计及磁饱和的同步发电机内电势幅值测量方法

在直接测量转子位置获取同步发电机内电势相位的基础上,给出了同步发电机内电势幅值的准确直接计算方法,该方法的准确性只依赖于机端电压、机端电流、发电机功角等电气测量结果的准确性,与同步发电机参数无关。同时,基于内电势幅值和相位的准确测量,给出了能够计及磁路饱和影响的同步发电机定子与转子间互感电抗和同步电抗的计算方法,并基于正态分布参数估计理论,给出电抗计算结果的置信区间和点估计值,实际算例表明,所述方法准确可靠。     

Nonlinear state space model identification of synchronous generators

A method for identification of a synchronous generator is suggested in this paper. The method uses the theoretical relations of machine parameters and the Prony method to find the state space model of the system. Such models are useful for controller design and stability tests. The proposed identification method is applied to a third order model of a synchronous generator. In this study, the field voltage is considered as the input and the active output power and the rotor angle are considered as the outputs of the synchronous generator. Simulation results show good accuracy of the identified model.     

基于PMU的发电机参数量测对电网输送能力提高的研究

针对目前难以获得同步发电机实际运行工况参数的问题,利用同步相量测量单元（PMU）能直接测量发电机的功角以及机端电压和电流相角的特点,计算获得发电机实际运行的同步参数xd。将该直接测量的发电机运行参数运用于电力系统仿真计算,可提高电力系统暂态功角稳定水平和输电能力,同时也提高了系统的静态功角稳定水平。通过算例表明了此方法的实用性和方便性。     

同步发电机绝对内电势角测量方法研究

传统的功角测量方法因机端电压过零整形而引入误差,影响了相对内电势角测量的精度。介绍了绝对内电势角的定义,并提出一种测量绝对内电势角,进而获得高精度的相对内电势角的方法。提出的方法不使用机端电压过零整形脉冲,而是与等间隔分频GPS秒脉冲得到的定时脉冲比相,因此,完全不受发电机所处的运行状态的影响,能够在各种运行方式和扰动情况下获取高精度的绝对转子角。     

发电机功角的实时计算方法

简述了发电机功角的重要性,介绍了确定发电机功角的测量法和计算法,提出一种基于同步相量测量的发电机功角计算模型,该方法利用机端电压、电流采样数据,简单、易于实现,有良好的模型适应性,可用于实时功角计算。通过仿真计算结果表明,该方法具有较好的精度,可满足工程要求。用于全网相量测量系统中,可准确监测功角动态变化,为系统的安全稳定监测提供了一定的基础。     

采用协同控制理论的同步发电机非线性励磁控制

提出了一种基于协同控制理论的非线性励磁控制器。首先依据同步发电机励磁控制的基本要求和特点,选择机端电压、有功功率和转子角速度三个变量的偏差的线性组合构成流形,以保证有效控制机端电压和抑制系统功率振荡。然后以同步发电机非线性模型为对象,推导出了非线性协同励磁控制器（Synergetic excitation controller,SEC）的控制律,并根据电力系统的运行特性,探讨了控制器参数的选取原则。最后,单机无穷大系统仿真结果表明,无论在大扰动还是在小扰动下,所提非线性协同励磁控制器比常规的AVR+PSS方式下的励磁控制器都能更快更精确地调节机端电压,还能够有效地抑制系统的功率振荡。     

Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

基于目标状态方程的非线性预测励磁控制器的设计

提出了一种新的非线性系统控制设计方法：定义系统的状态变量与其参考轨迹之间的偏差为目标状态方程,并以此状态方程为基础,运用预测控制理论,针对单机无穷大系统进行非线性预测控制设计,得到了一种以机端电压、有功功率和角速度为反馈变量的非线性预测励磁控制规律.该控制规律包含了跟踪误差的未来信息,以便提高跟踪速度和改善控制效果.仿真结果表明：该方法不仅能有效地解决发电机机端电压静态偏移问题,而且能很好地镇定发电机的机械振荡,比以功角偏差为输出函数和以机端电压偏差为输出函数的非线性微分几何控制法更有效、更易于实现.     

基于差分傅里叶算法和滤波技术的过电压保护装置检测法

为解决火电厂发电机过电压侵害威胁发电机定子及变压器安全的问题，提出一种基于差分傅里叶算法和滤波技术的发电机转子过电压保护装置检测方法。首先，在现场采集发电机过电压保护测试仪的电压结构参数。其次，应用脉冲宽度调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)技术和大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)器件及其驱动技术，解决了传统过电压保护测试仪输出电压和直流输出不够稳定的问题。在此基础上，引入差分傅里叶算法和滤波技术，实现信号的完全输出以及控制的分析、处理、保护等功能，解决了传统过电压保护测试仪信号输出不全以及无法滤波的问题。最后，选取不同电厂机组励磁系统进行过电压保护试验。试验结果表明，所提方法能有效地完成转子过电压保护校验工作，其电压输出值远小于转子绕组出厂工频试验电压幅值的70%，机组励磁系统转子过电压保护逻辑动作正确，动作电压值符合要求，验证了所设计测试方法的有效性和准确性。     

WAMS关键技术及其在湖南电力系统中的应用

广域测量系统WAMS将成为电力系统在线分析、实时监视和实时控制的基础平台,对其关键技术进行深入分析和研究意义重大。因此介绍了近十年来对WAMS关键技术的研究结果及其在实际运行的WAMS??"湖南电力系统状态GPS同步监测系统"中的应用情况。在子站装置的实现方面,介绍了基于信号过零检测法的实用相量测量单元PMU的原理与实现方法;提出了一种基于转子位置传感器的同步发电机功角直接测量方法;提出了余数分摊法和渐进同步法,并实现了具备高精度和高稳定性的全球卫星定位系统GPS同步时钟。在WAMS的运行模式和同步数据交换方面,提出了WAMS的广域同步并行处理运行模式和实现同步数据交换的远程内存映射方法。在WAMS的功能方面,介绍了WAMS的长期连续实时录波器和同步监测数据的共享方法。这些方法都已实际应用于"湖南电力系统状态GPS同步监测系统"中,且经过长期的运行考验被证明是正确和有效的。     

基于同步相量测量技术的功角监测系统

同步发电机并网运行后，其功角是用来观察和判断该机组和系统并列运行稳定性的一个很重要的状态变量，而实现全网功角实时监测具有更为重要的意义。本文提出了一种新的PMU构成方案，并利用它构建功角实时监测系统。利用同步相量测量技术，获得以GPS时间为基准的功角信息，由各监测点的相对功角变化来预测系统稳定性。并给出了一种新的发电机功角计算方法。本方案实时性强，同步性好，可以实现全局实时监控。     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机励磁控制技术研究

双馈电机变速恒频(VSCF)风力发电系统，是通过调节转子绕组励磁电流的频率、幅值、相位和相序来实现变速恒频控制的。该文在分析双馈电机运行原理和励磁控制方法的基础上，设计和构建了基于80C196MC单片机的VSCF双馈风力发电机的励磁控制试验系统。对变速恒频控制、恒压控制、并网控制以及亚同步速、同步速和超同步速三种不同运行状态之间的动态转换控制技术，进行了试验研究，为兆瓦级变速恒频双馈风力发电机励磁控制系统的设计奠定了基础。     

基于虚拟同步机技术的储能机电暂态特性建模

虚拟同步机技术通过模拟传统同步发电机特性,使采用变流器的电源具有同步机组的惯量、阻尼、频率和电压调整等运行外特性,是解决新能源发电接入电网稳定运行的重要技术手段.提出一种用于机电暂态的虚拟同步机控制储能建模方法.该储能模型包括虚拟同步机控制、储能限制模块和模型接口模块,并考虑虚拟同步机定转子方程和储能充放电功率、荷电状...     

抽水蓄能机组全工况试验条件下最大进相能力分析

依据同步发电机进相试验导则,提出了计及发电机功角、定子电流和机端电压三大约束因素的抽水蓄能机组最大进相能力计算方法,全面分析了发电和抽水工况下机组的最大进相能力,研究了升压变分接头档位对全工况试验条件下机组最大进相能力的影响。以洪屏抽蓄电站#1机组为算例,绘制了机组最大进相能力随系统电压和有功出力变化的Q-PV三维曲面,任意进相试验工况下机组的最大进相能力均能与曲面中的某点相对应。试验人员通过查表即可准确掌握机组全工况下的最大进相能力,并了解当前进相深度是否满足试验要求,大大提高试验机组最大进相能力评估的准确性。试验实测数据与理论计算结果基本一致,验证了所提分析方法的正确性和实用性。     

Observer-based nonlinear control of power system using sliding mode control strategy

This paper presents a new transient stabilization with voltage regulation analysis approach of a synchronous power generator driven by steam turbine and connected to an infinite bus. The aim is to obtain high performance for the terminal voltage and the rotor speed simultaneously under a large sudden fault and a wide range of operating conditions. The methodology adopted is based on sliding mode control technique. First, a nonlinear sliding mode observer for the synchronous machine damper currents is constructed. Second, the stabilizing feedback laws for the complete ninth order model of a power system, which takes into account the stator dynamics as well as the damper effects, are developed. They are shown to be asymptotically stable in the context of Lyapunov theory. Simulation results, for a single-Machine-Infinite-Bus (SMIB) power system, are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed combined observer-controller for the transient stabilization and voltage regulation.     

Estimation of output voltage for high‐speed,surface permanent magnet generator with large air gap length

This paper presents a method to estimate the output voltage of a high‐speed, surface permanent magnet generator with large air gap length at design stage. The output voltage is estimated by the induced electromotive force and the synchronous inductance obtained from the analytical results of the flux linkage using FEM. Also, a method to classify the synchronous inductance per causative factor is proposed. The air gap leakage inductance is not negligible in a large‐air‐gap machine like this generator. The validity of the proposed method has been proved by the measured values of a generator designed by this method, and the measured values also show that the output voltage of the generator is within the permissible range. The method proposed in this paper will be an effective tool to design a high‐speed, surface permanent magnet generator with large air gap length. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(2): 52–60, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20228     

多机电力系统励磁控制的人工神经网络逆系统方法

基于各发电机的完整的实用三阶模型，通过将发电机内部的不可测变量转化为发电机端的可测变量，在未做任何近似或简化的情况下，实现了仅采用本地可测量的多机系统中各发电机励磁控制的精确线性化。在具体的励磁控制器设计中，选取机端电压作为被控量再附加电力系统稳定器(PSS)环节进行辅助控制，使得同时满足系统对电压稳定性和功角稳定性的控制要求；采用人工神经网络(ANN)逆系统方法实现精确线性化，避免了对系统精确数学模型的依赖，使文中方法更实用。针对一个2区域4机系统的仿真结果表明，安装ANN逆励磁控制器可以极大地提高被控机组的稳定性能，同时，全系统的稳定性也可以得到明显的提高。     

Determining electrical efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous machines with different control methods

An algorithm to calculate the electrical efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous machines with four different control methods is presented. The direct- and quadrature-axis stator current components are optimized to find the control method producing the maximum electrical efficiency. The developed computation algorithm was tested with three different permanent magnet synchronous machine applications, i.e., a low-speed high-torque direct-driven wind power generator with rotor surface magnets, a hybrid drive for an energy recovery system and a geared wind power generator with rotor buried magnets. The performance of the developed computation algorithm was verified by comparing the calculated electrical efficiencies with the measurements in the case of the hybrid drive machine.     

Direct field orientation controller using the stator phase voltagethird harmonic

This paper presents the development and implementation of a direct field orientation controller (DFOC) for induction machines based on determination of the spatial position of the air gap flux from the third harmonic component of the stator phase voltages. The control utilizes spatial saturation harmonic components rotating at synchronous frequency that are generated in the air gap flux when the machine operates in a saturated condition. When the machine is wye connected, the sum of the three phase voltages results in a signal dominated by the third harmonic and a high frequency component due to the rotor slot ripple. It is shown that the third harmonic voltage component can be effectively used to estimate both amplitude and position of the air gap flux. Two methods for estimation of the air gap flux from the third harmonic voltage are discussed in the paper. A complete induction motor direct field orientation control is designed and implemented in the laboratory. Extensive experimental results showing the DFOC drive system performance are presented and discussed     

基于无功扰动的同步电机电压崩溃过程分析

基于PSCAD仿真平台和相量图的理论分析,在同步发电机机端设置一定量的无功扰动,观察同步机机端电压、同步转速及功角的变化情况,得到了以下结论:一定量的感性无功扰动,可致使同步机机端电压下降及加速失步;一定量的容性无功扰动,可致使同步机机端电压升高及减速失步。并用相量图解释了所发生的现象。