Influence of deep excavation induced ground movements on adjacent piles

In urban areas, excavations for cut-and-cover tunnels and basement construction cause detrimental effects on adjacent existing piles. Hence quantifying the excavation induced lateral deformations and bending moments on piles are important to ensure the stability of structures. In this paper, behaviour of a single pile subjected to excavation induced ground movements is analysed using the finite element method, which has the ability to simulate the construction sequence comprising soil excavation, deformations due to dewatering within the excavation and installation of struts. A fully coupled analysis is carried out based on the effective stress principle. The numerical model was verified using the centrifuge test data found in the literature. A parametric study was carried out to establish the excavation induced pile behaviour varying the depth of the excavation, soil properties, wall support system, pile fixity conditions and pile location with respect to the excavation. Increasing axial load does not have a significant influence on the pile behaviour. However, pile head fixity condition, and stiffness and spacing of the wall support system have a significant influence on the pile behaviour adjacent to the excavation. Finally, based on the parametric study, a set of design charts are developed to predict the pile behaviour by taking into account the depth of excavation, undrained shear strength, width of the pile, spring stiffness, spacing of vertical supports, and unsupported depth of the excavation. The capability of the proposed design charts are demonstrated using a three-dimensional finite element analysis, a case study from the literature and a previously published simplified analysis procedure.     

Large diameter shafts for underground infrastructure

The technique of large diameter shafts for deep excavations was analysed in terms of its basic construction elements, reported literature cases and design methods. The effects of the construction sequence and the geological deposition on the behaviour of the shaft was analysed using 3D finite element models. Induced stresses and displacements on the soil mass were investigated. Three methods to assess the stability of the shaft lining were presented and employed as a post-processing stage of analysis of the models. The results indicated a major influence of the height of the vertical excavation stages on the shaft behaviour, markedly on the induced settlements. The lining analysis also demonstrated the effects of the vertical excavation stages and how different safety assessment methods can produce significantly different results.     

Estimating wall deflections in deep excavations using Bayesian neural networks

In this study, a neural network algorithm has been used to model the soil-structure interaction behavior of deep excavations in clays. The hybrid evolutionary Bayesian back-propagation (EBBP) neural network was used in this study and utilizes the genetic algorithms and gradient descent method to determine the optimal parameters within a Bayesian framework to regularize the complexity of learning and to statistically reflect the uncertainty in data. The EBBP analysis was carried out on an extensive database of braced excavation performance from finite element analyses. Additional parametric studies indicate that the model gives logical and consistent trends. Back-analyses of some instrumented case histories from the literature also indicate that the trained neural network model gives reasonable predictions in comparison to the actual measured values. The trained model can serve as a simple and reliable prediction tool to enable estimates of maximum wall deflection for preliminary design of braced excavations in clay. The model is able to take into consideration various factors such as the wall stiffness, support stiffness, the in-situ stress state, non-homogeneous soil conditions, and the variation of soil properties with depth. An added advantage of this approach is that it provides meaningful error bars for the model predictions.     

基坑开挖引起的周边土体三维位移场的简化分析

虽然不少经验方法可以用来计算基坑开挖引起的地表沉降以及围护墙水平位移,但是目前基坑开挖引起的地表以下土体位移场的预测缺乏简单的计算方法,而主要依赖于有限单元法。有限元分析中如何选用合理的参数来准确计算开挖引起的土体位移一直是个难题。在有限单元法的基础上,考虑土体小应变特性,基于芝加哥地区实际基坑工程的实测数据,通过反分析方法确定了能够准确计算基坑开挖引起的土体位移的合理计算参数。利用这些参数较为准确地计算了基坑开挖引起的土体位移,总结了基坑周边土体三维位移场的衰减规律,并由统一表达式来表示,同时结合围护墙水平变形与墙后地表沉降的经验公式,通过二次拟合提出了基坑周边土体三维位移场的简化计算方法。通过与有限元计算结果以及实测结果的对比,验证了该方法的合理性。     

上海地区板式支护体系基坑变形预测简化计算方法

基坑变形预测是分析基坑开挖对环境影响的核心内容之一。收集了上海地区65个常见的板式支护体系基坑工程案例,并对其进行了分类。对不同类型的板式支护体系基坑建立不同的基于土体HS-Small模型的平面应变有限元模型进行分析。根据室内土工试验结果与基于实测数据的参数反演分析,确定了上海软土地区典型土层土体的HS-Small模型计算参数。通过对108个有限元计算结果的分析及归一化,推导了能够综合考虑基坑系统刚度、基坑深度和基坑宽度的上海地区板式支护体系基坑围护结构最大侧移和地表最大沉降的简化计算公式,并且提出了基坑围护结构侧移曲线和地表沉降曲线,同时也给出了上海地区板式支护体系基坑变形的预测流程。采用本文给出的简化方法预测了上海地区的7个工程的变形并与实测结果进行了比较,结果表明该方法能较好地预测上海地区的板式支护体系基坑的变形。     

深基坑分层开挖对邻近盾构隧道的影响分析

基坑工程的施工经常出现在已建盾构隧道的附近,从而必然使已建隧道产生附加变形。为了研究基坑开挖对邻近已建盾构隧道的影响,通过有限元软件PLAXIS针对某深基坑开挖对邻近地铁隧道的影响进行了一系列的模拟,土体本构模型采用PLAXIS小应变土体硬化模型。分析表明：基坑开挖将对邻近隧道产生很大的影响,盾构隧道不仅在水平方向会发生较大的位移,而且在竖直方向也会发生一定的沉降且沉降量不能忽视。     

Response of framed buildings to excavation-induced movements

This paper presents a study of the influence of frame action on the response of buildings to deformations induced by deep excavations in soft clay. Using the finite element method, a building was modelled as a framed structure adjacent to a multi-propped excavation, firstly as a frame with continuous footings and then as a frame with individual footings. The geometry, location, and structural elements forming the frame models were varied to investigate the response of various frames. Using a structural analysis, parameters representing the stiffness of the frames in reducing deflection ratios and horizontal strains were derived. The influence of the frame action on the building stiffness can be quantified using the results from the finite element models. This makes it possible to estimate building modification factors from the relevant design charts so that induced deflection ratios and horizontal strains, caused by adjacent excavation and tunnelling activities, can be calculated. The approach gives a more realistic estimate of the tensile strains for assessing the potential damage caused to buildings.     

相邻深大基坑安全距离理论分析与数值模拟

以两相邻深基坑为工程背景,采用极限平衡理论和平面滑裂面假定,对坑间有限土体建立了土压力计算模型。推导出考虑桩土摩擦、土质参数、坑间超载、基坑间距、邻近基坑支撑轴力等因素的主动土压力计算公式,给出了土压力保持不变时的基坑间距,即安全距离b的表达式。参数分析表明:安全间距b随两相邻基坑的开挖深度、桩土摩擦系数的增加而增大,随土体内摩擦角的增大而减小。接着采用PLAXIS有限元软件选取HS本构模型建立两相邻基坑数值模型,对安全距离的各影响因素开展了规律性研究,分析了不同基坑间距下土压力的数值解与本文理论解沿挖深的分布规律,发现二者有较好的吻合性,进一步验证了本文理论的合理性。     

基坑群开挖对既有地铁隧道影响的数值模拟

采用MIDAS/GTS软件建立三维有限元模型,针对基坑群施工对既有地铁隧道影响进行数值分析。通过对比隧道内同步实测结果与当前开挖步的计算结果,验证模型的有效性,再进一步仿真模拟后续施工步,分析群坑开挖对隧道的耦合效应,并提出了优化设计、施工方案的有效措施,对保证基坑群施工时既有地铁运营安全具有一定的指导意义。     

软黏土中某内支撑式深基坑稳定性安全系数分析

软黏土中深基坑稳定性安全系数是基坑设计的重要指标,目前基坑稳定性安全系数评估方法主要有传统经验公式法和有限元强度折减法。针对深厚软黏土中某倒塌内支撑式深基坑,采用传统经验公式法和有限元强度折减法对该基坑稳定性安全系数FS进行了计算分析,比较了不同土体强度指标计算结果的差异,结合其它学者的研究,对各计算方法及其所采用土体强度指标的合理性进行了评价。研究结果表明:无论是应用经验公式法还是有限元强度折减法,采用不排水抗剪强度指标su计算得到的基坑FS均比较接近1.0,而采用土体c,?强度指标得到基坑FS均远大于1.0。应用有限元强度折减法时,数值计算不收敛准则相对交点法得到基坑FS偏大。采用交点法与Terzaghi法得到基坑FS最接近1.0,与基坑处于极限平衡状态事实相符。     

基坑土钉支护安全系数的强度参数折减有限元方法

针对基坑土钉支护讨论其安全系数的强度参数折减有限元计算方法,包括土钉支护体系的三维有限元模型、安全系数的折减强度参数计算、极限状态的确定以及极限状态下的计算方法等。按所建议方法,编制了三维有限元计算程序,并给出算例,展示了所建议计算模型和方法的有效可靠性。此外,还对有限元方法计算的安全系数与现行土钉支护规程建议公式所计算安全系系数的可比性进行了讨论。     

黄土基坑复合土钉支护的有限元分析

由于黄土的结构性和湿陷性,黄土基坑具有与其它基坑不同的特点。为了研究黄土基坑复合土钉支护的工作机理和设计方法,选取适当的本构模型,考虑土体与土钉(锚杆)的共同作用和基坑开挖施工过程,运用Ansys软件对某黄土基坑的变形和安全系数进行了非线性有限元分析,提出了合理的有限元模型,并将计算结果与工程实测数据进行了对比分析。     

带阳角深基坑变形及其影响因素分析

深基坑工程大型化、不规则趋势导致其变形影响因素更加复杂。为进一步提高不规则深基坑开挖过程的安全可靠性,借助有限元分析技术,对带阳角土岩组合深基坑变形影响因素进行分析。首先,构建带阳角深基坑有限元分析模型,其中,土体结构采用Mohr-Coulomb模型,岩体结构采用节理材料模型,锚杆、土钉与混凝土结构采用线弹性模型;然后,结合工程实际,通过阳角尺寸、覆土层厚度、锚杆布设等因素的影响分析,对带阳角土岩组合深基坑工程的变形特性进行研究,绘制了土岩组合深基坑变形与覆层土厚度关系曲线,以及不同阳角尺寸和不同覆土层厚度引起的深基坑水平位移变化规律曲线。研究表明,该深基坑阳角与阴角效应显著,阳角最大水平位移随覆土层厚度增加而增大,随护坡结构层厚度增加而减小,随锚杆直径增加而减小。研究可为同类工程的施工安全提供保障,使不规则深基坑工程施工更加科学、合理、经济、可靠。     

Design of cold-formed steel unequal angle compression members

Cold-formed steel unequal angles are non-symmetric sections. The design procedure of non-symmetric sections subjected to axial compression load could be quite difficult. The unequal angle columns may fail by different buckling modes, such as local, flexural and flexural–torsional buckling as well as interaction of these buckling modes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the behaviour and design of cold-formed steel unequal angle columns. A nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the strength and behaviour of unequal angle columns. The measured initial local and overall geometric imperfections as well as the material properties of the angle specimens were included in the finite element model. The finite element analysis was performed on fixed-ended columns for different lengths ranged from stub to long columns. It is demonstrated that the finite element model closely predicted the experimental ultimate loads and the behaviour of cold-formed steel unequal angle columns. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries. The column strengths obtained from the parametric study were compared with the design strengths calculated using the North American Specification for cold-formed steel structural members. It is shown that the current design rules are generally unconservative for short and intermediate column lengths for the unequal angles. Therefore, design rules of cold-formed steel unequal angle columns are proposed.     

临近高架的基坑开挖变形特性的数值分析

以上海地区某深基坑工程为研究对象,考虑土体小应变刚度特性,建立高架道路和临近基坑的二维有限元分析模型,探讨土体小应变条件下深基坑的变形特性及基坑开挖对高架的影响。算例分析表明,考虑土体小应变刚度特性可以较好的模拟基坑开挖的变形及基坑开挖对高架的影响,计算结果与实际情况基本吻合。     

基于强度折减法的软土基坑抗隆起稳定性分析

基坑抗隆起稳定性验算是软土基坑支护设计中的一项重要内容。本文结合基坑工程实例,采用有限元强度折减法对基坑坑底的抗隆起稳定性进行分析。主要分析总结了基坑开挖深度、支护结构入土深度、支护结构刚度、基坑深宽比以及坑底软土层厚度对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响规律。研究表明:基坑开挖深度、基坑宽度、支护结构入土深度和坑底软土层厚度等参数的变化均对基坑抗隆起稳定性有一定程度的影响,而支护结构刚度参数对抗隆起稳定性影响不明显。通过与规范法计算结果的对比分析,证明了有限元强度折减法在基坑抗隆起稳定性分析中的适用性。     

基坑坑底抗隆起稳定安全系数计算方法改进研究

深基坑坑底抗隆起验算是基坑支护设计的重要内容之一,验算中如何考虑挡土构件嵌固段的作用是一个尚未较好解决的复杂问题。文章分析了国内现行技术标准中所建议基于地基承载力和圆形滑移面两种验算方法的不足,进而基于深入的理论及计算对比分析提出一套较为完善的验算方法。所提出的验算方法以现用两种方法为基础,对其进行适当改进,并研究给出其各自所适用的嵌深;研究给出一临界嵌深计算公式,用以界定不同嵌深时所应采用的计算方法,从而实现任意嵌深情况下的坑底抗隆起稳定性的简化验算。通过与有限元极限分析这一精细数值方法就大量算例的计算对比,对所提出的验算方法进行验证。     

悬臂式无支撑板桩支护基坑变形性状有限元分析

不同开挖宽度与深度比条件下悬臂式无支撑板桩支护结构与周围土体的变形特性将发生变化.采用二维有限元方法分析了不同开挖宽度与深度比(L/D)条件下无支撑悬臂开挖基坑的变形性状,详细探讨了开挖宽度与深度比对地表沉降、地表水平位移、坑底隆起、坑底水平位移及支护结构侧向变形的影响.计算结果表明:在基坑开挖深度不变的条件下,地表沉降量、坑底隆起量及坑底水平位移量均随L/D的增加呈非线性增长,开始增长迅速,当L/D达一定值后数值几乎不再变化;地表水平位移量随L/D的增加先减小后增大:支护结构侧向变形随L/D的增加逐步由顶端内倾型过渡到整体向坑内移动的顶端外倾型,L/D越大,围护结构的整体侧向位移越大.     

Structural performance of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns

This paper describes an accurate finite element model for the structural performance of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns. The finite element analysis was conducted on duplex stainless steel columns having square and rectangular hollow sections. The columns were compressed between fixed ends at different column lengths. The effects of initial local and overall geometric imperfections have been taken into consideration in the finite element model. The material nonlinearity of the flat and corner portions of the high strength stainless steel sections were carefully incorporated in the model. The column strengths and failure modes as well as the load-shortening curves of the columns were obtained using the finite element model. Furthermore, the effect of residual stresses in the columns was studied. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against experimental results. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the verified finite element model to study the effects of cross-section geometries on the strength and behaviour of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns. The column strengths predicted from the parametric study were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American Specification, Australian/New Zealand Standard and European Code for cold-formed stainless steel structures. The results of the parametric study showed that the design rules specified in the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications are generally conservative for cold-formed high strength stainless steel square and rectangular hollow section columns, but unconservative for some of the short columns.     

毛竹复合土钉墙数值分析

本文采用非线性有限元法探讨软土深基坑毛竹复合土钉墙支护机理。数值模拟采用ABAQUS三维非线性有限元软件和实体单元(取代传统的结构单元)来模拟毛竹土钉与土体的相互作用,土体采用莫尔-库仑理想弹塑性模型,基坑的变形分析采用在此软件平台上二次开发能反映基坑开挖卸载的邓肯-张E-B模型,模型参数采用三轴加、卸载应力路径试验值或经验值。毛竹土钉按张拉破坏的弹性材料进行模拟,坡脚毛竹排桩等效为连续板桩来模拟。数值模拟预测结果与现场实测结果吻合较好,表明三维非线性有限元法对毛竹复合土钉墙的变形预测具有定量计算精度,可用于动态指导基坑开挖、支护设计和施工。