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1.
A new approach to software reliability modeling is discussed where variables indirectly related with software reliability
are used to provide additional information for the modeling process. Previous studies, empirical and theoretical evidences,
and results from experiments indicate that there is a strong relationship between software reliability and coverage of program
elements required to be exercised by structural testing criteria. This paper develops a binomial type coverage-based software
reliability model through the definition of a coverage-based failure rate function. The Binomial software reliability Model
Based on Coverage—BMBC—is proposed and discussed. In the BMBC test data between failures is used instead of time as independent
variable; the model was assessed with test data from a real application, making use of the following structural testing criteria:
all-nodes, all-edges, and potential-uses—a data-flow based family of testing criteria. The results from our experiments have
shown that our modeling approach has some advantages over some traditional reliability models and points to a very promising
research direction in software reliability.
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2.
Grid computing, which is characterized by large-scale sharing and collaboration of dynamic distributed resources has quickly
become a mainstream technology in distributed computing and is changing the traditional way of software development. In this
article, we present a grid-based software testing framework for unit and integration test, which takes advantage of the large-scale
and cost-efficient computational grid resources to establish a testbed for supporting automated software test in complex software
applications. Within this software testing framework, a dynamic bag-of-tasks model using swarm intelligence is developed to
adaptively schedule unit test cases. Various high-confidence computing mechanisms, such as redundancy, intermediate value
checks, verification code injection, and consistency checks are employed to verify the correctness of each test case execution
on the grid. Grid workflow is used to coordinate various test units for integration test. Overall, we expect that the grid-based
software testing framework can provide efficient and trustworthy services to significantly accelerate the testing process
with large-scale software testing.
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3.
Model transformation by example is a novel approach in model-driven software engineering to derive model transformation rules
from an initial prototypical set of interrelated source and target models, which describe critical cases of the model transformation
problem in a purely declarative way. In the current paper, we automate this approach using inductive logic programming (Muggleton
and Raedt in J Logic Program 19-20:629–679, 1994) which aims at the inductive construction of first-order clausal theories
from examples and background knowledge.
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4.
Category Partition Method (CPM) is a general approach to specification-based program testing, where test frame reduction and
refinement are two important issues. Test frame reduction is necessary since too many test frames may be produced, and test
frame refinement is important since during CPM testing new information about test frame generation may be achieved and considered
incrementally. Besides the information provided by testers or users, implementation related knowledge offers alternative information
for reducing and refining CPM test frames. This paper explores the idea by proposing a call patterns semantics based test
frame updating method for Prolog programs, in which a call patterns analysis is used to collect information about the way
in which procedures are used in a program. The updated test frames will be represented as constraints. The effect of our test
frame updating is two-fold. On one hand, it removes “uncared” data from the original set of test frames; on the other hand,
it refines the test frames to which we should pay more attention. The first effect makes the input domain on which a procedure
must be tested a subset of the procedure’s input domain, and the latter makes testers stand more chance to find out the faults
that are more likely to show their presence in the use of the program under consideration. Our test frame updating method
preserves the effectiveness of CPM testing with respect to the detection of faults we care. The test case generation from
the updated set of test frames is also discussed. In order to show the applicability of our method an approximation call patterns
semantics is proposed, and the test frame updating on the semantics is illustrated by an example.
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5.
An important area of Human Reliability Assessment in interactive systems is the ability to understand the causes of human
error and to model their occurrence. This paper investigates a new approach to analysis of task failures based on patterns
of operator behaviour, in contrast with more traditional event-based approaches. It considers, as a case study, a formal model
of an Air Traffic Control system operator’s task which incorporates a simple model of the high-level cognitive processes involved.
The cognitive model is formalised in the CSP process algebra. Various patterns of behaviour that could lead to task failure
are described using temporal logic. Then a model-checking technique is used to verify whether the set of selected behavioural
patterns is sound and complete with respect to the definition of task failure. The decomposition is shown to be incomplete
and a new behavioural pattern is identified, which appears to have been overlooked in the informal analysis of the problem.
This illustrates how formal analysis of operator models can yield fresh insights into how failures may arise in interactive
systems.
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6.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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7.
The paper reflects on the unique experience of social and technological development in Lithuania since the regaining of independence
as a newly reshaped society constructing a distinctive competitive IST-based model at global level. This has presented Lithuanian
pattern of how to integrate different experiences and relations between generations in implementing complex information society
approaches. The resulting programme in general is linked to the Lisbon objectives of the European Union. The experience of
transitional countries in Europe, each different but facing some common problems, may be useful to developing countries in
Africa.
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8.
This paper presents an algorithm for the complete specification of multinomial discrete choice models to predict the spatial
preferences of attackers. The formulation employed is a modification of models previously applied in transportation flow and
crime analysis. A breaking and entering crime data set is employed to compare the efficacy of this model with traditional
hot spot models. Discrete choice models are shown to perform as well as, or better than such models and offer more interpretable
results.
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9.
To get the maximum benefit from ambient intelligence (AmI), we need to anticipate and react to possible drawbacks and threats
emerging from the new technologies in order to devise appropriate safeguards. The SWAMI project took a precautionary approach
in its exploration of the privacy risks in AmI and sought ways to reduce them. It constructed four “dark scenarios” showing
possible negative implications of AmI, notably for privacy protection. Legal analysis of the depicted futures showed the shortcomings
of the current legal framework in being able to provide adequate privacy protection in the AmI environment. In this paper,
the authors, building upon their involvement in SWAMI research as well as the further advancement of EU privacy analysis,
identify various outstanding issues regarding the legal framework that still need to be resolved in order to deal with AmI
in an equitable and efficacious way. This article points out some of the lacunae in the legal framework and postulates several
privacy-specific safeguards aimed at overcoming them.
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10.
Verification is applied to software as a proof method with respect to its requirements. Software testing is necessary because
verification is often infeasible. Automation is desirable since the complexity and the effort involved are significant. However,
automated software testing is commonly used to ensure confidence in the conformance of an implementation to an abstract model,
not to its requirement properties. In this paper, we introduce the notion of property relevance of test-cases. Property relevant
test-cases can be used to determine property violations. It is shown how to detect the properties relevant to a test-case.
New coverage criteria based on property relevance are introduced. Automated generation of test-suites satisfying these criteria
is also presented. Finally, feasibility is illustrated with an empirical evaluation.
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11.
In this paper, we present an Inverse Multi-Objective Robust Evolutionary (IMORE) design methodology that handles the presence
of uncertainty without making assumptions about the uncertainty structure. We model the clustering of uncertain events in
families of nested sets using a multi-level optimization search. To reduce the high computational costs of the proposed methodology
we proposed schemes for (1) adapting the step-size in estimating the uncertainty, and (2) trimming down the number of calls
to the objective function in the nested search. Both offline and online adaptation strategies are considered in conjunction
with the IMORE design algorithm. Design of Experiments (DOE) approaches further reduce the number of objective function calls
in the online adaptive IMORE algorithm. Empirical studies conducted on a series of test functions having diverse complexities
show that the proposed algorithms converge to a set of Pareto-optimal design solutions with non-dominated nominal and robustness
performances efficiently.
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12.
Recently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have been applied to improve the difficult tradeoff between interpretability
and accuracy of fuzzy rule-based systems. It is known that both requirements are usually contradictory, however, these kinds
of algorithms can obtain a set of solutions with different trade-offs. This contribution analyzes different application alternatives
in order to attain the desired accuracy/interpr-etability balance by maintaining the improved accuracy that a tuning of membership
functions could give but trying to obtain more compact models. In this way, we propose the use of multi-objective evolutionary
algorithms as a tool to get almost one improved solution with respect to a classic single objective approach (a solution that
could dominate the one obtained by such algorithm in terms of the system error and number of rules). To do that, this work
presents and analyzes the application of six different multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to obtain simpler and still
accurate linguistic fuzzy models by performing rule selection and a tuning of the membership functions. The results on two
different scenarios show that the use of expert knowledge in the algorithm design process significantly improves the search
ability of these algorithms and that they are able to improve both objectives together, obtaining more accurate and at the
same time simpler models with respect to the single objective based approach.
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13.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Research on hybrid bionic systems (HBSs) is still in its infancy but promising results have already been achieved in laboratories.
Experiments on humans and animals show that artificial devices can be controlled by neural signals. These results suggest
that HBS technologies can be employed to restore sensorimotor functionalities in disabled and elderly people. At the same
time, HBS research raises ethical concerns related to possible exogenous and endogenous limitations to human autonomy and
freedom. The analysis of these concerns requires reflecting on the availability of scientific models accounting for key aspects
of sensorimotor coordination and plastic adaptation mechanisms in the brain.
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15.
With the rapid growth in the development of sophisticated modern software applications, the complexity of the software development
process has increased enormously, posing an urgent need for the automation of some of the more time-consuming aspects of the
development process. One of the key stages in the software development process is system testing. In this paper, we evaluate
the potential application of AI planning techniques in automated software testing. The key contributions of this paper include
the following: (1) A formal model of software systems from the perspective of software testing that is applicable to important
classes of systems and is amenable to automation using AI planning methods. (2) The design of a framework for an automated
planning system (APS) for applying AI planning techniques for testing software systems. (3) Assessment of the test automation
framework and a specific AI Planning algorithm, namely, MEA-Graphplan (Means-Ends Analysis Graphplan), algorithm to automatically
generate test data. (4) A case study is presented to evaluate the proposed automated testing method and compare the performance
of MEA-Graphplan with that of Graphplan. The empirical results show that for software testing, the MEA-Graphplan algorithm
can perform computationally more efficiently and effectively than the basic Graph Planning algorithm.
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16.
Modeling the long-tailedness property of network traffic with phase-type distributions is a powerful means to facilitate the consequent performance evaluation and queuing based analysis. This paper
improves the recently proposed Fixed Hyper-Erlang model (FHE) by introducing an adaptive framework (Adaptive Hyper-Erlang
model, AHE) to determine the crucially performance-sensitive model parameters. The adaptive model fits long-tailed traffic
data set directly with a mixed Erlang distribution in a new divide-and-conquer manner. Compared with the well-known hyperexponential based models and the Fixed Hyper-Erlang model, the Adaptive Hyper-Erlang
model is more flexible and practicable in addition to its accuracy in fitting the tail behavior.
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17.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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18.
The growing scale and complexity of the enterprise computing systems under distributed and heterogeneous environments present
new challenges to system development, integration, and maintenance. In this paper, we present a model driven Web service development
framework to combat these challenges. The framework capitalizes on the unified modeling language (UML) profile for enterprise
distributed object computing (EDOC), MDA (model-driven architecture) and Web services. Within the framework, firstly, a general
PIM (platform independent models) is created using the EDOC CCA structural specification and CCA choreography specification
which defines the general functions of a system. Secondly, the general PIM is broken down into sub-PIMs according to functional
decomposition, each of which can provide service independently and will be implemented in a Web service. Thirdly, all of the
PIMs are transformed to Web service interface models for publication and invoking. Afterward, transform each PIM to a BPEL
specified Web service orchestration model. Finally, supported by model transform techniques, the sub EDOC PIMs are implemented
into Web services on specific platforms. Automatic model transformation is the key to this framework, therefore, the transformation
from EDOC CCA models to WSDL specified Web service interface models and the transformation from EDOC CCA models to BPEL specified
Web service orchestration models are deeply discussed, and the detailed transformation rules are proposed. A case study is
also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of these rules and the merits of this framework.
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19.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
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20.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
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