葛洲坝大江电厂右侧尾水护坦冲坑形成及修复

葛洲坝大江电厂右侧尾水护坦运行10多年,发生3300m~2的冲坑,最深点近9.0m,距厂房尾水160m.如不及时修复,将影响大江电厂排漂孔和排沙洞的正常运行,更可能威胁到1~＃船闸左闸墙的稳定,为此在修复方案论证的基础上,果断采取工程措施及时修复了冲坑,恢复工程的正常运行.本文介绍冲坑形成的原因,工程修复方案,及保证安全的工程措施和非工程措施.     

多波束探测技术在坝下游冲坑检测中的应用

水电站是兼具防洪、发电、供水等多种效益的重要水工建筑,保证水电站运行安全是相关管理单位的首要职责。由于水电站泄洪、发电尾水等的长期冲刷,水电站大坝下游很容易形成大的冲坑。冲坑的发展不仅会对下游河床造成破坏,影响护坡安全,还会对大坝稳定性造成威胁。对坝后冲坑进行精细测量,掌握冲坑发展状况,必要时及时进行修复治理是保障大坝安全的重要手段。采用高精度、高效率的多波束声波探测技术对某水电站溢洪道消力池进行了水下地形测量,摸清了冲坑的基本情况,为水电站安全运行提供了可靠的数据支撑,可为同类工程提供借鉴。     

窄河道大交角泄洪洞出口体型优化试验研究

某电站深孔泄洪洞下泄流量大,水头高,出口位置处河道狭窄,泄洪洞轴线与河道交角大,且离电站尾水出口近。针对以上特点,本文对深孔泄洪洞出口体型提出斜切扭曲挑坎和窄缝挑坎两个方案,并分别进行了优化试验研究,结果表明:斜切扭曲挑坎方案和窄缝挑坎方案的归槽情况都较好,涌浪最大的地方及冲坑最深点均在山嘴处;斜切扭曲挑坎方案的冲坑较浅,但涌浪高且电站尾水处可能有泥沙进入;窄缝挑坎方案对电站尾水影响小,但冲坑深度较斜切扭曲挑坎方案大。     

刘家峡水电站尾水位抬高的原因及清渣后效益分析

刘家峡水电站尾水河床，在电站施工期及运行初期因各种因素影响，造成河床内堆渣、冲坑交替发生，局部河段河底高程已抬高了10m，水下地形已稳定。若采取措施，在局部河段清渣，尾水位高程降低，发电量增加，经济效益十分可观。     

水布垭水电站尾水清渣效益分析

水布垭水电站运行初期,尾水河床形成冲坑和堆渣,抬高了尾水位,对发电有不利影响。清渣以后,发电效益明显增加。     

葛洲坝大江电厂右侧尾水护坦冲坑形成及修复

介绍了葛洲坝大江电厂右侧尾水护坦冲坑形成的原因,修复方案,以及保证安全运行的工程措施和非工程措施。实践证明,修复效果良好。     

万良电站拱坝挑流消能防冲处理

万良电站采用整体井字钢筋网石笼消能防冲,解决了浆砌石坝挑流尾水冲坑问题,确保了大坝的安全稳定。本文详细介绍了消能防冲的实施办法,指出了整体井字钢筋网石笼消能防冲效果好,是省工、省力、省钱的好方法。     

乌江渡水电站尾水右岸冲坑护坡加固处理

乌江渡水电站尾水河道泄洪冲坑 ,1985年所建混凝土护坡基础局部淘空严重 ,有失稳的可能。本次工程采取多种措施对原冲坑护坡进行较彻底的加固处理 ,经汛期洪水检验 ,防护效果良好。     

苗尾水电站厂房尾水左挡墙设计

厂房尾水左挡墙布置在尾水渠左侧,主要功能是分隔溢洪道泄洪水流和发电尾水,减少泄洪水流对发电尾水的不利影响,改善下游流态,挡墙末端局部还兼做溢洪道预挖冲坑施工纵向围堰。本文从左挡墙的布置、断面设计、结构计算和基础处理等方面详细阐述了左挡墙设计思路。     

乌江渡水电站尾水河道冲刷演变分析

乌江渡水电站泄洪建筑物的消能防冲是电站安全运行的问题之一．通过对尾水河道冲刷监测资料的分析研究，表明尾水河床冲刷坑的深度已趋稳定．且远离厂坝，不会危及厂坝基础安全，其消能防冲措施是比较成功的。但泄洪对岸坡的冲淘也是比较严重的。     

水位调控下分汊型河道淤积影响试验研究

为研究尾闾河道下游调控措施对上游各支汊河道泥沙淤积形态变化,进行了赣江尾闾河道悬沙淤积试验。试验结果表明,由于闸上调控水位抬升的影响,河道演变趋势由冲转淤。预计工程实施20年后主要淤积区域干流和西河位于西河上游赣江大桥到泥家洲附近的河道,平均淤积深度为1.10 m,东河中支位于中支赣江大桥到上房村之间的河道,平均淤积深度为1.48 m,东河南支位于豫章大桥到洲头村的河道,平均淤积深度为0.86 m。淤积主要集中在深槽以及河道凸岸下游区域,河道顶冲段受到堤防的限制,河势总体基本稳定;深泓线在水平方向和垂向均有所调整,垂向变化以抬高为主,水平方向的变化符合凹岸顶冲区冲刷,凸岸下游回流区淤积的一般规律。     

枢纽下游河床冲刷深度和水位降落估算方法

通过清水冲刷水槽试验,在探索非恒定输沙及床沙调整等规律的基础上,结合沙量平衡原理,建立了一种枢纽下游河床冲刷深度和水位降落的计算模式。洪峰过程可以概化为一种恒定的"当量流量",深槽冲刷以枯水边界作为脱离体,可将该模式延伸于天然河道。能够计算冲刷过程及终期河床冲刷纵剖面和不同流量下的水位降落。     

黄登水电站泄洪消能试验研究

简述了黄登水电站可行性研究阶段枢纽泄洪消能防冲试验,水垫塘为定床和护岸不护底两种试验情况,对溢流表孔及左右岸放空底孔体型的优化。     

Log‐Vane Scour in Clear Water Condition

Log‐Vane is a grade‐control structure of common use to stabilize river bed and river banks. The purpose of this paper is to study the scour phenomena downstream of Log‐Vanes in straight rivers. The main goal is to obtain design equations to determine the main scour parameters and the scour morphology. All the experiments have been carried out in a horizontal channel and in clear water conditions. Log‐Vanes made of wood, with different heights and vane angles, were tested. Different hydraulic conditions including densimetric Froude numbers, water drops and tail water values were tested. Results show that the tail water depth is an important variable to determine the maximum scour depth. The vane angle results to be an important parameter to predict the scour parameters. Dimensional analysis allows to derive design equations useful to estimate the maximum scour depth, maximum length of the scour and maximum height and length of the dune. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡大坝左导墙长度优化设计

左导墙位于泄洪坝段与左厂房坝段之间的导墙坝段下游。其作用是将河床中部的泄洪消能水流与左电厂尾水渠隔开 ,避免泄洪时高速紊动水流与左电厂尾水出流的相互干扰和不利影响。经对泄洪建筑物体型优化后 ,减轻了坝下冲刷 ,有利于消能防冲 ;消能后水流对左电厂尾水渠的影响也相应减轻 ,使左电厂尾水渠流态有明显改善。这说明存在可适当缩短左导墙长度的可能性 ,经试验研究 ,缩短左导墙长度 52m。     

差动式挑流消能冲坑深度初探

从能量损失的途径出发,把挑流能量损失过程分成4个阶段,并引入流速修正系数,修正无能量损失情况下求出的流速,从而得到入水前的水流流速。在得到冲坑内的能量损失后,由单位体积消能率来推算水体体积。再用几何方法求得水体最大冲刷深度,从而得到冲坑深度。     

Scour around submarine pipes due to high-amplitude transient waves

Estimation of scour dimensions below submarine pipelines is a vital step in designing offshore infrastructure. Extreme events like tsunami waves produce strong erosive forces below the underwater pipes, apt to create scour holes, jeopardizing the safety of the structure. Despite the importance of this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on steady flow cases, and the scour pattern below submarine pipes induced by high-amplitude transient waves has rarely been investigated. This paper reports the results of 40 experimental runs on transient wave-induced scour below a model pipe in a laboratory flume under a variety of initial conditions. The variables included the bed particle size and gradation,initial water depth, wave height, and slope of the bed layer. Waves were generated by a sudden release of water from a sluice gate, installed in the middle of the flume. A pressure transducer data acquisition system was used to record the wave heights at different time steps. The results indicate that, with a shallower initial depth of flow, the scour depth is relatively large. It was also found that there exists a direct correlation between the induced wave height and the size of the scour hole. It was observed that, in clear water conditions, the size of the scour hole in coarse sediments is smaller, while in live-bed conditions, larger scour holes are created in coarser sediments. It was also observed that at high wave amplitudes, the live-bed conditions are dominant, and consequently the bed elevation is altered.     

射流冲刷沙床初始阶段的SPH方法数值模拟

针对射流移动清淤时短时间内的冲刷效果问题,采用无网格光滑粒子动力学方法(SPH),对平面垂直淹没射流冲刷沙床的初始阶段进行了模拟计算。探讨了SPH中淹没环境和沙土材料的建立方法,研究了射流冲刷初始阶段动态冲坑深度的发展趋势,分析了射流速度对冲坑深度发展的影响。结果表明:采用SPH方法可以有效地模拟射流冲刷的过程;在初始阶段,冲坑深度随时间线性增加,而且随着射流速度的增加,坑深增加的速率加快。本文研究可为探讨疏浚射流破土效果提供数值方法参考。     

Effect of synthetic fibers on resisting scour caused by horizontal jet

Given that the development of scour downstream of hydraulic structures increases the risk of structural damage, it is important to find cost-effective and environmental approaches to reduce this risk. This study aimed to experimentally evaluate the effect of synthetic fibers on the scour profile downstream of a sluice gate with a rigid apron. Experiments were performed with the same Froude number and with different weight percentages of synthetic fibers on both non-cohesive and cohesive sediments. One uniform sand was used as the non-cohesive sediment, and three different cohesive sediments were prepared by mixing different percentages of kaolinite soil with the used sand. The scouring experiments showed that the presence of synthetic fibers did not considerably affect the scour hole dimension in non-cohesive sediments. Evaluation of the scour in the cohesive sediments in silty sand (SM) texture found that an increase in the percentage of silt reduced the scour hole dimensions. The effect of synthetic fibers on scour of SM-texture-based sediments was also investigated, and the results showed that increasing the percentage of synthetic fibers decreased the scour hole dimensions. In addition, the cohesive sediments in SM texture did not have a similar non-dimensional scour profile, and the presence of synthetic fibers did not significantly affect the scour hole.     

大圆弧导向鼻坎在昌马水库溢洪道改建中的应用

在昌马水库多年的泄洪运行中发现,其溢洪道泄洪出口水舌落点集中,在岸边形成较深的冲刷坑,直接威胁到岸坡的稳定安全。为了解决该问题,通过溢洪道挑流鼻坎改建方案的水工模型试验研究,调整挑流鼻坎体形,提出了适用范围较广的大圆弧导向鼻坎改建方案。经过模型试验验证,大圆弧导向鼻坎不仅具有很好的导向功能,有效控制水舌落水位置、分布及范围,而且能使水舌沿横向、纵向拉开,使水舌覆盖消能区较大范围,减轻河床冲刷,有效解决昌马水库溢洪道存在的问题。