A Time Domain Point Source Method for Inverse Scattering by Rough Surfaces

In this paper we propose a new method to determine the location and shape of an unbounded rough surface from measurements of scattered electromagnetic waves. The proposed method is based on the point source method of Potthast (IMA J. Appl. Math. 61, 119–140, 1998) for inverse scattering by bounded obstacles. We propose a version for inverse rough surface scattering which can reconstruct the total field when the incident field is not necessarily time harmonic. We present numerical results for the case of a perfectly conducting surface in TE polarization, in which case a homogeneous Dirichlet condition applies on the boundary. The results show great accuracy of reconstruction of the total field and of the prediction of the surface location.     

A Simple Prior-Free Method for Non-rigid Structure-from-Motion Factorization

This paper proposes a simple “prior-free” method for solving the non-rigid structure-from-motion (NRSfM) factorization problem. Other than using the fundamental low-order linear combination model assumption, our method does not assume any extra prior knowledge either about the non-rigid structure or about the camera motions. Yet, it works effectively and reliably, producing optimal results, and not suffering from the inherent basis ambiguity issue which plagued most conventional NRSfM factorization methods. Our method is very simple to implement, which involves solving a very small SDP (semi-definite programming) of fixed size, and a nuclear-norm minimization problem. We also present theoretical analysis on the uniqueness and the relaxation gap of our solutions. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real motion capture data (assuming following the low-order linear combination model) are conducted, which demonstrate that our method indeed outperforms most of the existing non-rigid factorization methods. This work offers not only new theoretical insight, but also a practical, everyday solution to NRSfM.     

A Multibody Factorization Method for Independently Moving Objects

The structure-from-motion problem has been extensively studied in the field of computer vision. Yet, the bulk of the existing work assumes that the scene contains only a single moving object. The more realistic case where an unknown number of objects move in the scene has received little attention, especially for its theoretical treatment. In this paper we present a new method for separating and recovering the motion and shape of multiple independently moving objects in a sequence of images. The method does not require prior knowledge of the number of objects, nor is dependent on any grouping of features into an object at the image level. For this purpose, we introduce a mathematical construct of object shapes, called the shape interaction matrix, which is invariant to both the object motions and the selection of coordinate systems. This invariant structure is computable solely from the observed trajectories of image features without grouping them into individual objects. Once the matrix is computed, it allows for segmenting features into objects by the process of transforming it into a canonical form, as well as recovering the shape and motion of each object. The theory works under a broad set of projection models (scaled orthography, paraperspective and affine) but they must be linear, so it excludes projective cameras.     

随机粗糙面的一种新双站散射模型

描述了一种对改进的IEM模型的扩展双站散射模型。我们发现在非相干功率的表达式中,交叉分量和补充分量都由两项组成:一项与误差函数无关,而另一项与误差函数有关。后一项可看成是由误差函数引起的修正项。模型预测值和测量数据的良好吻合显示了这种扩展双站散射模型的有效性。     

3维图像中边界曲面可被等值面逼近的判定方法

在可视化技术中,人们常试图从3维图像中抽取特定的等值面,以近似表示3维图像中所包含目标的边界曲面。考虑到实际的3维图像中,某些目标的边界曲面可以被特定的等值面很好地逼近,但是由于许多目标的边界曲面事实上难以被任何等值面很好地逼近,因此,识别3维图像中哪些边界曲面可以被特定的等值面很好地逼近就成为可视化技术中一个非常重要的研究问题。为了准确地判定哪些边界曲面可以被特定的等值面很好地逼近,特提供了一个有效的判定方法。该方法首先计算紧密地分布于连续隐边界曲面两侧的目标网格点,然后判定计算得到的目标网格点集合与背景网格点集合可否在误分很小的情况被某些等值面分离开来。实验结果表明,该判定方法是可行有效的。     

一种隐式曲面交互调整的新方法

提出了一种对隐式曲面形状进行交互调整的新方法,为隐式曲面的调整提供了两种交互工具,分别是对曲面上点的位置调整和法向调整.该方法以调整后的位置和法向为新曲面的插值条件建立目标函数,极小化该目标函数求解曲面参数的变化量,从而确定新的隐式曲面.文中采用拟牛顿法和序列二次规划法(SQP)求解该非线性优化问题.在调整过程中用粒子的方法对隐式曲面进行绘制,实现了对隐式曲面形状的实时交互调整.最后用实例说明了新方法的有效性.     

A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Subjective Surfaces Problem

The work formulates and evaluates the local discontinuous Galerkin method for the subjective surfaces problem based on the curvature driven level set equation. A new mixed formulation simplifying the treatment of nonlinearities is proposed. The numerical algorithm is evaluated using several artificial and realistic test cases.     

基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法

文章提出了一种基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法,该算法通过引入基于投影梯度的迭代方法,来解决加向量1-范数约束以及加向量2-范数约束的非负矩阵分解问题,得到了局部最优解。通过实验表明该算法在分解时间以及基矩阵的稀疏度表达能力上优于NMF算法和SNMF算法。     

High-Order Mixed Current Basis Functions for Electromagnetic Scattering of Curved Surfaces

We construct high-order mixed current vector basis (unctions on an arbitrary curved surface which can be subdivided as a union of curved triangles and quadrilaterals. The objective is to construct vector basis (a) which consists of high-order polynomials of the surface parameterization variables on triangles and quadrilaterals, (b) part of the basis will have vanishing moments on the triangles and quadrilaterals. The first property will enable us to represent the current distribution over scatter surface with much less number of unknowns and larger patches of either triangular or quadrilateral shapes. The second property will achieve what wavelet basis does on an interval, but on a more general domain, namely, a sparse matrix representation for some integral operators.     

线性投影非负矩阵分解方法及应用

针对线性投影结构非负矩阵分解迭代方法比较复杂的问题,提出了一种线性投影非负矩阵分解方法.从投影和线性变换角度出发,将Frobenius范数作为目标函数,利用泰勒展开式,严格导出基矩阵和线性变换矩阵的迭代算法,并证明了算法的收敛性.实验结果表明:该算法是收敛的;相对于非负矩阵分解等方法,该方法的基矩阵具有更好的正交性和稀疏性;人脸识别结果说明该方法具有较高的识别率.线性投影非负矩阵分解方法是有效的.     

A Parallel Elimination Method for "Periodic" Tridiagonal Systems

We extend the elimination method of Chawla and Khazal [1] to uncouple partitioned blocks of "periodic" tridiagonal linear systems. At each step of the elimination stage, we now need three simultaneous eliminations: within each block, one usual forward elimination and one backward elimination from across the succeeding block, and one elimination in the last row of the last block. An interesting feature of the present elimination procedure is that at the end of it, the property of periodicity of the original system is now passed on to the core system . Once the core system is solved, the blocks uncouple and the solution is obtained in parallel from each block by back substitution. For a system of size N , the classical elimination has an arithmetical operations count of 17N . A best serial algorithm, based on the Sherman-Morrison formula, has an operations count of 0 14N . The present parallel elimination algorithm, employing p partition blocks, has an operations count of O 17N p and, in comparison with the Sherman-Morrison algorithm, it can achieve an efficiency of nearly 82% on a p -processor machine.     

一种非接触高精度平面高度差检测方法

精密光学系统的安装精度要求非常高,必须经过严格检测.提出了一种基于电容传感器的非接触平面高度差检测方法.以精密电容传感器为核心,利用多传感器的相对测量,减小了漂移的影响,实现了高精度测量;通过使用标准厚度块,增大了测量的量程和使用范围.文中对测量的原理和精度进行了分析,经鉴定,该方法测量精度达到2 μm.     

隐式曲面上两相图像分割的变分水平集方法

在平面图像分割的Chan-Vese模型基础上,提出隐式曲面上两相图像分割模型。用静态水平集函数的零水平集表达图像所在的闭合曲面,用另一动态水平集函数的零水平集与静态水平集函数零水平集的交线表达静态曲面上图像分割的动态轮廓线。所研究模型的能量泛函的数据项即为曲面上两分割区域的图像强度与对应区域平均图像强度的差的平方,其轮廓线长度项为两水平集函数的零水平集交线的长度。为避免动态水平集函数的重新初始化,在能量泛函中引入水平集函数为符号距离函数的约束惩罚项。通过变分方法得到图像分割空间轮廓线演化的梯度降方程。通过显式差分格式对演化方程进行离散。实验结果表明,该模型能有效实现复杂封闭曲面上图像的两相分割。     

在灰度图上叠加线框图的一种新方法

在有色调明暗变化的灰度图上叠加线框图的显示,有利于人们进行更好的观察.但已有的各种叠加方法均是依赖深度值比较进行操作的.它们不仅没有完全解决线框图显示时的断续现象,而且还会导致被遮挡面的线框也被显示的错误.对此,提出一种不进行深度值比较的方法.利用线框与面片的相关性及面片间的遮挡关系进行比较的操作,使得线框图不仅能得到高质量的叠加绘制,而且不必进行深度值的计算.     

Extending Backward Polygon Beam Tracing to Glossy Scattering Surfaces

Backward polygon beam tracing methods, that is beam tracing from the light source (L), are well suited to gather path coherency from specular (S) scattering surfaces. These methods are useful for modelling and efficiently simulating caustics on diffuse (D) surfaces; an effect due to LS⁺D transport paths. This paper generalizes backward polygon beam tracing to include a glossy (G) scattering surface. To this end the details of a beam tracing lumped model and implementation of L(S | G)D transport paths are presented. Although we limit the discussion to short transport paths, we show that backward beam tracing is faster than photon mapping by an order of magnitude for rendering caustics from glossy and specular surfaces.     

移动机器人全覆盖路径规划优化方法

从全局优化的角度出发,提出一种基于子区域分割的环境建模方法,将各个子区域缩成节点、子区域重心间距离缩成节点间连线,建立起含障区域的全连通图——广义距离矩阵模型,对Hopfield神经网络求解旅行商问题的动态规划方法进行改进后,将其用于求该模型的最优有向连通图。机器人沿最短路径完成覆盖,就是按最优顺序走过连通图中所有节点并依次覆盖各节点所代表的子区域,从而完成移动机器人在含障区域内的全覆盖路径规划问题的优化解决方案。     

A Practical Method for High‐Resolution Embedded Liquid Surfaces

Combining high‐resolution level set surface tracking with lower resolution physics is an inexpensive method for achieving highly detailed liquid animations. Unfortunately, the inherent resolution mismatch introduces several types of disturbing visual artifacts. We identify the primary sources of these artifacts and present simple, efficient, and practical solutions to address them. First, we propose an unconditionally stable filtering method that selectively removes sub‐grid surface artifacts not seen by the fluid physics, while preserving fine detail in dynamic splashing regions. It provides comparable results to recent error‐correction techniques at lower cost, without substepping, and with better scaling behavior. Second, we show how a modified narrow‐band scheme can ensure accurate free surface boundary conditions in the presence of large resolution mismatches. Our scheme preserves the efficiency of the narrow‐band methodology, while eliminating objectionable stairstep artifacts observed in prior work. Third, we demonstrate that the use of linear interpolation of velocity during advection of the high‐resolution level set surface is responsible for visible grid‐aligned kinks; we therefore advocate higher‐order velocity interpolation, and show that it dramatically reduces this artifact. While these three contributions are orthogonal, our results demonstrate that taken together they efficiently address the dominant sources of visual artifacts arising with high‐resolution embedded liquid surfaces; the proposed approach offers improved visual quality, a straightforward implementation, and substantially greater scalability than competing methods.     

A High-Order Kernel Method for Diffusion and Reaction-Diffusion Equations on Surfaces

In this paper we present a high-order kernel method for numerically solving diffusion and reaction-diffusion partial differential equations (PDEs) on smooth, closed surfaces embedded in $\mathbb{R }^d$ . For two-dimensional surfaces embedded in $\mathbb{R }^3$ , these types of problems have received growing interest in biology, chemistry, and computer graphics to model such things as diffusion of chemicals on biological cells or membranes, pattern formations in biology, nonlinear chemical oscillators in excitable media, and texture mappings. Our kernel method is based on radial basis functions and uses a semi-discrete approach (or the method-of-lines) in which the surface derivative operators that appear in the PDEs are approximated using collocation. The method only requires nodes at “scattered” locations on the surface and the corresponding normal vectors to the surface. Additionally, it does not rely on any surface-based metrics and avoids any intrinsic coordinate systems, and thus does not suffer from any coordinate distortions or singularities. We provide error estimates for the kernel-based approximate surface derivative operators and numerically study the accuracy and stability of the method. Applications to different non-linear systems of PDEs that arise in biology and chemistry are also presented.