6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺窗口的研究

目的提高6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的质量,确定合适的工艺参数范围。方法设计3种不同的搅拌头进行焊接,分析接头拉伸强度与组织性能,并根据试验结果建立工艺窗口,选择合适的轴肩尺寸及工艺参数范围。结果随着轴肩尺寸减小,焊缝宽度、金属流动性、热力影响区面积均减小,在较大的焊接速度及较小的搅拌头转速下,焊缝底部出现缺陷;采用轴肩直径小的搅拌头进行焊接,在一定焊接参数范围内,焊接接头的拉伸强度得到提高;随着轴肩直径减小,焊核区晶粒组织细化,材料变形程度减小;由建立的工艺窗口可知,当轴肩尺为9 mm时,可选择的参数范围最大。结论焊接时采用小尺寸轴肩,可以在搅拌头行走速度更低、转速更大的情况下,仍然可以保持合理产热量,使接头性能得到提高。     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

复合板材搅拌摩擦焊接的探讨

以厚度为3mm和10mm的聚四氟乙烯板(简称PTFE)和LC4铝合金板作材料,用搅拌摩擦焊(简称FSW)法焊接是一种新的探索.试验中采用不同的工艺参数,如焊接行走速度、搅拌头材料与形状、搅拌头旋转速度和倾斜角度,用图像分析仪等对试样的焊接区进行分析,探索工艺参数对焊接质量的影响.结果表明:焊接工艺参数和搅拌头材料、形状都会影响焊接质量;用搅拌摩擦焊的方法可使聚四氟乙烯和铝合金LC4焊接.     

钛铝异质材料插销增强搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织与力学性能

目的开发一种无针搅拌头,以解决传统搅拌摩擦焊产生的匙孔和Hook缺陷问题。方法钛板预制通孔,铝板预制盲孔,插销置于孔中,进行搅拌摩擦点焊。采用无针搅拌头对厚度为2mm的TC1钛合金板和厚度为4 mm的2A12铝合金板(钛上铝下)进行了异种金属搭接搅拌摩擦点焊试验,试验采用旋转速度为950 r/min,焊接时间为100 s,下压量为0.2 mm的工艺参数,对焊接接头的抗拉剪力及接头组织进行评估。结果添加插销获得的焊接接头,钛、铝板与销之间实现固相连接,有效解决了有针搅拌摩擦焊产生的匙孔和Hook缺陷问题,且接头的抗拉剪力达到了6.42 kN。结论提出的插销增强搅拌摩擦点焊的新方法,采用的搅拌头具有较低的制造成本,工艺简单,提高了焊接效率,同时确保了焊接接头的质量。     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊接质量的影响

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了在焊接参数不同的情况下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中力学特征的变化．数值模拟结果和试验结果都表明,等效塑性应变能近似地反映焊接构件焊缝区域材料显微结构的演化,较高的搅拌头转速和较低的焊速有利于提高焊缝的质量．焊接构件特定的等效塑性应变等值线可以较好的对应不同焊接区域的边界．随着搅拌头转速的提高,等效塑性应变随之增大,但搅拌探针与焊接构件交界面上的接触压力随之减小．等效塑性应变随着搅拌头平移速度的增大而减小．     

率相关材料在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的行为分析

为研究金属粘性效应时的搅拌摩擦焊接材料流动行为,采用率相关本构描述搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料行为,并与非率相关材料模型的计算结果进行了对比.结果显示,由于考虑了金属的粘性效应.用率相关材料模型模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程能更好地反映材料流动行为的本质.在搅拌摩擦焊接中,材料沿搅拌头切向方向的运动构成了搅拌摩擦焊接构件材料流动的主要形式.焊接构件-搅拌头接触面上的接触压力在搅拌头前方较大,在搅拌头后方较小,这一规律在率相关模型中更为明显.搅拌头前方材料在搅拌头的挤压之下向远离搅拌头的方向运动,而搅拌头后方的材料要填充由于搅拌头的移动而留下的空间,这一过程是保证搅拌摩擦焊接顺利完成的一个主要因素.因此,用率相关模型模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料力学行为更为接近真实情况.     

搅拌摩擦焊温度场研究进展

自1991年英国焊接研究所(TWI)发明了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)以来,许多学者对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场分布进行了大量的研究。随着人们对搅拌摩擦焊接物理机制的深入了解,描述其温度场分布的模型也越来越精确,由最初仅考虑摩擦产热,发展到综合考虑摩擦产热和材料塑性变形产热,近年来一些研究者更是尝试建立热力耦合的模型来描述其温度场分布。简要叙述了关于搅拌摩擦焊温度场研究的发展历程及研究现状。     

2A12铝合金筋板件T型搅拌摩擦焊工艺及焊后热处理

为评价2A12铝合金筋板件搅拌摩擦焊工艺并探寻提高接头强度的途径,进行了2A12铝合金筋板件的T型搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺试验,并对不同人工时效热处理下焊接接头的微观组织及性能进行了研究.研究表明:采用T型搅拌摩擦焊即可实现2A12铝合金筋板件的成形,当搅拌头旋转速度为750 r/min、焊接速度60mm/min时,接头的抗...     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法研究综述

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊技术广泛运用于航空航天、汽车、船舶等制造领域,在国防工业的发展中扮演着重要角色,而超声波检测技术在对搅拌摩擦焊接头质量评估和控制方面起着不可或缺的作用。综述了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法。介绍了接头缺陷的复杂多样的特点,分别阐述了超声检测A信号分析,超声C扫检测和超声相控阵检测方法在搅拌摩擦焊缺陷检测的应用,并介绍了3种检测方法检测能力,明确了搅拌摩擦焊缺陷超声检测尚需解决的突出问题并展望了未来研究的发展方向。     

铝合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能研究

目的探究超声振动对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的作用效果。方法分别采用普通搅拌摩擦焊和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊方法,对7075铝合金进行焊接试验,并对焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能、断口形貌进行分析。结果普通搅拌摩擦焊焊缝中生成了隧道型缺陷,施加超声振动后,缺陷消失,形成了无缺陷的良好接头,且与普通搅拌摩擦焊相比,超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊焊缝热影响区晶粒长大程度较小,焊核晶粒细化。接头强度明显提高,达到铝合金母材强度的71.5%,接头断裂模式为韧窝和准解理的混合断裂形式。结论超声振动促进了塑性金属的流动,能有效抑制孔洞、隧道型缺陷等的形成,同时超声振动能在提升金属塑性的同时,降低焊缝的热输入。     

Investigations on the effects of friction stir welding parameters on intermetallic and defect formation in joining aluminum alloy to mild steel

Joints of Al 5186 to mild steel were performed by using friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The effects of various FSW parameters such as tool traverse speed, plunge depth, tilt angle and tool pin geometry on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), tunnel formation and tensile strength of joints were investigated. At low welding speeds due to the formation of thick IMCs (which was characterized as Al₆Fe and Al₅Fe₂) in the weld zone the tensile strength of joints was very poor. Even at low welding speeds the tunnel defect was formed. As the welding speed increased, the IMCs decreased and the joint exhibited higher tensile strength. The tunnel defect could not be avoided by using cylindrical 4 mm and 3 mm pin diameter. By using a standard threaded M3 tool pin the tunnel was avoided and a bell shape nugget formed. Therefore tensile strength of the joint increased to 90% of aluminum base alloy strength. At higher welding speed and lower tool plunge depth, the joint strength decreased due to lack of bonding between aluminum and steel. Based on the findings, a FSW window has been developed and presented.     

Dual-Rotation Speed Friction Stir Welding: Experimentation and Modeling

Implementing differential rotation speeds of pin and shoulder in the friction stir welding process is considered. Experimental investigations were carried out using a newly designed and fabricated apparatus for dual-rotation speed friction stir welding. Metallographic studies demonstrated that appropriate selection of separate pin and the shoulder rotation speeds not only results in defect-free joints, but also affects the weld zone by controlling the heat input delivered. An energy model for predicting maximum temperature was extended to the dual-rotation speed friction stir process. The model was verified using the previous experimental results reported in the literature.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy Joints by Self-support Friction Stir Welding

The majority of this research has concentrated on developing the self-support friction stir welding（SSFSW） tool which consists of a big concave upper shoulder and a small convex lower shoulder, and procedures for making reliable welds in aluminum hollow extrusion. The 5-mm-thick 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was self-support friction stir welded at a constant tool rotation speed of 800 r/min. The effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results of transverse tensile test indicated that the tensile strength of joints increased and the elongation decreased with increasing welding speed. The whole values of microhardness of SSFSW joints increased with increasing welding speed from 10 to 200 mm/min. The defectfree joints were obtained at lower welding speeds and the tensile fracture was located at the heat-affected zone（HAZ） adjacent to the thermo-mechanically affected zone（TMAZ） on the advancing side. The investigation of the flow pattern of the softened metal around the SSFSW tool revealed that the flow pattern of the softened metal was driven by two shoulders and the stir pin. The failure of specimens in tension presented the ductile fracture mode.     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on macrostructure and static strength in friction stir spot welded polyethylene sheets

The effect of important welding parameters and tool properties that are effective on static strength in friction stir spot welds of polyethylene sheets were studied. Six different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, square and hexagonal) with different shoulder geometries, different pin length, pin angle and concavity angle were used to fabricate the joints. The tool rotational speed, tool plunge depth and dwell time were determined welding parameters. All the welding operations were done at the room temperature. Welding force and welding zone material temperature measurements were also done. Lap-shear tests were carried out to find the weld static strength. Weld cross section appearance observations were also done. From the experiments, the effect of pin profile, pin length, pin angle, dwell time and tool rotational speed on friction stir spot welding formation and weld strength was determined.     

A temperature dependent slip factor based thermal model for friction stir welding of stainless steel

This paper proposes a new slip factor based three-dimensional thermal model to predict the temperature distribution during friction stir welding of 304L stainless steel plates. The proposed model employs temperature and radius dependent heat source to study the thermal cycle, temperature distribution, power required, the effect of process parameters on heat generation per mm length of the weld and peak temperature during the friction stir welding process. Simulations of friction stir welding process were carried out on 304L stainless steel workpieces for various rotational and welding speeds. The predicted thermal cycle, power required and temperature distributions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The heat generation per mm length of weld and peak temperature were found to be directly proportional to rotational speed and inversely proportional to welding speed. The rate of increase in heat generation per mm length of the weld and peak temperature are found to be higher at lower rotational speeds and lower at higher rotational speed. The heat generation during friction stir welding was found to be 80.8 % at shoulder, 16.1 % at pin side and 3.1 % at the bottom of the pin.     

The simulation of material behaviors in friction stir welding process by using rate-dependent constitutive model

Friction stir welding is a new solid state joining technology, which is suitable for joining some hard-to-weld materials, such as aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, etc. The modeling of material flows can provide an efficient method for the investigation on the mechanism of friction stir welding. So, 3D material flows under different process parameters in the FSW process of 1018 steel are studied by using rate-dependent constitutive model. Numerical results indicate that the border of the shoulder can affect the material flow near the shoulder–plate interface. The mixture of the material in the lower half of the friction stir weld can benefit from the increase in the angular velocity or the decrease in the welding speed. But flaws may occur when the angular velocity is very high or the translational velocity is very small. When the angular velocity applied on the pin is small or the welding speed is high, the role of the extrusion of pin on transport of the material in FSW becomes more important. Swirl or vortex occurs in the tangent material flow and may be easier to be observed with the increase in the angular velocity of the pin.     

铝合金薄板搭接高速 FSW 缺陷及断裂行为

目的 为了拓展搅拌摩擦焊技术应用,对薄板搭接结构高速搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化与工程应用提供 借鉴与指导。方法 采用圆锥无螺纹搅拌针,进行了 6061 铝合金薄板搭接高速搅拌摩擦焊接,对接头界 面缺陷及其断裂模式进行分析,探讨了转速对 6061 铝合金薄板搭接接头成形及性能的影响规律。结果 发现在无螺纹圆锥搅拌针、高转速（6000~9000 r/min）条件下,接头塑性金属在后退侧易形成飞边流出, 导致下板前进侧出现孔洞缺陷,且随转速增大,界面缺陷尺寸逐渐增大,当转速达到 10 000 r/min 时, 孔洞尺寸有所减小,此时接头拉剪强度最高,为 123 MPa。对试样拉剪断裂位置分析发现,高速搭接接 头断裂位置主要有两种,分别断裂在结合界面处或在前进侧下板,且转速在 9000 r/min 以上越趋向于在 结合界面断裂。结论 高转速搭接焊接必须协调轴肩相貌、焊接工装约束等条件,保证接头塑性金属充 分流动而不流失,才能获得成形良好无缺陷的接头。