开源软件缺陷报告自动摘要研究综述

在开源软件开发的维护阶段, 开源软件缺陷报告为开发人员解决缺陷提供了大量帮助。然而, 开源软件缺陷报告通常是以用户对话的形式编写, 一个软件缺陷报告可能含有数十条评论和上千个句子, 导致开发人员难以阅读或理解软件缺陷报告。为了缓解这个问题, 人们提出了开源软件缺陷报告自动摘要, 缺陷报告自动摘要可以减少开发人员阅读冗长缺陷报告的时间。本文以综述的方式对开源软件缺陷报告自动摘要的研究做了系统的归纳总结。首先, 根据摘要的表现形式, 将开源软件缺陷报告摘要分类为固定缺陷报告摘要和可视化缺陷报告摘要, 再将固定缺陷报告摘要研究方法分类为基于监督学习方法和基于无监督学习方法, 之后总结了基于监督学习和无监督学习的开源软件缺陷报告摘要生成的工作框架, 并介绍了开源软件缺陷报告摘要领域常用数据集、预处理技术和摘要评估指标。其次, 本文以无监督学习为切入点, 分类阐述和归纳了无监督开源软件缺陷报告摘要方法, 将无监督开源软件缺陷报告摘要方法分类为: 基于特征评分方法、基于深度学习方法、基于图方法和基于启发式方法, 并对每类方法进行讨论与分析。再次, 从缺陷报告摘要的实用性出发, 对现有的缺陷报告可视化摘要研究成果进行总结,并对固定缺陷报告摘要和可视化缺陷报告摘要的实用性做出分析。最后, 对现有研究成果及综述进行讨论和分析, 指出了开源软件缺陷报告摘要领域在缺陷报告数据集、抽取式摘要和黄金标准摘要三个方面面临的挑战和对未来研究的展望。     

方法级别的细粒度软件缺陷定位方法

当软件缺陷报告在跟踪系统中被指派给开发人员进行缺陷修复之后,缺陷修复人员就需要根据提交的缺陷报告来进行软件缺陷定位,并做出相应的代码变更,以修复该软件缺陷.在缺陷修复的整个过程中,软件缺陷定位占用了开发人员大量的时间.提出了一种方法级别的细粒度软件缺陷定位方法MethodLocator,以提高软件修复人员的工作效率.MethodLocator首先对缺陷报告和源代码方法体利用词向量（word2vec）和TF-IDF结合的方法进行向量表示;然后,根据源代码文件中方法体之间的相似度对方法体进行扩充;最后,通过对扩充后的方法体和缺陷报告计算其余弦距离并排序,来定位为修复软件缺陷所需做出变更的方法.在4个开源软件项目ArgoUML、Ant、Maven和Kylin上的实验结果表明,MethodLocator方法优于现有的缺陷定位方法,它能够有效地将软件缺陷定位到源代码的方法级别上.     

面向软件缺陷报告的缺陷定位方法研究与进展

软件缺陷定位是软件缺陷修复任务的一个重要步骤。面向软件缺陷报告的缺陷定位方法以描述缺陷产生现象的软件缺陷报告作为查询,以项目的源代码作为语料库,通过分析缺陷报告与源代码单元之间的相关关系,设计缺陷报告与源代码单元之间相关度的计算方法;随后,挖掘各类软件历史仓库来创建缺陷定位数据集,构建缺陷定位模型,以识别缺陷报告所描述的缺陷对应的源代码单元(即缺陷位置),实现缺陷定位。对近年来国内外学者在该研究领域取得的成果进行了系统总结。首先,介绍了软件缺陷定位的相关概念,归纳了面向软件缺陷报告的缺陷定位方法的主要流程;其次,围绕定位流程中的3个关键步骤梳理了已有研究工作;然后,总结了缺陷定位领域常用的实验数据集和实验评估指标;最后,对未来研究可能面临的挑战进行了展望。     

回环软件缺陷数量预测模型

软件缺陷预测是软件工程中的一个研究热点问题,通常软件缺陷预测的研究工作主要关注于软件模块是否存在缺陷和软件模块存在缺陷的数量。目前软件缺陷数量研究主要集中在基于缺陷数的软件模块排序。为提高软件模块排序的准确度,提出一种回环软件缺陷数量预测模型。此模型主要包括回环特征选择和缺陷预测两部分。在回环特征选择部分,将改进的密度峰值聚类算法和包裹式特征选择方法相结合,以回环的方式动态的选出最优特征,并训练学习器;陷预测部分采用反距离加权集成的方式得到预测结果。实验结果表明,此模型相比于LRCR、GRCR、LR、MLP、GP、NBR、ZIP分别提升了10.36%、28.74%、13.51%、36.61%、25.30%、60.14%、54.72%,有助于提高软件缺陷预测准确性。     

改进PSO-ISVM算法的软件缺陷预测

提出基于改进的粒子群优化支持向量机方法（PSO-ISVM）的测控软件缺陷预测方法。通过引入代价惩罚系数,定义粒子群优化算法中的适应度函数,利用最小化适应度函数值作为优化目标,排除大量的冗余干扰信息,提高对测控软件有缺陷模块的预测准确度,寻找支持向量机的最优参数。通过仿真实例分析测控软件有效性,并与常用缺陷预测方法进行比较,表明该模型能加快软件缺陷预测速度和提高对有缺陷模块的预测准确度。     

基于复杂网络分析的软件高危缺陷评估方法

为了评估软件缺陷的风险,提出了一种基于复杂网络分析的软件缺陷评估方法。该方法首先用一个网络模型表达程序实体之间的关系,将源代码中的方法抽象为节点,方法间的调用关系抽象为有向边,以此构造程序源代码网络;然后分别用介数算法和PageRank算法计算造成软件缺陷的方法节点在源代码全局网络中的地位,由此评估缺陷的风险高低。实验结果表明,该方法在评估内部高危缺陷时有较好的效果,有助于提高软件开发维护人员对一些隐蔽高危缺陷的关注度,进而为后续修复缺陷与软件演化提供有益的线索。     

基于缺陷报告分析的软件缺陷定位方法

在软件开发过程中,软件缺陷是不可避免的。在缺陷跟踪系统中,一个重要的问题是如何根据用户所提交的缺陷报告,进行缺陷的自动定位。本文在综合考虑缺陷报告与源代码文件结构相似性的基础上,进一步分析已修复缺陷报告、缺陷报告中的异常堆栈(StackTrace)信息对软件缺陷定位的作用,从而提高定位的精度。在Eclipse、AspectJ和SWT开源项目数据程序集上进行相关实验,并与Buglocator、BRTracer和BLUiR缺陷定位方法进行了比较分析,实验结果表明,本文方法能显著提高软件缺陷定位的精度。     

基于缺陷修复历史的两阶段缺陷定位方法

缺陷定位是软件缺陷修复的关键步骤。随着计算机软件的日趋复杂和网络的迅速发展,如何快速高效的定位缺陷相关代码成为了一个急待解决的问题。在研究现有基于信息检索技术的缺陷定位方法的基础上,综合考虑缺陷修复历史信息,提出了基于缺陷修复历史的两阶段缺陷定位方法。该方法不再单一依赖文本相似度,从缺陷修复的局部性现象入手,更多的考虑了缺陷修复的历史记录、变更信息及代码特征等因素,结合信息检索和缺陷预测方法来提高缺陷定位的精度。最后本文以两个开源项目为例,验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于概率模型检测的软件缺陷定位方法

软件缺陷的存在导致软件无法满足用户的需求,如何高效高质量地定位缺陷是消除软件缺陷的关键.基于模型的缺陷定位技术是当前的研究热点,可以用于检测软件系统故障找到软件失效的原因.现有基于模型的缺陷定位技术中,未考虑非相邻节点间传递依赖和测试用例对可疑度的影响,导致缺陷定位精度和效率低.提出了基于概率模型检测的软件缺陷定位方法(probabilistic model checking method for software fault location,PMC-SFL),首先提出一种程序概率模型用于提高模型的推理能力;然后设计了基于执行路径构建程序概率模型的学习算法;最后设计了基于概率模型检测的软件缺陷定位算法,用于缺陷定位分析.通过在公共数据集Siemens上进行实验和分析,表明了PMC-SFL方法与五种现有的缺陷定位方法RankCP、BNPDG、Tarantula、SOBER和CT相比,具有更高的软件缺陷定位精度和效率.     

基于执行轨迹的软件缺陷定位方法研究

软件中隐含的缺陷数目与可靠性直接相关,软件缺陷定位是移除软件缺陷的关键,缺陷定位的及时性和有效性直接影响软件的可用性。基于执行轨迹的软件缺陷定位能够很好地与自动化测试相结合,有较强的现实意义。讨论了基于执行轨迹的软件缺陷定位方法通用框架FLOC,详细介绍了该框架的各个阶段,包括执行轨迹的组织、执行轨迹的选择、怀疑率的计算、定位报告的评价。分析了现有的基于执行轨迹的软件缺陷定位方法,并按照框架的结构比较了这些方法的特点,提出了改进的思路。最后对缺陷定位的发展提出展望。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.