ATRP法接枝卤胺分子制备纤维素共聚物抗菌材料

以氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑（[AMIM]Cl）离子液体为溶剂,采用原子转移自由基聚合法（ATRP）在微晶纤维素上接枝功能单体N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺,制备了卤胺化合物中间体,应用卤化法将接枝共聚物中的N-H转化为N-Cl键获得具有抗菌性的共聚物材料,并对其抗菌性能进行研究。通过FT-IR、¹H NMR、SEM以及抗菌测试等分析手段表征分析了聚合物的结构、表面形貌和抗菌性能等。结果表明该工艺合成了纤维素接枝N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺共聚物,接枝后表面明显变得粗糙,有利于材料与细菌的接触进而充分发挥其抗菌性能,制备的材料对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均表现出良好抗菌性能,在抗菌材料领域具有较好的应用前景。     

纳米纤维素晶须表面接枝及其液晶性能研究进展

作为一种新兴的纳米生物材料,纳米纤维素日益受到各界的广泛关注,对其进行表面接枝改性并开发新的功能是十分必要的。本文综述了纳米纤维素晶须表面接枝的技术及研究进展,主要介绍了传统自由基聚合、离子和开环聚合及活性自由基聚合技术,包括氮氧自由基调控活性聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合、单电子转移活性自由基聚合,讨论了各种接枝聚合方法的适用范围和优缺点。简述了点击化学在纳米纤维素晶须表面接枝的应用。通过各种聚合方法改性得到的纳米纤维素晶须接枝共聚物往往具有一些特殊的功能,某些接枝共聚物在适当的溶剂中可以形成液晶态,本文重点介绍了接枝改性的纳米纤维素晶须的液晶性能及其形成机理和影响因素等。     

聚丙烯熔融接枝和预辐射接枝马来酸酐的比较

采用熔融接枝法和预辐射接枝法制备了聚丙烯(PP)接枝马来酸酐(MAH)产物(PP-g-MAH),对这两种不同的接枝方法进行了比较,探索了单体MAH的用量、接枝反应的时间、接枝时的温度等对产物接枝率的影响,接枝率通过化学滴定测得。傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)证实了MAH成功接枝到PP大分子链上。样品表面的元素分析由X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测得。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)对所得接枝产物的结晶度及晶型进行了表征。结果表明,熔融接枝和预辐射接枝制得的PP-g-MAH接枝率最高分别为0.43%和0.67%。采用预辐射接枝法制备出的PP-g-MAH接枝率较高,反应操作较为简单。     

微乳液法腈纶接枝聚苯胺及其性能研究

采用低温等离子体技术对腈纶纤维表面进行处理,使用苯胺微乳液在腈纶表面进行接枝聚合,对腈纶进行改性处理,通过增重率、导电率测试、接枝聚合的因素和接枝聚合对腈纶纤维结构、导电性能和强力进行分析评价;扫描电镜和红外测试显示聚苯胺成功接枝上腈纶表面;腈纶接枝聚苯胺后,导电性能增加,强力变化不大,但伸长率略有降低。     

聚丙烯无纺布预辐射固相接枝丙烯酸的研究

以聚丙烯(PP)无纺布为基材,以丙烯酸为单体,进行预辐射固相接枝聚合,考察了外部环境、辐射剂量、温度、反应时间、单体用量、介质、阻聚剂、交联剂对接枝率的影响。结果表明,通过预辐射固相接枝聚合方法,可将丙烯酸单体接枝在PP无纺布上,辐射剂量增大可提高接枝率;反应时间对接枝率的影响在低、高温阶段有所不同。最佳反应条件为:氮气环境,辐射剂量大于50 kGy,反应温度65℃,反应时间3 h,单体浓度30%,反应介质为水,阻聚剂0.8 g,交联剂用量为5 mL。     

抗菌纤维素纤维对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌过程

通过表面接枝的方法,在纤维素纤维表面引入具有抗菌功能的季铵盐聚合物,考察了抗菌纤维对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌过程特性.接枝抗菌材料可在短时间内迅速降低溶液中细菌的活菌量.采用TTC活性和菌体耗氧测定法与扫描电镜观察法研究了抗菌过程.结果表明,其抗菌过程由吸附、抑制活性和破裂杀灭3个步骤构成,被抗菌纤维吸附的金黄色葡萄球菌不具有繁殖能力.     

抗菌型高抗冲聚苯乙烯的制备

采用机械共混法和热本体聚合法制备抗菌型高抗冲PS（HIPS），通过定性和定量试验对抗菌型HIPS的抗菌活性进行了测定与分析。结果表明，用机械共混法和热本体聚合法制得的抗菌型HIPS都具有强抗菌活性，抗菌率分别达95％和99％以上；在热本体聚合法中，对所用PSK-11中的抗菌组分的表面处理能有效地提高产物在短接触时间下的抗菌活性；通过这两种方法制备的抗菌型HIPS未产生变色，在放置3年后对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率均超过99％，表现出优异的抗菌稳定性、持久性。     

辐射接枝法生产离子交换纤维的进展

介绍了辐射接枝生产离子交换纤维的主要方法 :共辐射接枝法、无氧预辐射接枝法和有氧预辐射接枝法。比较了这些方法的优缺点 ,指出有氧预辐射接枝更适合于工业化生产。对今后辐射接枝生产离子交换纤维的发展进行了展望     

纤维素纤维的接枝共聚改性

介绍了利用化学改性方法之一——接枝共聚改善纤维素纤维性能的方法,纤维素纤维接枝共聚改性方法可分为自由基聚合、离子型聚合、缩聚。接枝共聚法既可改善纤维素纤维的缺点,又可保留纤维素纤维原来优良的性能,并能制备出具有特殊用途的功能性纤维素纤维。     

GMA光接枝改性涤纶织物的微观结构与性能（英文）

基于紫外线照射引发技术,将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)光接枝共聚到涤纶针织物和机织物表面,并对两种接枝织物的微观结构与水润湿性进行表征。结果表明:随着单体GMA含量的增加,接枝率增加,随着光敏剂、交联剂含量增加及光照时间的延长,接枝率呈现先增加后降低的趋势;针织物的扁平和变形纤维及织物表面的毛羽效果有利于GMA的吸附和接枝聚合,而机织物的圆形、刚性纤维及紧密堆积结构不利于GMA的吸附和接枝聚合;GMA质量分数为36%时,涤纶针织物的接枝率达83.7%,接枝后针织物的水接触角从125.3°降至77.2°;涤纶织物的纤维形态和纱线的结构决定单体的吸附和接枝效果。     

TiO2基纳米复合抗菌剂研究

以Ti(SO4)2和AgNO3为主要原料,用沉淀法制备了以TiO2为基质的纳米复合抗菌剂。用振荡烧瓶试验法检测了抗菌剂的抗菌性能,结果表明该抗菌剂质量浓度100mg/L、振荡接触60min,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的抑杀率均可达99%以上。还初步探讨了纳米抗菌剂光催化氧化和接触反应的抗菌机理。     

Surface antibacterial properties and mechanism of NiCo2O4 against E. Coli

Bacterial infections seriously affect and threaten human health. Antibacterial agents, including inorganic metal-based materials, have widely been explored owing to their effective properties in killing pathogens. Among these, NiCo₂O₄ (NCO) is a semiconductor material with anti-spinel structure and antibacterial properties. Herein, porous rod-like NCO was synthesized for use as antibacterial material against E. coli. The antibacterial properties and bactericidal mechanism under light and dark conditions revealed NCO with large specific surface area (51.707 m²/g), positive Zeta potential (17.3 eV), and more surface oxygen species. The bactericidal rate of 0.3 mg/mL NCO against E. coli under light and dark conditions reached 98.0% and 94.0%, respectively. The antibacterial mechanism of NCO under dark conditions illustrated the involvement of reactive metal Lewis acid active sites on its surface toward bacteria to produce lipid peroxidation, thereby inactivating bacteria. Under visible light irradiation, the main antibacterial ability was caused by the joint action of metal Lewis acid active site and reactive oxygen species. Overall, cyclic changes of valence states of metal elements and surface oxygen species in materials can be used for bacterial oxidative damage, relevant for bacterial disinfection.     

超疏水PET织物的制备及其抗菌性能

纺织物表面的超疏水特性将赋予其优异的自清洁性能。以PET无纺布为基材,探索了利用溶胶-凝胶法在预处理后的PET织物表面构筑具有微纳结构的超疏水涂层的方法;并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、接触角测量仪表征了改性PET织物表面的微观结构和润湿性。进一步地,分别以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌株,通过细菌转移法和抑菌圈法评价与分析了改性PET织物表面的抗菌性能。研究表明：利用改进的Stöber溶胶-凝胶过程能够在经碱减量法预处理的PET表面原位形成SiO₂纳米粒子;再用含疏水性长链的十二烷基硅烷对这一表面进行改性,并经过表面热处理,就能够成功地在PET织物表面构筑多层次的微/纳结构,从而制得表面具有超疏水特性的PET织物,其接触角可达到163°。这一超疏水PET织物能够抑制细菌在其表面的生长繁殖,表现出了明显的抗菌特性。     

纳米Cu-TiO2在亲水涂料中的耐老化和抗菌性能研究

通过光催化还原的方法制备了纳米铜基二氧化钛(Cu-TiO2)抗菌剂。使用浸涂方法将素铝箔基片涂敷上含1.4%抗菌剂的面漆抗菌涂层。对抗菌涂层进行加速老化处理,采用接触角仪、金相显微镜、体视显微镜、抗菌实验等测定涂层老化前后的接触角、表面形貌以及抗菌性能的变化。结果表明:含1.4%抗菌剂的抗菌涂层具有优秀的杀菌性能、亲水性能和耐老化性能。老化之前抗菌率达99.9%以上,老化处理后,涂层表面无明显变化,平均抗菌率达到95%以上,同时亲水角保持小于8°。     

纳米凹凸棒石抗菌材料的研究进展

阐述了目前纳米凹凸棒石抗菌材料的研究现状,其抗菌机理主要表现为金属离子溶出抗菌和光催化反应抗菌,常见原料改性的方法包括热处理、酸化处理、有机改性处理、复合改性等,可通过离子交换法、溶胶-凝胶法以及其他方法进行纳米抗菌材料的制备,在家电、建材、纺织品、日用塑料等诸多领域应用前景广阔,将向多种方式复配的纳米复合型抗菌材料的方向发展。     

Chemical,biological, and antibacterial characterization of silica glass containing silver and gold nanoparticles

The aim of this study has been the preparation of sol‐gel glasses with potential antibacterial properties. Bioactive glasses containing different percentages of silver and gold nanoparticles have been synthesized via the sol‐gel method. The obtained glasses have 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt% silver as well as a constant amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) added as colloidal solution (15 wt%). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to investigate the surface of each sample. Moreover, the materials have been characterized in order to verify their antibacterial activities as well as their bioactivity and cytocompatibility as a function of Ag and Au content. SEM/EDX analysis has shown that the samples are bioactive because they are able to stimulate hydroxyapatite nucleation on their surface when soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF). WST‐8 assay of 3T3 cells, placed in contact with the material extracts, has showed that the glass does not induce cytotoxicity. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have been used for the evaluation of the antibacterial properties of each sample. The experimental data have shown that all synthesized materials have antibacterial activity. However, the two bacterial strains respond differently to the materials. The data show that the presence of AuNP causes a decrease in the antibacterial activity of Ag⁺ ions.     

L-精氨酸改性淀粉的制备及其抗菌薄膜的性能研究

以玉米淀粉（St）、丙烯酸甲酯（MA）与L-精氨酸（L-Arg）为原料,采用酯化—氨解两步法将碱性氨基酸—L-精氨酸引入淀粉大分子上,制备了具有抑菌性能的精氨酸改性淀粉（StMA-Arg）。阐述了反应机理,用拉曼光谱（RAM）与X-射线衍射谱（XRD）表征了产物的结构,通过单因素实验优化了反应条件。随后以L-精氨酸改性淀粉为原料制备了抗菌膜,并考察了薄膜的亲疏水性能、力学性能、抑菌性能及在土壤中的稳定性。结果表明,StMA-Arg薄膜的力学性能较天然淀粉膜显著改善,同时疏水性增强。StMA-Arg薄膜对大肠杆菌显示出明显的抑菌活性,且抑菌圈较小,属于接触式抑菌。土壤失重实验结果显示,StMA-Arg薄膜40D后的失重率为27.90%,远小于天然淀粉膜（40D失重率为72.15%）。作为一种潜在的环境修复材料的基体,StMA-Arg及其薄膜抑菌性与耐分解性能的增强,对提高淀粉类天然高分子材料的稳定性,延长其使用寿命,扩大其使用范围,以最终实现其在环境修复领域的工业化应用具有重要意义。     

接枝型水不溶高分子抗菌材料的制备与抗菌特性

以接枝微粒氯甲基聚苯乙烯/硅胶(CMPSt/SiO2)为原料,用三乙胺(TEA)、三丁胺(TBA)及三苯基膦对其进行季铵(QN)化与季鏻(QP)化反应,制备了2种水不溶抗菌复合材料QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2;以大肠杆菌为致病菌体,采用平板活菌计数法研究了其抗菌性能及抗菌基团结构与抗菌性能的关系,采用胞外DNA和RNA测定法探索了其抗菌机理. 结果表明,2种材料具有很强的抗菌能力,QP-PSt/SiO2用量15 g/L时与浓度为109 mL-1的菌悬液接触1 min,杀菌率达100%. 影响复合微粒抗菌率的主要因素是抗菌基团的化学结构及其在材料表面的密度,接枝大分子链CMPSt的季铵(鏻)化程度即材料表面的季铵(鏻)基团密度越高,抗菌性能越强;季鏻盐型QP-PSt/SiO2的抗菌性能高于季铵盐型QN-PSt/SiO2;以三丁胺为季铵化试剂制备的QN-PSt/SiO2(TBA)的抗菌性能优于以三乙胺为季铵化试剂制备的QN-PSt/SiO2(TEA). QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2的抗菌作用实质是杀菌.     

Structure and properties of composite antibacterial PET fibers

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) had been compounded with antibacterial materials for preparing antibacterial masterbatch using a twin‐screw extruder. Composite antibacterial PET fibers were prepared using the antibacterial masterbatch and pure PET resin by high‐speed melt‐spinning device, with spinning rate 3500 m/min. The antibacterial PET fibers of 5 wt % antibacterial materials were very effective against tested germs, with antibacterial ratios more than 90%, and had well mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy micrograph shows that antibacterial materials have been well dispersed in PET matrix. Microstructure of composite antibacterial fibers was studied by X‐ray diffraction, and the nucleating effect of antibacterial materials in the cooling crystallization process of PET was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Result of thermogravimetry (TG) result shows that the addition of antibacterial materials accelerated the degradation of PET. The aged properties of antibacterial fibers were evaluated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Synthesis,characterization, toxicological and antibacterial activity evaluation of Cu@ZnO nanocomposites

Cu@ZnO is an important class of material with applications as catalysts, photocatalysts, optoelectronic devices and antimicrobial agents. Because of its potential for large-scale applications and its high redox activity, detailed examination of the properties and risk assessment of this class of materials should be performed. In this work, Cu@ZnO composites were synthesized using a two-step procedure. ZnO crystalline nanostructured materials were prepared within minutes by a solvothermal microwave-assisted method. Deposition of copper nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO was conducted by reduction of Cu²⁺ in ethylene glycol (EG). Copper nanoparticles with different morphologies (needle-like and spheres) were deposited on the surface of ZnO. The antibacterial activity of Cu@ZnO composites was evaluated using E. coli and S. aureus as model organisms. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were evaluated for Cu@ZnO composites under visible light radiation (VLR) and in the dark (D). The composites exhibit antibacterial activity under VLR at low concentrations: 250 μg/mL and 750 μg/mL for E. coli, and 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL for S. aureus. Copper nanoparticles exert antibacterial activity and can be used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the absence of irradiation of Cu@ZnO material. Better antibacterial activity of Cu@ZnO material was achieved under radiation, demonstrating the synergic activity of Cu and ZnO materials for disinfection. Toxicity of the material was assessed towards Daphnia magna (D. magna) and Lecane papuana (L. papuana). Composites exert toxicity at lower concentrations than ZnO, observing LC50 values for L. papuana of 79.30 ± 6.70 μg/mL, and 5.59 ± 0.46 μg/mL for ZnO and Cu@ZnO, respectively. For D. magna, a LC50 of 9.66 ± 1.22 μg/mL (Cu@ZnO) was observed. Although Cu@ZnO can be considered as potential candidate for the development of efficient antibacterial agents, its antibacterial activity is achieved at doses that can be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. Thus, its application should avoid its entry to aquatic environments.