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Forming limit diagram (FLD) of cold- rolled TRIP steel was established by experiments. The microstructures of samples before and after deformation were examined by metalloscopy and scanning electron microscopy and at the same time the contents of retained austenite after different strain ratios were measured by X- ray diffraction. The results show that the ultimate strain under plane strain state(FLD0) is 0. 397. With the strain ratio increasing, strain path changes from uniaxial stretching to plane strain and then biaxial stretching and the transformation amount of residual austenite increases gradually. Compared with dual- phase steel, the higher FLD0of TRIP steel is ascribed to TRIP effect and necking area is wider during deformation.     

Influence of the amount and morphology of retained austenite on the mechanical properties of an austempered ductile iron

High Si contents in nodular cast irons lead to a significant volume fraction of retained austenite in the material after the austempering treatment. In the present work, the influence of the amount and morphology of this phase on the mechanical properties (proof stress, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, and toughness) has been analyzed for different austempering conditions. After 300 °C isothermal treatments at intermediate times, the austenite is plastically stable at room temperature and contributes, together with the bainitic ferrite, to the proof stress and the toughness of the material. For austenite volume fractions higher than 25 pct, the proof stress is controlled by this phase and the toughness depends mainly on the stability of γ. In these conditions (370 °C and 410 °C treatments), the present material exhibits a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which leads to an improvement in ductility. It is shown that the strain level necessary to initiate the martensitic transformation induced by deformation depends on the carbon content of the austenite. The martensite formed under TRIP conditions can be of two different types: “autotempered” plate martensite, which forms at room temperature from an austenite with a quasi-coherent epsilon carbide precipitation, and lath martensite nucleated at twin boundaries and twin intersections.     

Effect of phosphorus on the formation of retained austenite and mechanical properties in Si-containing low-carbon steel sheet

The effect of phosphorus and silicon on the formation of retained austenite has been investigated in a low-carbon steel cold rolled, intercritically annealed, and isothermally held in a temperature range of bainitic transformation followed by air cooling. The steel sheet containing phosphorus after final heat-treatment consisted of ferrite, retained austenite, and bainite or martensite. Phosphorus, especially in the presence of silicon, in steel was useful to assist the formation of retained austenite. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, uniform elongation, and the combination of tensile strength/ductility, were improved when phosphorus was increased up to 0.07 pct in 0.5 pct Si steel. This could be attributed to the strain-induced transformation of retained austenite during tensile deformation. Furthermore, two types of retained austenite were observed in P-containing steel. One is larger than about 1 μm in size and usually exists adjacent to bainite; the other one is of submicron size and usually exists in a ferrite matrix. High phosphorus content promotes the formation of stable (small size) austenites which are considered to be stabilized mainly by their small size effect and have a different formation mechanism from the coarser retained austenite in the lower P steels. The retained austenites of submicron size showed mechanical stability even after 10 pct deformation, suggesting that these small austenites have little effect on ductility. The 0.07 pct P-0.5 pct Si-1.5 pct Mn-0.12 pct C steel showed a high strength of 730 MPa and a total elongation of 36 pct.     

An analysis of retained austenite in austempered ductile iron

Data from the literature have been analyzed to understand aspects of the retained austenite in austempered ductile irons, especially its relationship with the transformation mechanism of bainite. The final and initial carbon concentrations in austenite, and C _γ ⁰ , respectively, are important in determining the maximum extent of reaction, and hence, the amount of austenite and and bainitic ferrite and C _γ ⁰ data have been expressed in terms of chemical compositions and reaction temperature, with reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted results. It is demonstrated that, in connection with the lever rule, the calculated and C _γ ⁰ values can be employed to predict the microstructural constituents of austempered ductile irons.     

Thermal stability of retained austenite and mechanical properties of medium-Mn steel during tempering treatment

The thermal stability of retained austenite(RA)and the mechanical properties of the quenched and intercritical annealed 0.1C-5Mn steel with the starting ultrafine lamellar duplex structure of ferrite and retained austenite during tempering within the range from 200 to 500°C were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and tensile testing.The results showed that there was a slight decrease in the RA volume fraction with increasing tempering temperature up to 400°C.This caused a slight increase in the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and a slight decrease in the total elongation(TE);thus,the product of UTS to TE(UTS×TE)as high as 31GPa·% was obtained and remained nearly unchanged.However,aportion of the RA began to decompose when tempered at 500°C and thus caused a~35% decrease of the RA fraction and a~16%decrease of the value of UTS×TE.It is concluded that the ultrafine lamellar duplex structure is rather stable and the excellent combination of strength and ductility could be retained with tempering temperature up to 400°C.Thus,thermal processes such as galvanization are feasible for the tested steel provided that their temperatures are not higher than 400°C.     

Isothermal transformation of austenite to pearlite and upper bainite in eutectoid steel

Austenite containing 0.80 pct C, 0.77 pct Mn is shown to transform isothermally to both pearlite and upper bainite at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C according to independent overlapping C-curves in the isothermal transformation diagram.     

Retained austenite and mechanical properties in bainite transformed low alloy steels

Uniform ductility and formability of low alloy steels can be improved by the transformation plasticity effect of metastable retained austenite. In this work, intercritical annealing followed by bainite transformation resulted in the retention of austenite with sufficient stability for transformation plasticity interactions. The effect of retained austenite on mechanical properties was studied in two low-alloy steels. Bainite transformation was carried out in the range of 400 to 500°C. The strength properties (yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) were more sensitive to bainite isothermal transformation temperature than holding time. Maximum strength properties were obtained for the lower transformation temperatures. On the other hand, high uniform and total elongation values were obtained at lower transformation temperatures but were sensitive to bainite isothermal transformation time. Variations in uniform elongation with holding time were linked to variations in retained austenite stability. Maximum values of uniform elongation occurred at the same holding times as the maximum amount of retained austenite. The same was true for total elongation and ultimate tensile strength. The above results indicate a strong correlation between retained austenite stability and uniform ductility and suggest that further optimisation regarding chemical composition and processing with respect to austenite stabilisation may lead to a new class of triple-phase high-strength high-formability low-alloy steels.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of copper alloyed austempered grey cast iron

Austempered grey cast iron (AGI) has emerged as a major engineering material in recent years because of its attractive mechanical properties. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the mechanical properties of copper alloyed AGI. Alloyed grey cast iron specimens are subjected to austempering heat treatment at six different temperatures for four different time periods. The resulting microstructures have been evaluated and characterised by means of light microscope and scanning electron microscope and X-Ray diffraction analysis. The microstructural features of AGI such as austenite content and its carbon content have been also found to influence the hardness, tensile properties and elongation. Both duration of the austempering time and the austempering temperature affect the mechanical properties of AGI. The hardness, tensile strength and ductility initially increase, and thereafter it decreases on longer periods of austempering. On the other hand hardness, tensile strength decreases as increasing austempering temperature, while ductility increases. The best combination of hardness 380BHN and strength 332?MPa; observed at 927°C of austenitising and 260°C of austempering temperature for 60?min.     

In-situ analysis of retained austenite transformation in high-performance micro-alloyed TRIP steel

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP( transformation-induced plasticity) steel with different compositions were investigated by tensile test,scanning electron microscopy( SEM),transmission electron microscopy( TEM),X-ray diffraction( XRD) and thermodynamic calculation( TC). The results indicated that the steel exhibited high ultimate tensile strength( 1 079MPa),sufficient ductility( 28%) and the highest product of strength and ductility( 30 212 MPa·%) heat treated after intercritical annealing at 800℃ for 3 min and bainitic annealing at 430 ℃ for 5 min. In addition,the change of volume fraction of retained austenite( VF-RA) versus tensile strain was measured using in-situ analysis by X-ray stress apparatus and micro-electronic universal testing machine. It was concluded that a-value could be used to evaluate the stability of retained austenite( S-RA) in the investigated Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel. The smaller a-value indicated the higher stability of retained austenite( S-RA) and the higher mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel.     

贝氏体形态对细晶铁素体/贝氏体双相钢室温力学性能的影响

基于过冷奥氏体动态相变的思想,通过两道次压缩变形结合控制冷却的热模拟轧制工艺,获得不同贝氏体含量及形态的细晶铁素体贝氏体双相钢。通过显微组织观察及力学性能测试,考察了第二相贝氏体特征对双相钢室温拉伸变形行为的影响。研究结果表明,形变后快速冷却可获得无碳板条状贝氏体,较慢的冷速或在贝氏体转变区保温处理可获得粒状贝氏体。贝氏体体积分数大于20%左右的细晶铁素体/贝氏体双相钢具有低的屈服强度,高的抗拉强度,高的伸长率,低屈强比以及连续屈服特性。屈服强度既与铁素体晶粒尺寸相关,也与贝氏体形态和数量相关。板条贝氏体引起的屈服强度提高大于粒状贝氏体,粒状贝氏体具有比板条贝氏体更好的塑性。     

Effects of Ti, V, and rare earth on the mechanical properties of austempered high silicon cast steel

The microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered high silicon cast steel pro and after treating with a modifier containing titanium, vanadium, and rare earth metals (so-called Ti-V-RE modifier) and austempered at different temperatures are investigated. The results show that the dendritic austempered structure and the blocky retained austenite are reduced after treating with the Ti-V-RE modifier. The modification can obviously improve the mechanical properties of austempered high silicon cast steel. The austempering temperature at which the optimum impact toughness is obtained shifts from about 320 °C for the steel unmodified to about 360 °C for the steel modified. High impact toughness is obtained in austempered high silicon cast steel high silicon cast steel when the retained austenite amount is about 15 to 25 pct for the modified steel and 20 to 35 pct for the unmodified steel.     

基于动态相变的热轧Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢组织及性能

通过单轴热压缩试验,结合扫描电镜以及X射线衍射技术,研究了动态相变前奥氏体晶粒状态对基于动态相变的热轧Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢复相组织状态及力学性能的影响.与动态相变前奥氏体晶粒为等轴状条件下相比,动态相变前奥氏体晶粒为拉长状条件下,动态相变得到的铁素体转变量较大,最终复相组织中贝氏体含量较少且团径较小,马氏体含量较少,但对残余奥氏体含量及其含碳量影响不明显.与不含微合金化元素的基于动态相变的热轧TRIP钢相比,Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度明显提高,而延伸率有所降低.     

残留奥氏体对微纳贝氏体钢塑韧性的影响

采用高碳和中碳低温贝氏体转变工艺（095C钢为200℃等温10d,030C钢为320℃等温1d）研究了残留奥氏体对微纳结构钢塑韧性的影响,对不同试样的显微组织、各相体积分数、伸长率和冲击韧性进行观察、检测和分析。试验结果表明,中碳钢贝氏体转变的塑韧性明显高于高碳钢贝氏体转变,主要原因是中碳钢贝氏体转变中存在一定的亚微米级薄膜状残留奥氏体,在拉伸或冲击过程中引起的残留奥氏体的塑性变形,使断裂的能量增加,可以显著提高样品的塑韧性。     

基于热膨胀法与相体积计算模型研究连铸坯冷却过程中奥氏体相变行为

采用热膨胀仪测试研究了Q450NQR1钢连铸坯5℃·min^-1及20℃·min^-1冷却速率下的线性热膨胀(ΔL/L₀)和热膨胀系数随温度的变化规律.在此基础上,建立了一种基于平均原子体积的相体积计算模型,量化研究了奥氏体相变过程中各相体积分数的变化规律,并在将计算结果与显微组织观察结果对比分析基础上,讨论了连铸冷却速率对铸坯奥氏体相变过程的影响.结果表明:该计算模型可以较为准确地描述铸坯的奥氏体相变过程,适用于多相连续析出相变;随着冷却速率的增大,铸坯热膨胀曲线中对应于铁素体和珠光体析出的两个变化峰向低温区移动,峰值明显增大;冷却速率由5℃·min^-1上升至20℃·min^-1时,铁素体及珠光体起始析出温度分别降低约32℃和37℃,最终体积分数分别由0.894和0.106变为0.945和0.055.     

AM对低碳贝氏体钢等温相变和显微组织的影响

摘要：设计了马氏体起始相变温度（Ms）以上和以下5个不同温度等温淬火实验,研究了Ms以上和以下温度等温淬火对低碳贝氏体钢组织和相变动力学的影响。结果表明,试样在Ms以下等温淬火时,保温前生成的先马氏体（AM）显著缩短了等温贝氏体相变孕育期,加速贝氏体形核,细化贝氏体组织。然而,Ms以下等温淬火时,总的等温贝氏体相变动力学与先马氏体的体积分数（fAM）有很大关系,当fAM较低时,AM的形成缩短了贝氏体相变孕育期,加速了贝氏体相变,当fAM过高时,又阻碍贝氏体相变,延长贝氏体总的相变时间。最后,采用Austin Rickett(AR)和Johnson Mehl Avrami Kolgomorov(JMAK)动力学模型对等温贝氏体相变动力学进行分析,结果表明,与AR模型相比,JMAK模型更适用于本研究的实验结果。     

Effect of bainite on the mechanical properties of dual-phase steels

The bainite-martensite-ferrite steels (tri-phase steels) were made in the laboratory by intercritical annealing, bainite transformation and oil quenching in sequence. With bainite inclusions, ductility was improved substantially without significant reduction of tensile strength. The ductility increase was found to be due to large deformation after necking and increased work-hardening.     

Transformation of retained austenite in carburized 4320 steel

A systematic study of stress-induced and thermal-induced transformation of retained austenite in carburized 4320 steel with an initial retained austenite of 35 pct has been conducted. The transformation was monitored by recording the change in volume of smooth fatigue specimens. Stress-induced transformation was studied by conducting monotonic and cyclic tests at temperatures in the range from 22 °C to 150 °C. The volumetric transformation strain was as large as 0.006 at 22 °C. The anisotropy of the transformation was such that the axial transformation strain component exceeded the diametral transformation strain component by a factor of 1.4. Thermal-induced transformation was investigated with temperature stepup tests in the range from 150 °C to 255 °C at constant stress (-500 MPa, 0 MPa, and 500 MPa) and with static tests where temperature was held constant at zero load. The maximum thermal-induced volumetric transformation strain of 0.006 was independent of stress. However, the anisotropy of the transformation strain components was dependent on stress direction and magnitude. An axial tensile stress increased the axial transformation strain relative to the diametral transformation strain. The influence of low-temperature creep(T = 150 °C) on the anisotropy of strains is noted. The differences between stress-induced and thermal-induced transformation mechanisms are discussed. Thermal-induced transformation primarily occurred at temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C, with the rate of transformation increasing with temperature, while the stress-induced transformation primarily occurred at 22 °C, with the rate of transformation decreasing with increasing temperature. There was no stress-induced transformation above 60 °C.     

Effect of pearlite on the vibration-fracture behavior of spheroidal graphite cast irons under resonant conditions

This investigation examined the effect of pearlite on the vibration-fracture behavior of spheroidal graphite (SG) cast irons under resonant conditions. The experimental materials can be divided into four groups, according to their pearlite content. They are (1) a fully pearlitic matrix, (2) a bull’s-eye structure, (3) a colony-type pearlitic structure, and (4) a fully ferritic matrix. Experimental results indicated that the variation of pearlite content significantly affects the initial deflection amplitude. Increasing the amount of pearlite in the matrix leads to a lower logarithmic decrement and, thus, reduces the deflection amplitude. Moreover, the distribution and amount of pearlite considerably influence the crack-propagation mode. The specimen with a bull’s-eye structure exhibits the highest resonant-vibration fracture resistance. This can be attributed to the lower initial deflection amplitude caused by the ferrite rim around graphite particles and the better crack-propagation resistance of the surrounding pearlite.