization of the cell using CH₄‐O₂ gas mixture was also realized via applying an effective catalyst into the tubular cell. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1036–1044, 2014     

无压浸渗法制备碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料工艺研究

用有预制型的无压浸渗法制备了体积分数高达75%的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料.研究了各工艺参数对复合材料制备过程与性能的影响.结果表明:SiO2氧化膜、N2气氛和充分的保温时间有利于浸渗;浸渗温度选择1000℃比较合适;Mg的质量分数为10%时浸渗能顺利进行.     

Electrochemical performance of gel-cast NiO-SDC composite anodes in low-temperature SOFCs

NiO-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC) composites were synthesized using gel-casting technique. The electrochemical performance of the gel-cast (GC) Ni-SDC cermet as anode was investigated contrast with that fabricated from traditional mechanical mixing (MM) technique using fuel cells with about 35 μm-thick SDC electrolyte and Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃-SDC cathode. Maximum power density of the cell with GC anode achieved 491 mW cm⁻² at 600 °C, over 100 mW cm⁻² larger than that with MM anode, inferring high catalytic activity of the GC anode. Impedance measurements on the fuel cell at open circuit showed that the anodic interfacial polarization resistance of the GC anode was 0.1 Ω cm² lower than that of the MM anode. Long-term stability of the cell with GC anode in hydrogen was also performed, which showed that it can stabilize at least 7 days.