电解液温度对直流电解沉积纳米孪晶Cu微观结构的影响

通过控制直流电解沉积电解液温度制备出不同微观结构的块体纳米孪晶Cu样品。结果表明,当电解液温度由313 K降低至293 K,纳米孪晶Cu的平均晶粒尺寸由27.6 mm减小至2.8 mm,平均孪晶片层厚度由111 nm减小至28 nm。电化学测试表明,降低温度减缓了纳米孪晶Cu沉积的电化学过程,使阴极过电位增大,引起晶粒和孪晶的形核率增加,从而使晶粒尺寸和孪晶片层厚度同时减小。     

超硬MgB2导体的高温高压合成

本文在国产六面顶高温高压设备上成功制备出具有超高硬度和良好导电特性的二硼化镁(MgB2)聚晶体材料.样品制备的压力和温度条件分别为5.5GPa和700～1000℃.光学显微镜观测表明,合成样品具有褐色金属光泽.通过X射线衍射对合成样品进行了晶体结构的表征.X射线衍射谱表明,二硼化镁晶体具有典型的六角结构,空间群为P6/mmm(191).晶格常数为,a=0.308nm,c=0.352nm.常态下,合成样品的显微硬度、体密度和电阻率分别被测量.其显微硬度为4109.5 kgf/mm2,常态下电导率为2.42×10-6Ωm.这些特性决定着硼化镁聚晶有着潜在的应用价值.     

38CrSi钢表面纳米结构层力学性能的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术在38CrSi合金钢表面制备了厚度约为25μm纳米晶层.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对表面结构进行分析.纳米结构层的最表面层的晶粒尺寸约为16nm,晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加而增大.利用纳米压痕仪对表面纳米结构层的力学性能进行研究,结果表明,当表面晶粒尺寸降低到纳米量级时力学性能明显改善,最表面纳米结构层的硬度是基体的2倍左右,并服从Hall-Petch关系;表面纳米结构层的弹性恢复系数明显提高;利用该方法制备的纳米晶对弹性模量的影响较小;对表面纳米化样品进行低温退火处理可使纳米结构层的性能更加稳定.分析表明表面纳米结构层力学性能的改善主要是表面晶粒细化的结果.     

非平衡磁控溅射离子镀Cu-Nb纳米晶薄膜的微观结构及性能

研究了Nb含量对纳米晶Cu-Nb薄膜微观结构和性能的影响。使用非平衡磁控溅射离子镀技术,在具有(100)晶面的单晶Si基体和玻璃基体上制备不同Nb含量的Cu-Nb纳米晶薄膜,研究Nb含量对纳米晶Cu-Nb薄膜微观结构和性能的影响。将样品置于卧式真空退火炉中进行400 ℃退火,用配备了能量色散X射线光谱仪的场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪和四探针电阻率测试仪等分析了退火前后薄膜的微观结构、力学性能与电学性能。结果表明,沉积态Cu-Nb薄膜表面由致密的纳米晶组成,表面粗糙度最高仅为8.54 nm,且无明显的孔洞和裂纹等缺陷。随着Nb含量的增加,薄膜的平均晶粒尺寸下降5 nm,薄膜的硬度也因细晶强化而有所增加,在靶电流为1.3 A时达到最大值4.9 GPa。退火态样品在硬度、弹性模量、平均晶粒尺寸和表面粗糙度方面与沉积态薄膜相比有较小的变化,Cu-Nb薄膜表现出优良的热稳定性。Nb的加入可有效细化晶粒,达到细晶强化的效果,同时Cu-Nb不互溶的特性使得纳米晶薄膜在高温下也可保持较好的热稳定性。Nb靶溅射电流为0.5 A 时薄膜综合性能最佳,此时沉积态Cu-Nb薄膜的电阻率最低,为3.798×10^-7 Ω/m,硬度和弹性模量高达4.6 GPa和139.5 GPa,薄膜厚度为1050 nm,粗糙度R_a为4.70 nm。     

低碳钢表面纳米化处理及结构特征

采用表面机械研磨技术在低碳钢上制备出纳米结构表层，利用X射线衍射和电子显微分析研究表层的结构特征，并对厚度沿厚度方向的变化进行分析，结果表明，经过表面机械研磨处理后，样品表层的晶粒可细化至纳米量级，表面纳米晶层的厚度约为40μm，平均晶粒尺寸由10nm，逐渐增加到100nm，在距表面约40－80μm的深度为亚微晶层，平均晶粒尺寸进一步增至1000nm,与样品的心部相比，表层的硬度显著提高。     

大变形制备纳米取向硅钢

以Fe-3.18%Si的热轧无取向硅钢片为原料,采用1100℃淬火、室温下70%的应变量变形,进行了500℃×0.5 h退火处理,制备了纳米亚微米晶粒尺度的薄硅钢片,并用透射电镜对其结构进行分析,用X-射线衍射议和透射电镜对样品中的纳米亚未晶粒结构和织构进行了分析。结果表明,热轧无取向硅钢片经1100℃淬火获得了板条马氏体组织,再经室温大变形和各种退火温度和退火时间的再结晶退火之后,得到纳米晶粒结构,并形成了(110)晶面的织构。     

纳米晶SmCo7合金的相稳定性、相变行为及其对磁性能的影响

以纳米晶单相SmCo7合金块体为初始原料,通过系列退火系统研究了随着晶粒长大其物相组成和显微组织的演变特征。研究发现纳米晶SmCo7相从室温至600℃都能保持很好的相稳定性(晶粒长大十分缓慢)。而且研究发现纳米晶SmCo7相的失稳分解和晶粒的突发长大会同时发生。值得注意的是分解形成的Sm2Co17相大部分是以显微孪晶的形式存在,而SmCo5相则是呈圆形均匀分布于合金中。另外通过对具有不同晶粒尺寸和物相组成的纳米晶SmCo7合金的室温磁性能细致表征,发现单相SmCo7合金都具有非常优异的磁性能。而其中平均晶粒尺寸为33nm的单相SmCo7合金具有最高矫顽力,达到1164.54kA/m;平均晶粒尺寸为29nm的单相SmCo7合金具有最高的磁能积,达到95.65kJ/m3。     

Fe_(72.5)Cu_1Nb_2V_2Si_(13.5)B_9纳米晶薄带的巨磁阻抗效应

Fe72.5Cu1Nb2V2Si13.5B9非晶薄带经晶化退火处理,随退火温度增加,析出纳米晶bccα-Fe(Si)相,当超过550℃,薄带在析出纳米晶bccα-Fe(Si)的同时,还析出硬磁性的Fe2B相。Fe72.5Cu1Nb2V2Si13.5B9纳米晶薄带具有巨磁阻抗(GMI)效应,其效应强度灵敏依赖于退火温度,当退火温度为550℃、退火时间为30 min时,bccα-Fe(Si)平均晶粒尺寸约为16nm,其巨磁阻抗存在最大值。巨磁阻抗效应还强烈依赖于频率。对于550℃退火30min的Fe72.5Cu1Nb2V2Si13.5B9纳米晶薄带,其在50kHz下,ΔX/X(H=7 162A/m)可达到-500%,3 MHz下,ΔR/R(H=7 162A/m)约为-150%。700kHz下,GMI效应值有最大值,ΔZ/Z(H=7 162A/m)约为-121%。     

基于同步辐射连续X射线谱的多重孪生形态与长大的原位分析（英文）

同步辐射连续X射线谱微衍射技术被应用于原位研究AZ31(Mg-3Al-1Zn)薄板单向拉伸过程中的形变孪生,对孪晶在64~73 MPa载荷条件下的形态和生长进行原位分析。在先进光源中心(ALS)的12.3.2光束线采集的X射线衍射数据被用来表征面积为396μm×200μm的关注区域。该实验装置和具有深度分辨能力的X射线显微术可在亚微米尺度上确定晶粒内位置与取向联系。一系列基体晶粒按照晶体取向分类来研究孪生行为。结果展示了相同晶粒内多重孪生的孪生变体选择、局域取向差波动及镶嵌块扩展。随着载荷增加,沿孪晶迹线方向的取向差波动持续增加,其原因归结为几何必需位错的积累。     

FeCuNbSiB 非晶合金的纳米晶化及其软磁性能

采用单辊快淬法制备了宽2 mm,厚20 μm的Fe75.5Cu1 Nb3 Si13.5B7非晶薄带,通过等温退火得到了非晶纳米晶双相结构的软磁性材料,纳米晶平均晶粒尺寸为8～11 nm.利用X射线衍射(XRD)和差热分析(DTA)研究了非晶晶化后的组织与性能,发现非晶基体上析出了单一bcc结构的a-Fe(Si)固溶体.研究了Fe基合金在不同退火条件下纳米晶化后的软磁性能,结果表明:在783～865 K退火1 h后,可获得较高的饱和磁感应强度Bs 和较低的矫顽力Hc,并且在823 K退火1 h后,表现出最佳的软磁性能,饱和磁化强度Bs 为135.266 Am2·kg-1,矫顽力Hc最低为1.8 A·m-1.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。