深冷文献消息(国内部分)

20 0 2 310 1　冷却高温超导磁体的大冷量单级Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机龚领会等　《低温工程》　 2 0 0 2　№ 1　 1～ 6随着高温超导磁体在电工技术方面日益广泛的应用 ,对工作在 30～ 40Ｋ、并可提供 5 0～ 10 0Ｗ制冷量的低温制冷机提出了需求。文章初步得到了提高单级Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机性能、增大 40Ｋ温度以下制冷量的方法 ,并在一台常规单级Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机上验证 ,获得了 30Ｗ/Ｋ制冷量的好结果 ,指明了研制这种大冷量Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机的方向 ,为成功研制冷却高温超导磁体的大冷量单级Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机走出了第一步。2 0 0 2 310 2　 4Ｋ以下温区脉管制冷性能的…     

高温超导用10 K单级G-M制冷机性能研究

为了满足高温超导设备、气体液化、液氢贮运等方面对10 K温区大冷量制冷机的需求,对10 K单级G-M制冷机进行了理论设计和试验。理论分析了回热器尺寸及回热器填料对制冷机性能的影响。通过优化回热器填料比例及冷头运行频率,此单级G-M制冷机可以获得9.7 K的最低温度,在20 K时可以获得92.6 W制冷量,可较好的满足高温超导等领域应用。     

35 kJ高温超导磁储能(SMES)的热输运实验研究

研制了中国首台高温超导磁储能直接冷却系统,该系统不使用低温液体(液氦、液氮).在10-3Pa的真空度下,高温超导磁体线圈由1台单级GM制冷机从室温293 K冷却到19 K,Bi2223电流引线由另一台制冷机冷却到77 K以下.整个系统在通140 A直流电流的时候产生了4.5 T的磁场.系统连续运行480 h(20 d),磁体和低温系统各参数动态特性良好.实验研究表明,控制系统的漏热,优化磁体内部导冷结构,有效减少热传导部件的接触界面热阻是制冷机直接冷却高温超导磁体的关键技术.     

大冷量单级G-M型制冷机的研制

对50 W/30 K单级G-M制冷机实验室研制工作进行了总结,给出了理论分析、结构设计以及实验结果.在常规形式狭缝式换热器的样机的基础上进行实验,得到17 K的最低温度,在30K的情况下获得了27 W的制冷量.     

大功率单级脉管制冷机回热器性能模拟与实验

为了提高单级脉管制冷机在20 K-40 K温区的制冷量,对自行设计制作的1台单级G-M型脉管制冷机采用REGEN3.3进行了计算模拟,获得了铅丸直径选择、不同温区回热器材料最佳组合等结果。在此基础上,对该台单级脉管制冷机进行了试验,实验结果表明该脉管制冷机在20.6K和29.9 K可分别获得20 W和40 W的制冷量,输入功率为7.5 kW。     

高温超导SMES磁体直接冷却的热分析

用G-M制冷机(5W/20K)将Bi2223带材绕制的SMES超导磁体,在10-3Pa真空度下,从常温300K左右冷却到25K,得到了磁体冷却过程速率和磁体温度分布.在实验研究超导磁体降温特性的基础上,对SMES磁体的冷却过程进行了热分析,实验研究表明为使超导磁体有效地冷却和稳定运行,除了减小磁体漏热和其内部发热,有效控制热传导部件间的接触界面热阻是高温超导直接冷却磁储能装置研发应用中的关键技术问题.     

大冷量单级G-M制冷机冷端换热器结构研究

为了研究大冷量、大质量流G-M制冷机中冷端换热器结构对制冷机性能的影响,研究制冷机换热效率及制冷性能与冷端换热器结构的内在变化规律,为冷端换热器设计提供参考,本文建立了G-M制冷机冷端换热器计算模型,提出了一种增大换热面积的结构,并搭建实验台进行了实验测试验证。研究结果表明,冷端换热器的间隙厚度存在一个最优值,间隙长度在30 mm左右时制冷机的制冷性能较好;通过将换热器平面结构变为凸台结构,有效提高了制冷机在70 K温度下的制冷量。本研究对研制大冷量G-M制冷机具有指导意义。     

斯特林型高频脉冲管制冷机的实验研究

介绍了一台单级U型高频脉冲管制冷机的实验装置和实验结果.制冷机冷端无负荷最低温度达到了38.31 K,此结果为目前国内单级斯特林型高频脉冲管制冷机所达到的最低温度.当输入电功率200 W时,在50 K有0.6 W制冷量;当输入电功率为250 W时,在80 K有4.25 W的制冷量.这为40 K以下深低温,大冷量的斯特林型脉冲管制冷机的研制做出了有益的探索.通过分析压缩机运行频率对制冷机的最低温度和制冷量的影响,得出了在液氮温区针对特定的制冷温度,压缩机存在的一个最佳工作频率.在此工作频率下,压缩机和脉冲管耦合后,制冷机能够获得较高的效率.     

单级G-M型同轴脉冲管制冷机实验

介绍了单级G-M型同轴脉冲管制冷机,双向进气方式采用两个方向相反的阀门并行布置.在压缩机输入功率为6 kW的条件下,该制冷机获得了18.1 K的无负荷最低制冷温度,这是目前单级G-M型同轴脉冲管制冷机所能达到的最低无负荷制冷温度,30 K 时的制冷量为12 W.     

单级G-M型脉管制冷机回热器性能

为了能进一步提高单级G-M型脉管制冷机的性能,着重对80 K到300 K温区回热器的效率进行了理论和试验研究.通过对不锈钢和磷青铜丝网材料热渗透深度和热导率的分析,指出在这一温区采用不锈钢丝网的制冷性能优于磷青铜丝网.基于REGEN3.2进行的数值模拟,进一步指出适当增大不锈钢丝网目数有利于提高制冷性能,并由此指导实验取得了理想的结果.单级G-M型脉管制冷机经优化后,取得了11.1 K的最低制冷温度,是当前国内外报道的最好结果;同时该制冷机在20 K和30 K分别可获得17.8 W和40.7 W的制冷量.     

一种采用迷宫密封的10 K G-M型制冷机研究

提出了一种采用迷宫密封的10K G-M型制冷机,对迷宫密封的机理进行了简要的理论分析,给出了这种新型10K制冷机的结构参数,建立了实验平台,给出实验降温曲线和制冷量曲线。研究证明,这种采用迷宫密封的10K G-M型制冷机是一种技术上较为完善并且更具实用性的10K温度范围的新型G-M制冷机。     

20K温区两级脉冲管制冷机的研究

脉冲管制冷机的实用化是目前脉冲管制冷机的一个主要研究方向。介绍了作者为提高脉冲管效率而研究的一种分离结构的两级脉冲管制冷机。实验获得了１１．７Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量３Ｗ／２０Ｋ。采用名义功率２．２ｋＷＧ－Ｍ压缩机驱动得到了１２．４Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量２Ｗ／１８．５Ｋ,４Ｋ／２４．６Ｋ,实际输入功率约１．５ｋＷ。这一效果已基本达到了实用化应用的要求。该研究表明脉冲管制冷机的效率在２０Ｋ温区已接近类似的     

Parametric study for the cooling of high temperature superconductor (HTS) current leads

The analysis of cooling of a binary HTS 20 kA current lead (CL) operating between 4.5 and 300 K has been carried out. Assuming that the HTS module is conduction-cooled, two cooling options for the copper heat exchanger (HEX) part of the CL have been considered, i.e. (1) cooling with a single flow of gaseous helium and (2) cooling with two flows of gaseous helium. The ideal refrigerator power required to cool the whole HTS CL has been calculated for both cooling scenarios and different values of input parameters and the thermodynamic optimization has been performed for both cooling options. The obtained results indicate that the cooling Option 2 cannot provide significant savings of the refrigerator power, as compared to the Option 1. However, it has been observed that at the same helium inlet temperature the temperature at the warm end of the HTS part, and the resulting number of HTS tapes, can be reduced in the Option 2 with respect to the Option 1.     

Design of high efficiency mixed refrigerant Joule–Thomson refrigerator for cooling HTS cable

The substitution of high temperature superconducting (HTS) cables for existing subterranean electric transmission lines is arising as a solution to continuously increasing electricity demand in urban areas. A cryogenic refrigeration system having the characteristics of high reliability, high efficiency, large cooling capacity, and low capital cost is essential to enable such a substitution. These requirements can be satisfied with a mixed refrigerant Joule–Thomson (MR JT) refrigerator. Unfortunately, usual MR JT refrigerators exhibit good performance at refrigeration temperatures above 80 K. A precooled neon–nitrogen MR JT refrigerator is proposed in this paper that can cool HTS cables at 70 K. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the proposed MR JT refrigerator is predicted to be 0.058 at 70 K (19.2% for exergy efficiency) with the optimized design variables. The COP can be improved further to 0.064 by enhancing the efficiency of the precooling cycle. The maximum achievable COP demonstrates the feasibility of MR JT refrigerator for cooling HTS cable.     

Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator with slit-type heat exchangers for HTS superconducting motor

A cryogenic refrigeration system is one of the indispensable components for cooling superconducting motor or generator. Among various configurations of cryogenic refrigeration system, the on-board refrigeration system is considered to be attractive for compactness and small heat leak. In order to turn this concept into reality, we focus on two essential points; development of the specific structure for on-board refrigeration and optimal design of the refrigerator. Since the on-board refrigeration system should not create unbalanced vibration, the inline Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator is considered as a good candidate and more concrete and efficient structure is developed under the design constraints. The dynamic absorber is used to maintain the dynamic stability of the single acting linear compressor. To increase thermal Carnot efficiency with the on-board Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator, slit-type heat exchangers are implemented and flow straighteners are carefully designed by the three-dimensional CFD simulation. The overall configuration of the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator is designed and fabricated by the optimal process. The present on-board refrigerator has the cooling capacity of 7 W at 59.5 K with the Carnot efficiency of 10.9%. According to these experimental results, the pulse tube refrigerator as the on-board refrigeration system possesses a sufficient thermal efficiency despite the restricted design configuration. The on-board refrigeration is considered as a useful method for cooling HTS superconducting motor.     

直接达到液氦温度的G-M型制冷机及其应用

随着低温下具有高比热峰值的磁性稀土材料的发现,大幅度提高Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的性能具有了可能性。基于磁性稀土填料Ｅｒ３Ｎｉ、ＥｒＮｉ、ＧｄＲｈ等的特性,根据热力过程分析和数值计算结果,对双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机进行了重新设计、加工,使其达到了液氦温度。介绍了我们研制的４．２Ｋ双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的设计和结构。该制冷机的最低制冷温度为２．５Ｋ,制冷量为５８０ｍＷ／４．２Ｋ、１１００ｍＷ／５．０Ｋ,热工效率高。同时     

Design of non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator for precooling stage of high temperature superconducting power cable

A cryogenic Joule-Thomson (JT) refrigerator has many advantages for large industrial applications, including easy cooling power adjustability and high reliability because there are no moving parts at low temperature. In this paper, a single stage and a cascade type of non-flammable (NF) mixed refrigerant (MR) JT refrigerators have been proposed for the precooling process of a neon/nitrogen mixed refrigerant JT refrigerator. The neon/nitrogen MR JT refrigerator is used to maintain a subcooled state of liquid nitrogen coolant for an HTS (high temperature superconductor) cable.Both selected MRs for the 1st stage (low temperature cycle) of the cascade MR JT refrigerator and the single MR JT refrigerator are composed of Nitrogen (N₂), Argon (Ar), Tetrafluoromethane (CF₄, R14) and Octafluoropropane (C₃F₈, R218). R410A is selected as the refrigerant for the 2nd stage (high temperature cycle) of the cascade MR JT refrigerator, of which the cooling temperature is approximately 240 K. A commercial software with Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) is utilized to design the non-flammable MR JT refrigerator. The optimal design is discussed with consideration for various parameters such as the temperature staging, the operating pressure of the compressor and the mass flow rate of the working fluid. The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) and Carnot efficiency of the cascade MR JT refrigerator are obtained as 0.216 and 40%, respectively at 105 K. Exergy analysis is also carried out in this paper to reveal the irreversibility of the refrigeration cycle.     

室温磁制冷机的实验性能研究

介绍了利用1.5 T永磁体提供磁场、选取氦气作为换热流体、采用主动式磁回热器的室温磁制冷机的实验性能研究情况.应用现有实验装置,通过调节气体压力与循环频率,最大达到了30.93 K的高低温端温差,在高低温端温差为10.97 K达到了25.20 W制冷量.研究结果表明室温磁制冷机的制冷能力显著,并且为室温磁制冷机的设计以及进一步的发展提供了有益的参考.     

液氦温区脉管制冷机的频率特性

着重研究了操作频率对液氦温区脉管制冷机性能的影响,在实验和分析的基础上,明确了制冷温度、制冷量、制冷效率与工作效率之间的关系,并与4K G－M制冷机的情况进行比较,得出了一些有益的结论。通过频率优化,脉管制冷性能得以较大提高。在初步试验中,分别在1．2Hz和1．1Hz获得了30W@70K,500mW@4.2K以及20W@65K,590mW@4.2K的制冷量。同时还给出了脉管制冷湿度稳定性的测试结果。试验结果表明,研制的脉管制冷机温度波动均小于同类商品型4K GM制冷机及脉管制冷机。     

A 9 K conical stirling-cycle cryocooler

A low power closed cycle Stirling refrigerator with a conical glass-fibre reinforced epoxy displacer/regenerator, and an external compressor has been built in our laboratory. The single stage device has demonstrated cooling to 9 K directly from room temperature, and may be used for cooling SQUID systems.