共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Nano-keggin-K3PMo12O40 was synthesized, characterized by FT-IR, XRD and TEM, and then used in catalytic aquathermolysis of extra-heavy oil for the first time. The results evidently showed a viscosity reduction by 92.3% for the extra-heavy oil Zhen 411 at 280 °C, and by 80% and 90% in viscosity reduction for the extra-heavy oil G540 at 200 °C and 280 °C, with 9.25% and 11.69% in conversions of heavy to light content, respectively. To evaluate the performance, the structure and group composition of the heavy oil before and after the reaction were tested and analyzed by TLC-FID, FT-IR, GC-FID, 1H NMR, EL and GC-MS. It was found that changes in oxygen-containing groups mainly happen during the catalytic aquathermolysis. 相似文献
2.
Hanning Li 《Fuel》2011,90(1):412-420
Raw iron ore has been investigated for use as a catalyst in direct liquefaction of peat into bio-crude by supercritical water treatment. The liquefaction treatments were conducted at temperatures from 350 °C to 500 °C for a residence time from 10 min to 4 h. The supercritical water treatment of peat with the iron ore generally resulted in 19-40 wt% yield of heavy oil (HO) that has a higher heating value (HHV) of 30-37 MJ/kg. An increase in the operating temperature generally increased gas yield and decreased oil and char yields, while a maximum HO formation was observed at around 400 °C. At 400 °C for a residence time of 2 h, the addition of the raw iron ore in the operation produced HO at a very high yield of about 40 wt%, nearly doubling that of the treatment without catalyst. An increase of water-to-peat ratio led to enhanced formation of HO products, accompanied by a decrease in gas or char yield. The optimal reaction time appeared to be 2 h for the maximum HO production, and a longer residence time than 2 h generally led to a decrease in HO yield but an increase in gas yield. Compared with the raw iron ore, its H2-reduced form and two synthesized iron-based catalysts (FeOOH and Fe2O3) all showed a lower activity for HO production. Some conventional biomass liquefaction catalysts (i.e., KOH, FeCl3 and FeSO4) showed negligible or even negative effects on the HO yield, while these catalysts were found very active for promoting the gas yields and hydrogen formation. 相似文献
3.
A layered double hydroxide (LDH) hydrotalcite-pyroaurite solid-solution series Mg3(AlxFe1 − x)(CO3)0.5(OH)8 with 1 − x = 0.0, 0.1……1.0 was prepared by co-precipitation at 23 ± 2 °C and pH = 11.40 ± 0.03. The compositions of the solids and the reaction solutions were determined using ICP-OES (Mg, Al, Fe, and Na) and TGA techniques (CO32−, OH−, and H2O). Powder X-ray diffraction was employed for phase identification and determination of the unit cell parameters ao and co from peak profile analysis. The parameter ao = bo was found to be a linear function of the composition. This dependency confirms Vegard's law and indicates the presence of a continuous solid-solution series in the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite system. TGA data show that the temperatures at which interlayer H2O molecules and CO32− anions are lost, and at which dehydroxylation of the layers occurs, all decrease with increasing mole fraction of iron within the hydroxide layers.Features of the Raman spectra also depend on the iron content. The absence of Raman bands for Fe-rich members (xFe > 0.5) is attributed to possible fluorescence phenomena.Based on chemical analysis of both the solids and the reaction solutions after synthesis, preliminary Gibbs free energies of formation have been estimated. Values of ΔG°f(hydrotalcite) = − 3773.3 ± 51.4 kJ/mol and ΔG°f(pyroaurite) = − 3294.5 ± 95.8 kJ/mol were found at 296.15 K. The formal uncertainties of these formations constants are very high. Derivation of more precise values would require carefully designed solubility experiments and improved analytical techniques. 相似文献
4.
The oxidation and reduction of carbonate, GR(CO3), and sulphate, GR(SO4), green rusts (GR) have been studied through electrochemical techniques, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), FTIR, XRD and SEM. The used samples were made of thin films electrodeposited on gold substrate. The results from the present work, from our previous studies and from literature were compiled in order to establish a general scheme for the formation and transformation pathways involving carbonate or sulphate green rusts. Depending on experimental conditions, two routes of redox transformations occur. The first one corresponds to reaction via solution and leads to the formation of ferric products such as goethite or lepidocrocite (oxidation) or to the release of FeII ions into the solution (reduction) with soluble FeII-FeIII complexes acting as intermediate species. The second way is solid-state reaction that involve conversion of lattice Fe2+ into Fe3+ and deprotonation of OH groups in octahedra sheets (solid-state oxidation) or conversion of lattice Fe3+ into Fe2+ and protonation of OH groups (solid-state reduction). The solid-state oxidation implies the complete transformation of GR(CO3) or GR(SO4) to ferric oxyhydroxycarbonate exGRc-Fe(III) or ferric oxyhydroxysulphate exGRs-Fe(III), for which the following formulas can be proposed, FeIII6(OH)(12−2y)(O)(2+y)(H2O)(y)(CO3) or FeIII6(OH)(12−2z)(O)(2+z)(H2O)(6+z)(SO4) with 0 ≤ y or z ≤ 2. The solid-state reduction gives ferrous hydroxycarbonate exGRc-Fe(II) or ferrous hydroxysulphate exGRs-Fe(II), which may have the following chemical formulas, [FeII6(OH)10(H2O)2]·[CO3, 2H2O] or [FeII6(OH)10(H2O)2]·[SO4, 8H2O]. 相似文献
5.
FeTi alloy was prepared by a vacuum smelting method, iron titanium oxide nanotube arrays have been made directly by anodization of the FeTi alloy. Morphologies and microstructures of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. Influences of temperature and H2O concentration on the morphologies of the nanotube arrays have been discussed in detail. Magnetic properties of the samples have also been investigated. The as-prepared samples were amorphous. When annealed at 500 °C and 550 °C, pesudobrookite Fe2TiO5 was obtained. At 600 °C, there were mixed Fe2TiO5, rutile TiO2, and α-Fe2O3. Magnetic performance of the nanotube arrays exhibited high sensitivity to temperature and changed interestingly upon annealing. The values of the coercivity and remanence were 340 Oe and 0.061 emu/g respectively for the sample annealed at 550 °C. 相似文献
6.
Compositional changes of the residual iron compounds in isothermally treated catalytic chemical vapor deposition derived multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been monitored using 57Fe transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The iron phases entrapped in the as-synthesized carbon nanotubes consist of γ-iron, α-iron, Fe3C and Fe1−xS. The Fe1−xS phase decomposes completely around 1500 °C while the iron carbide phase decomposes in the temperature range of 1500-2400 °C. The obtained apparent activation energy of ca. 76 kcal/mol suggests that the entrapped iron was removed via a diffusion process during thermal treatment. 相似文献
7.
Heon Jung Jung Hoon Yang Ho-Tae Lee Dong Hyun Chun Hak-Joo Kim 《Fuel Processing Technology》2010,91(12):1839-1844
A bench scale slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) with active-Fe based catalyst was developed for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. Considering the highly exothermic reaction heat generated in the bench scale SBCR, an effective cooling system was devised consisting of a U-type dip tube submerged in the reactor. Also, the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were controlled so as to achieve high activity for the CO conversion and liquid oil (C5+) production. Firstly, the FTS performance of the FeCuK/SiO2 catalyst in the SBCR under reaction conditions of 265 °C, 2.5 MPa, and H2/CO = 1 was investigated. The CO conversion and liquid oil (C5+) productivity in the reaction were 88.6% and 0.226 g/gcat-h, respectively, corresponding to a liquid oil (C5+) production rate of 0.03 bbl/day. To investigate the FTS reaction behavior in the bench scale SBCR, the effects of the space velocity and superficial velocity of the synthesis gas and reaction temperature were also studied. The liquid oil production rate increased up to 0.057 bbl/day with increasing space velocity from 2.61 to 3.92 SL/h-gFe and it was confirmed that the SBCR bench system developed in this research precisely simulated the FTS reaction behavior reported in the small scale slurry reactor. 相似文献
8.
Oxidation of dibenzothiphene (DBT) in model oil with H2O2 using surfactant-type decatungstates Q4W10O32 (Q = (CH3)3NC16H33, (CH3)3NC14H29, (CH3)3NC12H25 and (CH3)3NC10H21) as catalysts was studied. The surfactant-type decatungstates were synthesized and characterized. The suitable reaction condition of deep desulfurization was suggested: n(DBT):n(catalyst):n(H2O2) = 1:0.01:3, 60 °C for 0.5 h, under which the DBT conversion can reach 99.6% with [(CH3)3NC16H33]4W10O32 as catalyst. The length of carbon chains of quaternary ammonium cations played a vital role in the catalytic activity of surfactant-type decatungstates, that is, the longer the carbon chain of quaternary ammonium cation of a catalyst was, the better the activity of this catalyst showed. [(CH3)3NC16H33]4W10O32 exhibited the best catalytic performance and can be recycled for six times without significant decrease in catalytic activity. Using benzothiphene (BT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiphene (4,6-DMDBT) as substrates in model oil, surfactant-type decatungstates also showed high catalytic activity. During desulfurization process, BT conversion can reach 99.6% at 3.25 h, while 99.4% of 4,6-DMDBT conversion reached at 1.25 h, with the temperature of 60 °C under atmospheric pressure. The sulfone can be separated from the oil using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as an extractant, and the sulfur content can be lowered from 1000 to 4 ppm. For real diesel, the sulfur removal can reach 93.5% after five times extraction. 相似文献
9.
Mingwang Shao 《Carbon》2004,42(1):183-185
Carbon nanotubes were synthesized via a novel route using an iron catalyst at the extremely low temperature of 180 °C. In this process, carbon suboxide was used as carbon source, which changed to freshly formed free carbon clusters through disproportionation. The carbon clusters can grow into nanotubes in the presence of Fe catalyst, which was obtained by the decomposition of iron carbonyl Fe2(CO)9 at 250 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The products were characterized with XRD, TEM, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. 相似文献
10.
The influence of poisoning of Pt catalyst by CO on the kinetics and mechanism of H2 oxidation reaction (HOR) at Pt/C electrode in 0.5 mol dm−3 HClO4, saturated with H2 containing 100 ppm CO, was examined with rotating disc electrode (RDE) at 22 °C. Commercial carbon black, Vulcan XC-72 was used as support, while Pt/C catalyst was prepared by modified polyol synthesis method in an ethylene glycol (EG) solution. The kinetically controlled current (Ik) for the HOR at Pt/C decreases significantly at CO coverage (ΘCO) > 0.6. For ΘCO < 0.6 the HOR takes place through Tafel-Volmer mechanism with Tafel reaction as rate-determining step at the low CO coverage, while Volmer step controls the overall reaction rate at the medium CO coverage. When CO coverage is higher then 0.6, Heyrovsky-Volmer mechanism is operative for the HOR with Heyrovsky as the rate-determining step (rds). 相似文献
11.
Carbon supported RuSex (x = 0.35-2) catalysts of controlled stoichiometry and phase are synthesized via precipitating ruthenium nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72R, then selenizing ruthenium with hydrogen annealing. The competition for Se between solid-state Ru selenization and volatile selenium hydride formation results in RuSex nanoparticles with the pyrite structure, the Ru hcp structure, or a mixture of the two. These catalysts are methanol tolerant, and catalytically active toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). RuSex/C (x ≅ 2) with a pyrite structure, produced at 400 °C, exhibits catalytic activity and stability superior to that of RuSex/C with a ruthenium hcp structure or a mixed phase. And this pyrite RuSex/C (x ≅ 2) catalyst yields H2O2 less than 1.5% in the technically pertinent potential range of 0.4-0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Its stability is verified in 100 CV cycles, which shows that the catalyst annealed at 400 °C is more enduring in potential cycling over 0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), compared with the RuSex/C catalyst annealed at 300 °C and the RuSecluster/C reference catalyst prepared by thermolysis of Ru3(CO)12. After CV cycles, the 400 °C-annealed catalyst still exhibits a higher ORR activity than the other two catalysts. 相似文献
12.
Toshimitsu Suzuki Osamu Yamada Yasuhiko Takahashi Yoshihisa Watanabe 《Fuel Processing Technology》1985,10(1):33-43
Hydroliquefaction of low-sulfur Australian coals (Wandoan and Yallourn) was studied using iron carbonyl complexes as catalyst. The addition of Fe(CO)5 (2.8 wt% Fe of coal) increased coal conversion from 48.6 to 85.2% for Wandoan coal, and from 36.7 to 69.7% for Yallourn coal in 1-methylnaphthalene at 425°C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 50 kg cm?2. When molecular sulfur was added to iron carbonyls (Fe(CO)5, Fe2(CO)9 and Fe3(CO)12), higher coal converions ( > 92%) and higher oil yields (>46%) were obtained, along with an increase in the amount of hydrogen transferred to coal from the gas phase (0.2 to 2.8%, d.a.f. coal basis). In the liquefaction studies using a hydrogen donor solvent, tetralin, Fe(CO)5S catalyst increased the amount of hydrogen absorbed from the gaseous phase and decreased the amount of naphthalene dehydrogenated from tetralin. The direct hydrogen transfer reaction from molecular hydrogen to coal fragment radicals seems to be a major reaction pathway. Organic sulfur compounds, dimethyldisulfide and benzothiophene, and inorganic FeS2 and NiS were found to be good sulfur sources to Fe(CO)5. From X-ray diffraction analyses of liquefaction residues, it is concluded that Fe(CO)5 was converted into pyrrhotite (Fe1?xS) when sulfur was present, but into Fe3O4 in the absence of sulfur. 相似文献
13.
Application of the Shvo catalyst in homogeneous hydrogenation of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis of white poplar: New mild upgrading conditions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Upgrading of bio-oils obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomasses requires the development of efficient catalysts able to work under mild conditions and to cope with the complex chemical nature of the reactant. The present work focuses on the use of the ruthenium based Shvo homogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of model mixtures (vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, methylacetophenone, glycolaldehyde, acetol, acetic acid) and of a real bio-oil. The hydrogenation of model compounds has been investigated both in mono- and biphasic mixtures under a P(H2) = 10 atm in the temperature range of 90-145 °C varying the substrate to catalyst molar ratio from 2000:1 to 200:1. Employing the most active reaction conditions (substrate/catalyst 200:1, T = 145 °C, P(H2) = 10 atm) the Shvo catalyst maintains its performances under acidic “bio-oil conditions” leading to the almost quantitative conversion of the polar double bonds within 1 h. The activity of the Shvo catalyst was also investigated for the hydrogenation of a bio-oil from poplar in solvent free conditions. Hydrogenation deeply changed the chemical nature of the pyrolysis oil. Aldehydes, ketones and non-aromatic double bonds were almost totally hydrogenated. The catalytic system also promoted the hydrolysis of sugar oligomers into monomers. 相似文献
14.
Highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using chloroaluminate ionic liquid as catalyst 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The novel efficient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of biodiesel. The chloroaluminate ionic liquid has been selected for the synthesis of biodiesel. The catalyst was very efficient for the reaction with the yield of 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under the conditions of [Et3NH]Cl-AlCl3 (x(AlCl3) = 0.7), soybean oil 5 g, methanol 2.33 g, 9 h, 70 °C. Operational simplicity, low cost of the catalyst used, high yields, no saponification and reusability are the key features of this methodology. 相似文献
15.
A heavy crude oil was characterized in view of the recent commercial exploitation of Doba oilfield in landlocked Chad from where the crude oil is extracted and expected to be routed to the Atlantic shore through pipeline transportation. The elemental composition of Doba feedstocks is 86.25% C, 12.10% H, 0.25% N, 0.14% S and 1.16% O. Atmospheric distillation indicated an initial boiling point at 85 °C, a 10 vol% fraction distilling before 250 °C and an onset of crude thermal cracking at 300 °C. Crude API gravity is 18.8° API, corresponding to a specific gravity of 0.94 at 15.6 °C. The Doba crude oil was found to exhibit non-elastic purely viscous Newtonian behavior over the temperature range typical of crude transportation by pipeline. The crude was fractionated into 97.4% maltenes (n-pentane solubles), 1.8% asphaltenes (n-pentane insolubles), and 0.1% toluene insolubles. The maltenes were subsequently split into four sub-fractions: 45.0±1.2% saturates (MF1), 11.0±0.3% mono and diaromatics (MF2), 26.8±1.2% polyaromatics (MF3), and 12.8±0.8% polars (MF4). FT-IR characterization and proton nuclear magnetic resonance identification of the maltenic and asphaltenic fractions provided evidence of the chemical nature of the different fractions. The high values of the kinematic viscosity of crude oil (184.4cSt at 50 °C) and deasphalted crude oil (152.4cSt at 50 °C) suggest that partially upgrading the oil would be necessary to comply with the viscosity specifications recommended for crude transportation by pipeline. 相似文献
16.
Elecrochemical ATR-FTIRAS measurements were conducted for the first time to investigate nature of CO adsorbed under potential control on a highly dispersed Pt catalyst with average particle size of 2.6 nm supported on carbon black (Pt/C) and carbon un-supported Pt black catalyst (Pt-B). Each catalyst was uniformly dispersed by 10 μg Pt/cm2 and fixed by Nafion® film of 0.05 μm thick on a gold film chemically deposited on a Si ATR prism window. Adsorption of CO was conducted at 0.05 V on the catalysts in 1 and 100% CO atmospheres, for which CO coverage, θCO, was 0.69 and 1, respectively. Two well-defined ν(CO) bands free from band anomalies assigned to atop CO (CO(L)) and symmetrically bridge bonded CO (CO(B)sym.) were observed. It was newly found that the CO(L) band was spitted into two well-defined peaks, particularly in 1% CO, from very early stage of adsorption, which was interpreted in terms of simultaneous occupation of terrace and step-edge sites, denoted as CO(L)terrace and CO(L)edge, respectively. This simultaneous occupation was commonly observed in our work both on Pt/C and Pt-B. A new band was also observed around 1950 cm−1 in addition to the bands of CO(L) and CO(B)sym., which was assigned to asymmetric bridge CO, CO(B)asym., adsorbed on (1 0 0) terraces, based on our previous ECSTM observation of CO adsorption structures on (1 0 0) facet. The CO(B)asym. on the Pt/C, particularly in 100% CO atmosphere, results in growth of a sharp band at 3650 cm−1 accompanied by a concomitant development of a band around 3500 cm−1. The former and the latter are assigned to ν(OH) vibrations of non-hydrogen bonded and hydrogen bonded water molecules adsorbed on Pt, respectively, interpreted in term of results from a bond scission of the existing hydrogen bonded networks by CO(L)s and from a promotion of new hydrogen bonding among water molecules presumably by CO(B)asym..It was found that the frequency ν(CO) of CO(L) both on Pt/C and Pt-B is lower than that on bulky polycrystalline electrode Pt(poly) or different crystal planes of Pt single-crystal electrodes by 30-40 cm−1 at corresponding potentials, which implies a stronger electronic interaction between CO and Pt nano-particles and/or an increased contribution of step-edge sites on the particles. Determination of the band intensities of CO(L), CO(B)asym. and CO(B)sym. has led us to conclude a much higher bridged occupation of sites at Pt nano-particles than Pt(poly) electrodes. 相似文献
17.
A precipitated iron catalyst containing sulfur for Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis was prepared by means of a novel method using a ferrous sulfate as precursor. Both fixed bed reactor (FBR) and continues stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR) were used to test long-term F-T reaction behaviors over the catalyst. A stability test (1600 h) in FBR showed that the catalyst was active even after 1500 h of time-on-stream with CO conversion of 78% and with C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity of 72 wt% at 250 °C, 2.0 MPa, 2.0 NL/g-cat/h, and H2/CO=2.0. The test (550 h) in STSR indicated that the catalyst exhibited relatively high activity with CO conversion of 70-76% and C5+ selectivity of 83-86 wt% in hydrocarbon products under the conditions of 260 °C, 2.0 MPa, 2.0 NL/g-cat/h, and H2/CO=0.67. The deactivation rate of the catalyst was low, accompanied by surprisingly low methane selectivity of 2.0-2.9 wt%. It is shown that a small amount of sulfur (existing as SO42−) may promote the catalyst by increasing activity and improving the heavier hydrocarbon selectivity. It is also comparable with other typical iron catalysts for F-T synthesis. 相似文献
18.
The phase transition temperature and piezoelectric properties of x(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–y(Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3–z(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 [x + y + z = 1] (abbreviated as BNLKT100y–100z) ceramics were investigated. BNLKT100y–100z ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic fabrication. The depolarization temperature Td was determined by the temperature dependence of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties. This study focuses on the effect of Li1+ and K1+ ions on Td and the piezoelectric properties of BNT ceramics. BNLKT100y–100z (y = 0–0.08) has a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases at z = 0.18–0.20, and high piezoelectric properties were obtained at the MPB composition. The piezoelectric constant d33 increased with increasing y; however, Td decreased above y = 0.06. The d33 and Td values of BNLKT4-20 and BNLKT8-20 were 176 pC/N and 171 °C, and 190 pC/N and 115 °C, respectively. 相似文献
19.
The sulfur transformation during pyrolysis and gasification of Shenhua direct liquefaction residue was studied and the release of H2S and COS during the process was examined. For comparison, the sulfur transfer of Shenhua coal during pyrolysis and that of pyrolyzed char during gasification were also studied. The residue was pyrolyzed at 10 °C /min to 950 °C. During pyrolysis about 33.6% of sulfur was removed from the residue, among which 32.1% was formed H2S in gas and 1.5% was transferred into tar, 66.4% of the sulfur was remained in residue char. Compared with coal, the residue has generated more H2S due to presence of Fe1−xS which was enriched in residue during liquefaction process. There is a few COS produced at 400-500 °C during pyrolysis of coal, but it was not detected form pyrolysis of the residue. During CO2 gasification, compared with pyrolysis and steam gasification, there are more COS and less H2S formation, because CO could react with sulfide to form COS. During steam gasification only H2S was produced and no COS detected, because H2 has stronger reducibility to form H2S than CO. After steam gasification no sulfur was detected in the gasification residue. The XRD patterns show after steam gasification, only Fe3O4 is remained in the gasification residue. This indicates that the catalyst added during the liquefaction of coal completely reacted with steam, resulting in the formation of H2 and Fe3O4. 相似文献
20.
Ahmad Tavasoli Mariane Trépanier Reza M. Malek Abbaslou Ajay K. Dalai Nicolas Abatzoglou 《Fuel Processing Technology》2009
An extensive study of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-supported bimetallic cobalt/iron catalysts is reported. Up to 4 wt.% of iron is added to the 10 wt.% Co/CNT catalyst by co-impregnation. The physico-chemical properties, FTS activity and selectivity of the bimetallic catalysts were analyzed and compared with those of 10 wt.% monometallic cobalt and iron catalysts at similar operating conditions (H2/CO = 2:1 molar ratio, P = 2 MPa and T = 220 °C). The metal particles were distributed inside the tubes and the rest on the outer surface of the CNTs. For iron loadings higher than 2 wt.%, Co–Fe alloy was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. 0.5 wt.% of Fe enhanced the reducibility and dispersion of the cobalt catalyst by 19 and 32.8%, respectively. Among the catalysts studied, cobalt catalyst with 0.5% Fe showed the highest FTS reaction rate and percentage CO conversion. The monometallic iron catalyst showed the minimum FTS and maximum water–gas shift (WGS) rates. The monometallic cobalt catalyst exhibited high selectivity (85.1%) toward C5+ liquid hydrocarbons, while addition of small amounts of iron did not significantly change the product selectivity. Monometallic iron catalyst showed the lowest selectivity for 46.7% to C5+ hydrocarbons. The olefin to paraffin ratio in the FTS products increased with the addition of iron, and monometallic iron catalyst exhibited maximum olefin to paraffin ratio of 1.95. The bimetallic Co–Fe/CNT catalysts proved to be attractive in terms of alcohol formation. The introduction of 4 wt.% iron in the cobalt catalyst increased the alcohol selectivity from 2.3 to 26.3%. The Co–Fe alloys appear to be responsible for the high selectivity toward alcohol formation. 相似文献