上海城市生活垃圾分类与垃圾产业

上海作为一个发展迅速的国际大都市,在各行各业高速发展的同时,却面对日益增多的城市生活垃圾无 法有效处理的难题。如何改变这种现状,并实现垃圾资源的可重复利用,就成为一个亟待解决的问题。有 效实行城市生活垃圾分类收集是实现垃圾产业化的基础。垃圾产业化不仅能够有效解决垃圾的处理问 题,而且资源的回收和利用亦将成为垃圾产业的一大亮点。在垃圾产业发展的同时也为缓解社会就业压 力提供了可能。     

城市固体废弃物的流化床焚烧技术

结合我国城市固体废弃物的现状和固体废弃物的处理方法，系统地介绍了流化床焚烧技术，指出了发展流化床焚烧技术对城市固体废弃物“资源化，减量化和无害化”的重要性和必要性。     

有机垃圾厌氧发酵产氢技术研究进展

利用有机垃圾产氢的研究逐渐兴起,人们利用有机垃圾产氢既可以最大程度地使有机垃圾资源化,减少环境的污染,又可以通过无污染氢气的获得改善能源市场,缓解能源的压力。分析了国内外厌氧发酵产氢的技术现状;以厌氧发酵产氢的原理和机理入手,讨论微生物、发酵过程、过程参数等对产氢效率和速率的影响;最后还对厌氧发酵产氢的可行性进行研究。     

Oxygen Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste in a Fixed-bed Gasifier

abstract Four waste materials, paper, wood, textile and kitchen garbage, in municipal solid waste were gasified separately with oxygen in a fixed bed reactor. The yields of products char, tar and gas, ...     

利用废旧PE/PP制备木塑复合材料的研究

利用生活垃圾中分选出的废旧塑料进行复配挤出制成聚乙烯、聚丙烯塑料合金颗粒,通过接枝和偶联两种增容方法,与木纤维废物共混、热压制备新型增强塑木复合材料,并用生活垃圾中的废玻璃、废织物、废纸和废磁砖做增强填料。结果表明,加入KH570硅烷偶联剂的木塑复合材料在织物短纤维的增强作用下,力学性能指标最好,并利用热重分析和扫描电镜分别对不同木塑比例的复合材料的物相和微观形貌等特性进行了分析,由此提出了一种生活垃圾资源化利用的途径。     

稀土催化剂对城市生活垃圾热解制氢影响研究

文章探讨了稀土催化剂对城市生活垃圾热解制氢的影响。主要研究了在不同温度下稀土催化剂对生活垃圾热解制氢的影响规律以及稀土催化剂催化条件下对生活垃圾热解产气、产氢的改善效果。实验结果表明,在750~900℃范围内,使用稀土催化剂催化热解,产气量和氢气含量明显提升,但在800℃以上的温度区间有失活迹象,在800℃时,产氢量达到最大,此时产气量为0.82 L/g,氢气含量为31.8%。相对于不使用催化剂的热解过程,稀土催化剂对垃圾热解的产气量和氢气含量均有明显提升,尤其在800℃以下催化剂不失活的条件下,催化产氢效果改善显著。     

Plastics,Rubbers, and Textiles in Municipal Solid Waste in the United States

In 1996, 210 million tons of municipal solid waste was generated in the United States. Fifty-seven million tons of this waste was recovered for recycling, 36 million tons was combusted primarily for energy recovery, and the rest (110 million tons) of the waste was landfilled. In 1996, plastics, rubbers, and textiles accounted for 20% by weight and 41% by volume of the total municipal solid waste. Six percent (2 million tons) of plastics, rubbers, and textiles were recovered for recycling in 1996.     

Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Lignocellulosic Fiber and Plastic for Composite Industries

Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) generated each year contain potentially useful and recyclable materials for composites. Interest is high for the use of MSWs in composites, thus providing cost and environmental benefits. The main objective of this study was to show the potential of municipal solid waste materials for making wood plastic composites. The possibility of using recycled materials in the development of composites is very attractive, especially with respect to the large quantity of wood and plastic waste generated daily. Waste wood and paper can meet all the requirements in order to replace inorganic fillers in thermoplastic composites. Advantages associated with biocomposite products include lighter weight and improved acoustic, impact, and heat reformability properties—all at a cost less than that of comparable products made from plastics alone. In addition, these composites can possibly be reclaimed and recycled for the production of second-generation composites.     

城市污水中热能的回收

阐述城市污水在热能利用方面的主要特点,分析评价城市污水用做热泵水源的可行性,介绍污水水源热泵利用城市污水热能的方式,讨论了城市污水水源热泵系统在应用可能存在的问题及解决措施。     

生活垃圾简易填埋场改造初探

我国目前有大量的生活垃圾简易填埋场在运行,造成严重的环境污染。简易填埋场的污染主要来源于渗滤液,而渗滤液主要来源于雨水。通过对简易填埋场进行工程技术改造并提高填埋作业水平,能够提高其雨污分流效率,从而有效控制污染。     

三维实体塑件造型系统的研制

介绍了三维实体塑件造型系统的研制,实现了塑件三维造型整个过程,且能方便迅速地生成标准三维图纸。同时对从体模型向面模型的转换进行了探索,从而实现了ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＥ／ＣＡＭ一体化集成。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术分析

随着城镇化建设加快,生活垃圾产生量不断增加,垃圾围城现象十分严重。在许多城市,由于土地紧张,生活垃圾填埋处理技术受到限制,而焚烧法能使垃圾体积缩小90%,质量减少75%,是减量化处理的有效手段。本文针对城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术,主要介绍了我国目前常用的三种焚烧炉,分析了各类焚烧炉技术的优缺点,并探讨了焚烧后的烟气处理问题。     

Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Particle Size and Porosity Grading in Anode Electrode

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to meet the critical energy needs of our modern civilization and minimize the adverse environmental impacts from excessive energy consumption. They are highly efficient, clean, and can run on variety of fuel gases. However, little investigative focus has been put on optimal power output based on electrode microstructure. In this work, a complete electrode polarization model of SOFCs has been developed and utilized to analyze the performance of functionally graded anode with different particle size and porosity profiles. The model helps to understand the implications of varying the electrode microstructure from the polarization standpoint. The work identified conditions when grading can improve the cell performance and showed that grading is not always beneficial or necessary.     

Neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle size

This study measures the neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle sizes. We examine the effect of particle size on the weathering process, a method popularly used for stabilization of heavy metals in incineration of bottom ash. The distribution of particle sizes in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is rather broad, ranging from fine powder to as large as 40 mm in diameter. Although considered a by-product highly suitable as a road construction material, the high level of heavy metal leaching is an obstacle to its reuse. Weathering, a method used to reduce heavy metal leaching, is a lengthy process taking over thee months to complete. The chief reaction involved in weathering is carbonation occurring between Ca(OH)2 in bottom ash and CO₂(g) in the atmosphere. During this process, CaCO₃ is produced, causing the pH level to drop from over 12 to about 8.2 and reducing heavy metal leaching. In this paper, we attempt to determine the particle size best suited for reducing the period required for weathering bottom ash by identifying characteristics of different particle sizes that affect heavy metal leaching and neutralization.     

Pyrolysis Kinetics of Paper Mixtures in Municipal Solid Waste

The pyrolysis kinetics of a mixture of the four principal papers (uncoated and coated printing/writing papers, newsprint, and tissue paper) in municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated with a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) reaction system. The experiments were carried out in a nitrogen environment over the temperature range of 450 to 900 K at various constant heating rates of 1, 2, and 5 K min⁻¹. The results indicated that there were two principal reactions in the TGA curves as distinguished by the two significant and distinct mass changes over the experimental conditions. The pyrolysis of a paper mixture can be adequately described by a two reaction model. The effect of interaction between the components of a paper mixture on the pyrolysis rate was insignificant. The results for the pyrolysis rates of paper mixtures with slow heating rates can be represented by the weighting sum of the corresponding pyrolysis rates of the components of papers in MSW. The experimental results were satisfactorily fitted by the proposed chemical reaction kinetic equations and able to provide useful data for the design of a pyrolytic processing system for the waste papers in MSW. © 1997 SCI.     

水泥窑处置污泥烘干废气的污染与防治

采用HAPSITE便携式气相色谱/质谱仪、盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法等检测废气成分,研究了水泥窑处置城市污水污泥烘干过程中废气的污染与防治。实验结果表明,含水量较高的城市污水污泥烘干时会产生恶臭气味的尾气,其成分包括NH3、S和芳香族化合物、卤代烃等,直接排放会污染环境。以新鲜热风烘干污水污泥后的废气与煤粉在950℃燃烧,不仅可分解废气中多种有害组分,而且还可降低废气NOXH2浓度。利用窑尾废气直接烘干污泥的技术方案值得商榷,建议采用回收水泥回转窑筒体冷却热风或熟料冷却机热风烘干污水污泥,其废气再进入水泥窑燃烧的技术方案。     

On-line determination of the calorific value of solid fuels

In thermal processes with highly inhomogeneous fuels it is desirable to know real time fuel characteristics. In the case of municipal solid waste combustion (MSWC) it was up till now not possible to determine the calorific value of the waste on-line with a high accuracy. In this paper, a new method is presented where the calorific value is determined by means of an observer. A model based upon the mass balance is used together with concentration measurements in the flue gas to calculate on-line the calorific value of the waste. The background of this observer based sensor is discussed in detail, including a sensitivity analysis. Results from tests in different full-scale MSWC plants are presented as well as a comparison with other known off-line methods. It will be shown that the sensor works well and is more accurate than the present off-line methods. Furthermore, some applications of the calorific value sensor will be shortly discussed.     

固体废物处理与处置课程群建设研究

我们结合环境工程特色专业建设,针对西部地方高校的固体废物处理与处置课程建设与教学相对薄弱问题,开展了固体废物处理与处置课程群的改革与建设。本文主要介绍课程群体系、教学内容、教学方法,以及教学效果评估体系等方面的固体废物的处理与处置课程群的建设、改革与创新。     

Effects of the incorporation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash in cement pastes and mortars: I. Experimental study

This work falls within the scope of a general problem regarding the assessment of concrete manufactured from waste materials. The main objective is to study the long-term evolution of these materials during the leaching process, using the cellular automaton-based hydration model developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The work is based on the analysis of mortars and cement pastes containing experimental waste: Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash (MSWI fly ash). The study therefore aims to develop a methodology for assessing concrete manufactured from waste, and not to study a process or a formulation enabling the incorporation of the waste in concrete. The physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of MSWI fly ash were first analysed to introduce them into the model. A simplified quantitative mineralogical composition of the ash was proposed. The performance characteristics (setting times, compressive strengths, shrinkage, etc.) for mortars containing ash were then studied.     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场环境现状跟踪调查

佛山市高明苗村白石坳生活垃圾卫生填埋场项目共分两期建设,其中一期一区已通过竣工环保验收。对垃圾场已运营部分的污染物排放及其对周围环境的影响进行跟踪调查、监测及评价,及时掌握垃圾场运行期间出现的环境问题,为垃圾场环境管理和后期工程的建设提供有效的数据支持。