Effect of Different Light Intensities on Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Synthesis and Anti-oxidant Activities in Young Ginger Varieties (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Nowadays, phytochemicals and antioxidants in plants are raising interest in consumers for their roles in the maintenance of human health. Phenolics and flavonoids are known for their health-promoting properties due to protective effects against cardiovascular disease, cancers and other disease. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the traditional folk medicinal plants and it is widely used in cooking in Malaysia. In this study, four levels of glasshouse light intensities (310, 460, 630 and 790 μmol m(-2)s(-1)) were used in order to consider the effect of light intensity on the production, accumulation and partitioning of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant activities in two varieties of Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale). TF biosynthesis was highest in the Halia Bara variety under 310 μmol m(-2)s(-1) and TP was high in this variety under a light intensity of 790 μmol m(-2)s(-1). The highest amount of these components accumulated in the leaves and after that in the rhizomes. Also, antioxidant activities determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay in both of varieties, increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) with increasing TF concentration, and high antioxidant activity was observed in the leaves of Halia Bara grown under 310 μmol m(-2)s(-1). The ferric reducing (FRAP) activity of the rhizomes was higher than that of the leaves in 310 μmol m(-2)s(-1) of sun light. This study indicates the ability of different light intensities to enhance the medicinal components and antioxidant activities of the leaves and young rhizomes of Zingiber officinale varieties. Additionally, this study also validated their medicinal potential based on TF and TP contents.     

Involvement of Salicylic Acid on Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties,Anthocyanin Production and Chalcone Synthase Activity in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Varieties

The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (10⁻³ M and 10⁻⁵ M) was investigated on the production of secondary metabolites (flavonoids), chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity (against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in two varieties of Malaysian ginger, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that application of SA induced the synthesis of anthocyanin and fisetin in both varieties. Anthocyanin and fisetin were not detected in the control plants. Accordingly, the concentrations of some flavonoids (rutin and apigenin) decreased significantly in plants treated with different concentrations of SA. The present study showed that SA enhanced the chalcone synthase (CHS) enzyme activity (involving flavonoid synthesis) and recorded the highest activity value of 5.77 nkat /mg protein in Halia Bara with the 10⁻⁵ M SA treatment. As the SA concentration was decreased from 10⁻³ M to 10⁻⁵ M, the free radical scavenging power (FRAP) increased about 23% in Halia Bentong and 10.6% in Halia Bara. At a concentration of 350 μg mL⁻¹, the DPPH antioxidant activity recorded the highest value of 58.30%–72.90% with the 10⁻⁵ M SA treatment followed by the 10⁻³ M SA (52.14%–63.66%) treatment. The lowest value was recorded in the untreated control plants (42.5%–46.7%). These results indicate that SA can act not only as an inducer but also as an inhibitor of secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the highest anticancer activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was observed for H. Bara extracts treated with 10⁻⁵ M SA with values of 61.53 and 59.88%, respectively. The results suggest that the high anticancer activity in these varieties may be related to the high concentration of potent anticancer components including fisetin and anthocyanin. The results thus indicate that the synthesis of flavonoids in ginger can be increased by foliar application of SA in a controlled environment and that the anticancer activity in young ginger extracts could be improved.     

Effect of CO(2) Enrichment on Synthesis of Some Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The effect of two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) on the photosynthesis rate, primary and secondary metabolite syntheses and the antioxidant activities of the leaves, stems and rhizomes of two Zingiber officinale varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) were assessed in an effort to compare and validate the medicinal potential of the subterranean part of the young ginger. High photosynthesis rate (10.05 μmol CO(2) m(-2)s(-1) in Halia Bara) and plant biomass (83.4 g in Halia Bentong) were observed at 800 μmol mol(-1) CO(2). Stomatal conductance decreased and water use efficiency increased with elevated CO(2) concentration. Total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP), total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), starch and plant biomass increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all parts of the ginger varieties under elevated CO(2) (800 μmol mol(-1)). The order of the TF and TP increment in the parts of the plant was rhizomes > stems > leaves. More specifically, Halia Bara had a greater increase of TF (2.05 mg/g dry weight) and TP (14.31 mg/g dry weight) compared to Halia Bentong (TF: 1.42 mg/g dry weight; TP: 9.11 mg/g dry weight) in average over the whole plant. Furthermore, plants with the highest rate of photosynthesis had the highest TSC and phenolics content. Significant differences between treatments and species were observed for TF and TP production. Correlation coefficient showed that TSC and TP content are positively correlated in both varieties. The antioxidant activity, as determined by the ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, increased in young ginger grown under elevated CO(2). The FRAP values for the leaves, rhizomes and stems extracts of both varieties grown under two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) were significantly lower than those of vitamin C (3107.28 μmol Fe (II)/g) and α-tocopherol (953 μmol Fe (II)/g), but higher than that of BHT (74.31 μmol Fe (II)/g). These results indicate that the plant biomass, primary and secondary metabolite synthesis, and following that, antioxidant activities of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced through controlled environment (CE) and CO(2) enrichment.     

Effect of drying methods on volatiles of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Fresh ginger slices were dehydrated by air drying (AD), microwave drying (MD), vacuum drying (VD), and freezing drying (FD). Volatiles were extracted from fresh ginger pulp and dried ground ginger powder with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results indicated that, 19, 28, 21, 20, 31 and 20 novel compounds (70 in total) appeared in dried gingers treated by AD at 50, 60 and 70 °C, MD at 60 W, VD in 13.3 kPa at 60 °C and FD in 0.203 kPa at chamber temperature of 22 °C, respectively. Principal component analysis for the main volatiles indicated that drying increased the relative contents of benzene,1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-, 1,3-cyclohexadiene,5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-,[S-(R*,S*)]-, α-farnesene and cyclohexene,3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl) -6-methylene-,[S-(R*,S*)]- while decreased those of 2,6-octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-,(Z) and 2,6-octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-. Cluster analysis disclosed that MD was the most favorite drying way, followed by AD at 60 °C, VD, FD, and AD at 50 and 70 °C.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and adsorption of polyphenols from Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale)

Ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by adsorption and desorption was performed successively for efficient recovery of polyphenols from ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale). The maximum degree of extraction was observed in case of methanol (0.55 mg/ml) followed by acetone (0.52 mg/ml) and ethanol (0.37 mg/ml). At optimized conditions, the polyphenol recovery was found to be 19.2 mg. Amberlite XAD4 had shown the highest adsorption capacity (0.89 mg/ml). Kinetic studies indicated the adsorption equilibrium to be about 20 min. Adsorption capacity was achieved at 25 ± 2°C, and adsorption process exhibited exothermic nature. Freundlich isotherm fitted the data well. Ethanol had shown best desorption efficiency (93.44%).     

Effect of Oven Drying,Microwave Drying,and Silica Gel Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-SPME-GC-MS

Fresh or dried ginger is a common traditional Chinese medicine as well as an important spice in China. The volatile components of ginger play important roles in its flavor and bioactivities. In this work, headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the effects of oven drying, microwave drying, and silica gel drying methods on the degree of dehydration and volatile components of ginger. Sixty compounds were identified by GC-MS. The major volatile compounds were zingiberene (26.4–37.1%), β-phellandrene (7.4–12.9%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.2–12.8%), and geranial (6.6–8.1%). The volatiles of silica gel–dried ginger were similar to those of fresh ginger. Microwave-dried ginger had a higher content of zingiberene and satisfactory dehydration efficiency. The result showed that microwave and silica gel can be used in drying of ginger to maintain the taste and appearance of fresh ginger.     

Study of the drying process of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) slices in microwave fluidized bed dryer

ABSTRACT

To research about the temperature and moisture characteristics of ginger slices in microwave fluidized bed drying (MFD), some microwave drying experiments in different powers and hot-air drying experiment were used, and the drying quality and moisture drying curves were studied in contrast, finding MFD with advantages such as good quality and high efficiency. In order to understand the water flow characteristics of ginger slices in MFD, low nuclear magnetic resonance was used to detect the materials in different drying stages, and it was found that free water (FW), immobilized water (IW), and bond water (BW) could be converted to the other forms, especially the form that combined with the dry matter is much firmer. FW is the main water state in fresh ginger slices and converts to the IW quickly in the beginning stage, and then both FW and IW decreased until the final stage is reached. Finally, the content of BW increased, and the material can be stored safely. Gingerol is the main flavor component of ginger, and it was detected through LC-20A high-performance liquid chromatography; it was found that the content of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol increased in various drying processes, especially 10-gingerol that has a positive role to protect the taste of the ginger.     

响应面法优化提取黄檗果实总酚和总黄酮及其抗氧化活性

在单因素实验基础上,根据Box-Behnken实验设计对提取条件进行分析和优化,以考察各因素对黄檗果实总酚(TP)和总黄酮(TF)超声辅助提取率的影响,并进一步研究TP和TF与体外抗氧化活性〔DPPH·清除能力、总自由基清除能力(TRAP)、铁离子还原能力(FRAP)〕的相关性。结果表明,黄檗果实TP和TF最佳超声辅助提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数43%,提取温度70℃,pH值11,超声功率500 W,液固比30∶1(m L/g),超声时间40 min,TP(以每克干样品中酚酸类化合物相当于没食子酸GA的质量表示)和TF(以每克干样品中黄酮类化合物相当于芦丁RT的质量表示)得率分别为(7.09±0.38)mgGA/g和(20.41±0.47)mgRT/g;相关性分析结果表明,TP和TF含量与三种体外抗氧化活性检测结果均为极显著相关(P<0.01),说明TP和TF可能是黄檗果实提取物抗氧化活性的物质基础。     

Flavonoids, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Capacity in the Flower of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl

Flavonoids and phenolics are abundant in loquat flowers. Methanol had the highest extraction efficiency among five solvents, followed by ethanol. Considering the safety and residue, ethanol is better as extraction solvent. The average content of flavonoids and phenolics of loquat flower of five cultivars were 1.59 ± 0.24 and 7.86 ± 0.87 mg/g DW, respectively, when using ethanol as extraction solvent. The contents of both bioactive components in flowers at different developmental stages and in the various flower tissues clearly differed, with the highest flavonoids and phenolics content in flowers of stage 3 (flower fully open) and petal, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was measured using FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS methods. The values of ABTS method was highest, followed by DPPH, the lowest was FRAP, when using vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) as unit. Correlation analysis showed that the ABTS method showed the highest correlation coefficients with flavonoids and phenolics, i.e., 0.886 and 0.973, respectively.     

Synthesis of Analogues of Gingerol and Shogaol,the Active Pungent Principles from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Evaluation of Their Anti-Platelet Aggregation Effects

The present study was aimed at discovering novel biologically active compounds based on the skeletons of gingerol and shogaol, the pungent principles from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Therefore, eight groups of analogues were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory activities of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen, platelet activating factor, and thrombin. Among the tested compounds, [6]-paradol (5b) exhibited the most significant anti-platelet aggregation activity. It was the most potent candidate, which could be used in further investigation to explore new drug leads.     

配合物Eu(Sal)_2(phen)_2(NO_3)的合成及荧光性能的研究

用硝酸铕、水杨酸与邻菲罗啉为原料合成了配合物Eu(Sal)2(phen)2(NO3),考察了配体用量和溶剂用量等因素对反应的影响。通过元素分析、红外光谱和紫外光谱确定了配合物的组成及结构,并通过荧光光谱对其荧光性质进行了研究。     

马齿苋中总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用直接回流法提取马齿苋中总黄酮,通过单因素实验与正交实验对提取工艺进行了优化;并以芦丁为对照品,采用分光光度法对马齿苋中的总黄酮含量进行了检测;同时研究了马齿苋总黄酮提取液对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)的清除效果,并与Vc的抗氧化活性进行了比较。确定马齿苋中总黄酮最优提取工艺为:提取时间50min、水浴温度90℃、提取溶剂为30%乙酸乙酯、固液比1∶50(g∶mL),在此条件下,马齿苋总黄酮提取率可达7.15mg·g-1。当马齿苋总黄酮浓度为0.18 mg·mL-1时,对·OH的清除率高达73.12%,对·O-2的清除率可达49.02%,相同浓度时,其抗氧化活性低于Vc。     

Green Synthesis of Salicylic Acid-Based Poly(amide-imide) in Ionic Liquid and Composite Formation with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube

A new salicylic acid-containing diacid monomer was synthesized by an established synthetic procedure from readily available reagents. The obtained diacid was used in the preparation of a thermally stable poly(amide-imide) by direct polycondensation with 4,4′-diphenylmethanediamine using 1,3-diisopropylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid as a green medium. The prepared polymer was used as matrix for preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(amide-imide) composites in three multiwalled carbon nanotube concentrations (5, 10, and 15?wt%). The products were characterized for assessing the spectroscopic, thermal, and morphological properties by several methods. A homogeneous dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the poly(amide-imide) matrix was observed by microscopy techniques.     

Rapid Herbivore-Induced Changes in Mountain Birch Phenolics and Nutritive Compounds and Their Effects on Performance of the Major Defoliator, Epirrita autumnata

Insect damage changes plant physiology and chemistry, and such changes may influence the performance of herbivores. We introduced larvae of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnataBorkh.) on individual branches of its main host plant, mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti) to examine rapid-induced plant responses, which may affect subsequent larval development. We measured systemic responses to herbivory by analyzing chemistry, photosynthesis, and leaf growth, as well as effects on larval growth and feeding, in undamaged branches of damaged and control trees. Larvae reared on leaves from intact branches of the herbivore-damaged trees grew faster than those reared on leaves of control trees, indicating systemic-induced susceptibility. Herbivore damage did not lead to systemic changes in levels of primary nutrients or phenolic compounds. The analyses of photosynthetic activity and individual hydrolyzable tannins revealed a reversal of leaf physiology-herbivore defense patterns. On control trees, consumption by E. autumnata larvae was positively correlated with photosynthetic activity; on damaged trees, this correlation was reversed, with consumption being negatively correlated with photosynthetic activity. A similar pattern was found in the relationship between monogalloylglucose, the most abundant hydrolyzable tannin of mountain birch, and leaf consumption. Among the control trees, consumption was positively correlated with concentrations of monogalloylglucose, whereas among herbivore-damaged trees, this correlation was reversed and became negative. Our results suggest that herbivore performance is related to both concentrations of phenolic compounds and photosynthetic activity in leaves. This linkage between herbivore performance, leaf chemistry, and physiology was sensitive to induced plant responses caused by slight herbivore damage.     

3,5,6-三氯水杨酸的合成研究

对以氯气和水杨酸为主要原料,在同一反应器中制备３,５,６ 三氯水杨酸进行了研究。考察了反应温度、催化剂用量以及原料配比等因素对反应收率及产品纯度的影响。其收率达９６％,产品纯度９９％。     

山楂核总黄酮的超声提取及抗氧化活性

采用超声辅助乙醇提取山楂核总黄酮,通过单因素实验方法和正交实验方法确定了总黄酮的最优提取工艺条件;与抗坏血酸、芦丁对比,利用羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)、Fe3+法测定山楂核总黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,山楂核总黄酮超声辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为:按料液比为1∶25(每克山楂核加入25 m L提取剂,下同),加入体积分数50%的乙醇,在60℃下用250 W超声辅助提取40 min,山楂核中总黄酮的提取率可达到7.89%。经过纯化的山楂核总黄酮提取物对·OH和DPPH·具有明显的清除力且对Fe3+有较强的还原能力;黄酮纯化物的抗氧化作用随质量浓度增大而增强,其抗氧化能力强于芦丁而弱于抗坏血酸。     

源于水杨酸的噻唑啉化合物的合成及杀菌活性研究

以水杨酸为原料衍生合成了一系列相应的噻唑啉化合物,均经NMR、IR等光谱手段确证结构,并对3e进行了X-衍射测定单晶结构。所有目标化合物都进行了杀菌活性测试,其中在50μg/mL浓度下,3b对芦笋茎枯的抑制率达到92%。     

猕猴桃根总黄酮的超声提取及抗氧化活性

以湘西"米良猕猴桃"根为原料,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取总黄酮,通过单因素及正交实验优化提取条件,考察总黄酮对羟基自由基清除效果及对油脂氧化的抑制作用,并与常用抗氧化剂作比较。结果表明,以体积分数60%乙醇按照每1 g固体30 mL液体(即料液比1∶30,下同)在60℃水浴中超声提取40 min后,猕猴桃根中总黄酮得率为1.5%。该提取物对羟基自由基清除效果随质量浓度的增大而升高,对食用油脂的氧化有较好的抑制作用。     

柚皮黄酮抑制硝化和氧化作用的研究

以抑制过氧亚硝酸根硝化酪氨酸生成3－硝基酪氨酸评价了柚皮黄酮的抗硝化作用;以Fenton反应产生羟基自由基体系和邻苯三酚自氧化产生超氧阴离子自由基体系,用紫外可见分光光度法测定了柚皮黄酮对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除效果。结果表明．柚皮苷的抗硝化作用较强,而芦丁和橙皮苷没有明显的抗硝化作用;3种柚皮黄酮清除羟基自由基的效果在μg·mL^-1水平就已经比较显著（超过50％）．且显示出浓度依赖性．作用大小依次为;柚皮苷〉橙皮苷〉芦丁13种柚皮黄酮在μg·mL^-1水平清除超氧阴离子自由基的作用大小依次为：芦丁〉柚皮苷〉橙皮苷。     

天然黄酮类化合物的抗氧化活性和提取技术研究进展

介绍了天然黄酮类化合物的种类、结构和具有的抗氧化特性;综述了国内外从植物中提取、分离方法及进展。