改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料去除地下水NO_3~--N的研究

采用液相还原法制备改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料(简称复合材料),考察了该复合材料的稳定性及其作用下"三氮"(NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N)的变化情况,阐明了地下水环境因素(DO、温度、光照)对复合材料去除NO_3~--N的影响。模拟地下水环境时,3种材料去除NO_3~--N的反应活性顺序为:复合材料纳米铁改性凹凸棒土,且复合材料作用下NH_4~+-N的转化率低,几乎无NO_2~--N生成。DO、温度对复合材料去除地下水NO_3~--N的影响较大;而光照和黑暗环境下,地下水中NO_3~--N的去除率及NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的生成量均无明显差异。研究成果旨在为NO_3~--N污染地下水工程修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

纳米铁及其改性材料在水处理中的应用

介绍了近年来纳米铁在水处理中的应用成果及现状。纳米铁可有效地去除水中重金属、无机阴离子、放射性物质及氯代有机污染物等,污染物去除效果与污染物初始浓度、纳米铁投加量、pH、反应时间等因素有关。纳米铁由于其强还原性,不稳定,在实际应用中受到限制,有必要研制纳米铁改性材料。结合国内外的研究进展,分析了纳米铁改性材料对污染物的去除效果和机理,对纳米铁及其改性材料在水处理领域的应用进行了展望。     

改性纳米零价铁修复重金属污染地下水研究

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)粒径小、比表面积大、反应活性高,可降解多种污染物,但n ZVI分散性差、抗氧化性弱的特点使其在地下水修复中的应用受到限制。改性n ZVI可以提高n ZVI的分散性及稳定性,研究了现有改性n ZVI的特点:多孔材料负载改性n ZVI成本较低,但可选择的材料相对较少;有机物包覆分散改性n ZVI的改性材料较多,可以促进非水相液体污染物与n ZVI的接触反应,但选择不当容易引起二次污染;双金属改性纳米材料的反应速度较快,不易形成腐蚀产物,但成本较高,且过渡金属可能对环境有害。n ZVI可以处理多种地下水重金属污染物,根据Fe2+和目标重金属离子污染物的标准电极电位的相对大小,降解方式分为表面吸附—配合作用、表面吸附—还原作用和表面还原作用,但是改性n ZVI存在价格高、有环境毒性等问题。     

凹凸棒石吸附水中有机污染物研究进展

归纳总结了天然凹凸棒石与改性凹凸棒石吸附水中有机污染物的效果,分析讨论了凹凸棒石吸附水中有机污染物的机理、影响因素及吸附等温线,为以后本课题的相关研究提供参考.同时简述了凹凸棒石的基本性质和结构特点,介绍了凹凸棒石的改性方法,并展望了凹凸棒石在废水处理研究中的发展趋势.综述表明凹凸棒石吸附水中有机染料性能优异,吸附苯类、酚类效果也较理想,凹凸棒石改性后吸附效果更佳.     

凹凸棒石的改性及其在水处理中的应用

凹凸棒石是一种具有独特结构和性质的天然矿物,具有强大的吸附性能,在水处理中的应用已日趋广泛.天然凹凸棒石使用中存在着局限性,针对这些局限性,介绍了凹凸棒石的改性方法及其对吸附性能的影响,证实了凹凸棒石通过改性,能使其比表面积增大,吸附性能增强,对水中污染物质的去除能力明显提高,尤其是通过无机酸和阳离子表面活性剂改性后,对水中的重金属离子和有机污染物的吸附去除率最为显著.     

秸秆堆肥腐殖土PRB修复地下水硝酸盐污染研究

比较不同比例的秸秆堆肥腐殖土与细砂组成的介质对修复地下水硝酸盐污染的影响,研究秸秆堆肥腐殖土PRB(permeable reactive barrier,可渗透反应墙)去除地下水硝酸盐污染的效果。结果表明,以秸秆堆肥腐殖土作为介质的PRB对硝酸盐具有很高的去除率,可使受到硝酸盐污染的地下水经处理后达到地下水质量Ⅲ类标准;增加秸秆堆肥腐殖土所占比例,会提高PRB对硝酸盐的去除率,但装置运行初期的修复效果较差。     

纳米级零价铁修复重金属污染水体的研究进展

近几年的研究表明,纳米级零价铁材料成为目前环境污染修复技术中一个非常活跃的研究领域。本文介绍了纳米级零价铁去除水体中重金属污染物的种类、反应动力学和机理,总结了当前几种比较简便实用的纳米铁制备和稳定化处理方法及纳米铁在环境修复中应用研究的热点和最新进展。最后,探讨了目前纳米铁在水体重金属污染修复研究和实际应用中存在的问题和研究方向,以期为我国重金属污染水体修复技术的开发提供借鉴。     

膨润土负载纳米零价铁去除水中铅的研究

将纳米零价铁通过液态还原法负载于膨润土上,目的是为了比较负载对提高纳米零价铁去除重金属铅的能力的影响。从负载后扫描电镜图像中可以看出,负载后的纳米零价铁分散度更好。在相同投加量下,负载了纳米零价铁的膨润土对重金属铅的去除能力要远高于膨润土和纳米零价铁。铅的起始浓度为200mg／L,膨润土＋纳米零价铁的复合材料在0．4g／L的投加量下,去除率就达到90％以上。对材料的动力学研究结果则表明：纳米零价铁的反应速度较快,大部分的铅的去除都在1h以内完成。将吸附动力学实验结果进行一级和二级动力学反应拟合。二级拟和的线性相关系数明显高于一级。说明纳米零价铁和膨润土＋纳米零价铁复合材料与铅的反应更符合二级动力学反应假设。另外,纳米零价铁对铅的去除受到起始浓度的影响较大,而膨润土＋纳米零价铁则基本不受起始浓度的影响。     

纳米零价铁用于地下水污染修复时存在的问题与对策

介绍了纳米零价铁(Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron,NZVI))用于地下水污染修复时存在的问题及改进技术。NZVI可以去除水体中的各种卤代烃(主要是氯代烃)以及Cr、Pb、As等重金属,但NZVI在水体中会由于团聚、沉淀和钝化等而降低其修复效率。将超声波技术和添加微生物方法与NZVI技术进行协同,以及对NZVI进行固体负载和表面改性是解决NZVI修复地下水时存在问题的有效途径。今后,探讨地下复杂环境因素对应用NZVI进行地下水修复的影响,以及改进NZVI水污染修复技术是利用NZVI修复地下水污染的重要研究方向。     

零价铁处理水体中Cr（IV）污染研究进展

将零价铁的还原性能作为一种廉价、高效的处理方法对水体的重金属污染进行治理和修复,现已成为一个广受关注的研究领域。然而,诸多应用方式对这一反应的处理效果影响很大。通过查阅文献资料,比较了二元金属体系双电解异位修复含Cr (VI)废水和纳米铁原位修复技术的研究成果,同时整理了近期关于纳米零价铁改性制备的研究情况,分析得到：氧化还原反应过程中生成的Cr-Fe膜是阻断电子在Fe0与Cr2O72-之间传输,限制Cr (VI)去除效果的主要原因;在微电解异位修复中,当进水pH<2,停留时间控制在55-60min,浓度≤100mg/L条件下时, Cr (VI)的去除率可达99%,且运行较为稳定。讨论零价铁处理水体中的Cr (IV)污染,将有利于深入开发更多具有较强适应性的处理工艺和工程应用,更好地解决环境污染的应急处理问题。     

北京地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下土壤氮素的分布及对地下水影响分析

研究北京粮食作物种植区冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系下不同施氮量对土壤氮素剖面分布、累积量、淋失量的动态变化过程的影响及对地下水的影响等。结果表明在喷灌条件下冬小麦试验季节硝态氮的累积主要在80 cm深度以上;而夏玉米季节,硝态氮的峰值运移到150 cm左右,硝态氮存在明显的深层淋失现象。硝态氮的剖面含量一般随着施氮量的增加而增加。单季施氮量低于110 kg/hm2,土壤氮素处于稍微亏损状态;而施氮量大于220 kg/hm2时,在0～200 cm土层内,硝态氮有明显的累积现象,硝态氮的累积量一般随着施氮量的增加而增加,因此建议该地区年施氮量为250kg/hm2以维持农田氮平衡。考虑到当地的地下水埋深一般在12.5m左右,可以初步得出冬小麦—夏玉米种植对地下水的影响较小,但是长期冬小麦—夏玉米种植施肥将对地下水产生影响。     

对应分析方法在白城市洮北区地下水水质评价中的应用

应用对应分析方法研究了白城市洮北区地下水水质状况和影响水质的主要因素,确定了主要的污染因子和污染原因.结果显示:白城市洮北区地下水污染农村最轻,市区次之,城郊结合部最严重,主要污染因子是硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,水质污染来源是垃圾渗滤液和生活污水等.将对应分析结果与综合指数法评价结果进行对比发现,两种方法对水样点水质污染程度的...     

川中红层灌区地下水硝酸盐污染特征及影响因素

为探明川中红层灌区地下水硝酸盐污染特征及影响因素,选取简阳市内典型农业种植区,利用变异函数模型与Arc GIS地统计模块,分析了区内地下水硝酸盐污染空间变异特征,并通过因子分析识别其主要影响因素。研究表明:球状模型为本次插值分析的最优理论模型,块金值为0.067,基台值为0.736,块金效应0.091,研究区地下水硝酸盐分布的空间自相关性较强;区内大部分地区硝酸盐污染严重,约有91.8%的面积遭受硝酸盐污染,农业生产活动与包气带岩性特征加剧了地下水硝酸盐含量的升高;研究区中部金鸡河两侧地下水水力坡度较大,径流强烈,污染物不易富集,河流两侧硝酸盐含量明显较低;因子分析表明,地下水硝酸盐含量主要受地层岩性、地形地貌、p H值和人类活动等因素影响。     

纤维和纳米材料改良花岗岩残积土的力学试验及机理研究

在处理特殊土时,采用性能好、环保和成本低的材料加固土体有着非常重要的意义。为了研究玄武岩纤维和纳米氧化铁对花岗岩残积土力学性能的影响,采用单掺和复掺的方式,制备不同掺量的试样进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验,并取剪切后的土样进行扫描电镜试验分析其微观机理。试验结果表明：土样抗剪强度随玄武岩纤维掺量的增加呈先增大后减小的变化规律,在掺量为1%时出现峰值,土样抗剪强度随纳米氧化铁掺量的增加而呈单调增加的变化规律;两种改良方法均能较大幅度提升土体的黏聚力,对内摩擦角的提升效果不明显,此外,复合改良土样提升土体抗剪强度的效果比单掺改良土样更加明显;土体抗剪强度的提高是由玄武岩纤维与土体之间产生互锁网、纳米氧化铁填充土颗粒之间的空隙所致,采用复合改良土样的方式能有效改善花岗岩残积土的剪切强度特性。     

内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域地下水水质与硝态氮时空变化研究

为了研究节水工程改造及节水灌溉对区域农田地下水及硝态氮淋失污染的影响,以内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为研究区域,对整个作物生长期的3月、5月、7月、9月分别取水样进行水化学和硝态氮测试分析。对2003年与2008年区域内27眼井地下水硝态氮的时空分布特征进行研究,结果表明:在2003年间,夏灌前解放闸灌域地下水硝态氮质量浓度大于10 mg/L的面积占灌域总面积的9.95%,全年平均硝态氮质量浓度大于10 mg/L的面积占灌域总面积的9.02%;2008年3月硝态氮质量浓度大于10 mg/L的面积占灌域总面积的5.22%,全年平均硝态氮质量浓度大于10 mg/L的面积占灌域总面积的5.20%。2003年与2008年的监测结果及时空分布趋势说明该地区地下水存在较严重的面源氮污染,但节水灌溉的实施可能对减少河套灌区的化肥淋失和地下水污染具有积极的改善作用,特别是由于秋浇水量的减少,地下水位下降,对减少地下水硝态氮污染具有明显的作用。     

正镶白旗地下水水环境特征研究

本文对内蒙古正镶白旗地下水赋存条件与分布规律、地下水环境质量特征、地下水水质与水性疾病进行了探讨。由于受水文气象、水文地质、地形地貌及人为因素等影响，区域内地下水总体水质状况为北部沙漠区较好，其次是南部山区，山间洼地和平原区较差，水化学指标超标最为严重的依次是细菌总数、大肠菌群数和氟，其次是硝酸盐和氯化物及色度，总硬度和硫酸盐相对较轻；区域内地下水水质特征与水性疾病分布基本是一致的。     

Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater: A Case Study of an Agricultural Area in Northeast China

High levels of nitrates in groundwater pose a risk to human health. In this study, we selected areas with typical agricultural nitrate pollution in northeast China as study sites. We then collected groundwater samples for nitrate nitrogen content analysis using the Four Step method developed by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in conjunction with the non-carcinogens health risk model (R?=?CDI/RfD) to determine the health risk associated with nitrate pollution of groundwater. The reference value of nitrates in drinking water was set at 10 mg/L (measured as nitrogen) and the intake reference dose of nitrate was set at 1.6 mg?kg^?1?d^?1 based on the EPA’s IRIS(Integrated Risk Information System). The water intake reference values were set at 2.3 L/d and 1.5 L/d based on the EPA values and actual values observed in the study area. The average exposure time was the ED (exposure duration)?×?365d/a. Weights refer to the 2002 national urban and rural average weight of residents of different genders and different ages. Health hazard index calculation was based on the above information, and the index less than 1 is acceptable (U.S. EPA’s Risk Assessment Guide). Health risk assessment maps were then drawn by Arcgis software. The results indicated that agricultural sewage irrigation areas in the study area showed strong health risks, but that those of the city were relatively small. Moreover, the results indicated that children’s health risks are greater than those of adults.     

Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems.

Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey's NAWQA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and also shallow carbonate aquifers that provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The system of corn, soybean, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems because this system imports the largest amount of N-fertilizer per unit production area. Mean nitrate under dairy, poultry, horticulture, and cattle and grains systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice on groundwater nitrate.     

Identifying Major Factors Controlling Groundwater Quality in Semiarid Area Using Advanced Statistical Techniques

There are many factors controlling groundwater pollution and vulnerability. However, the factors’ weights are still not reasonably investigated. In order to assess groundwater quality and the controlling factors in semiarid region, 178 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for salinity and nitrate content. New statistical techniques of prediction profiler and hierarchical cluster combined with geographic information systems (GIS) were used to assess the groundwater quality based on three categorical controlling factors; landuse/ land cover (LULC), soil texture, and aquifer type. It is hypothesized these factors are controlling groundwater quality with various weights. Groundwater salinity across the study area varied from 327.0 to 9110.0 mg/L, while nitrate ranged from 0.2 mg/L to 339.6 mg/L. Both prediction profiler and cluster analyses provided excellent tools for quantifying the pollution magnitudes, weighing the controlling factors, and visualizing the pollution zones. Prediction profiler showed high capability to predict groundwater pollution (P?<?0.0001 and 0.0038 for salinity and nitrate, respectively) where LULC was the most effective factor, followed by aquifer type and soil texture class. According to desirability function analysis, maximum salinity and nitrate pollution was predicted to be associated with irrigated agriculture lands at shallow aquifers with silty clay loam soils. Hierarchical cluster analysis combined with GIS mapping was able to group the controlling factors into six vulnerability zones. The generated groundwater spatial pollution map allowed for potential pollution sources identification (e.g. fertilizer use, treated waste water, overdrafting). This paper also offers detailed mapping for decision makers to allow further ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation planning.     

Influence of groundwater composition on subsurface iron and arsenic removal

Subsurface arsenic and iron removal (SAR/SIR) is a novel technology to remove arsenic, iron and other groundwater components by using the subsoil. This research project investigated the influence of the groundwater composition on subsurface treatment. In anoxic sand column experiments, with synthetic groundwater and virgin sand, it was found that several dissolved substances in groundwater compete for adsorption sites with arsenic and iron. The presence of 0.01 mmol L(-1) phosphate, 0.2 mmol L(-1) silicate, and 1 mmol L(-1) nitrate greatly reduced the efficiency of SAR, illustrating the vulnerability of this technology in diverse geochemical settings. SIR was not as sensitive to other inorganic groundwater compounds, though iron retardation was limited by 1.2 mmol L(-1) calcium and 0.06 mmol L(-1) manganese.