Drying Kinetics and β-Carotene Degradation in Carrot Undergoing Different Drying Processes

Superheated steam drying, which is an airless drying technology, has recently received much attention as an alternative to conventional hot air drying, which is a relatively oxygen‐rich drying process and causes much product quality degradation. However, because most food products are damaged when subjected to superheated steam at atmospheric or higher pressures, lowering the dryer operating pressure is preferred. In this study, the effects of a low‐pressure superheated steam drying (LPSSD), vacuum drying, and hot air drying on the drying and degradation kinetics of β‐carotene in carrot were investigated experimentally. LPSSD and vacuum drying led to less degradation of β‐carotene in carrot than in the case of hot air drying. The empirical models, which can describe the experimental data of β‐carotene degradation in carrot undergoing different drying techniques, were also proposed. β‐Carotene degradation in carrot depended more on the carrot temperature than its moisture content in all cases.     

木材过热蒸汽干燥技术发展

阐述了过热蒸汽干燥技术研究现状以及干燥特性,并且对木材过热蒸汽干燥和常规干燥进行了对比,最后对木材过热蒸汽干燥技术提出一些建议。     

过热蒸汽-热风联合干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉

采用过热蒸汽干燥+热风干燥工艺制备马铃薯颗粒全粉:前段(含水率50%~78%)采用过热蒸汽干燥完成淀粉熟化和部分脱水,后段(含水率7%~50%)采用65℃热风干燥。其中,过热蒸汽干燥试验选取过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和马铃薯片厚度为试验因素,设计三元二次回归正交组合试验,研究过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和切片厚度对马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥特性和后续热风干燥特性的影响,以及马铃薯全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段干燥参数间的关系式。结果表明,马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥速率随蒸汽温度和蒸汽流速的增加而提高,随切片厚度的增加而降低;不同条件的过热蒸汽干燥所得半干马铃薯其后续热风干燥特性无明显差异,但与传统加工工艺相比,总干燥时间明显缩短;建立的马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段控制参数间的回归模型显著,决定系数R2分别为0.820和0.662,验证试验所得马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力实测值与回归模型模拟值相对误差分别19.93%和29.07%。研究结果显示,过热蒸汽干燥联合热风干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉可减少操作环节,缩短总干燥时间,该技术具有推广应用价值。     

过热蒸汽干燥技术研究进展

文章从能量效率和产品质量两个方面评述了过热蒸汽干燥设备的研究进展,并论述了流化床干燥机、真空干燥机、旋转干燥机、闪蒸干燥机、冲击干燥机等不同干燥设备用于过热蒸汽干燥系统的发展现状及发展潜力。     

干燥条件对挂面干燥脱水过程的影响

为了解烘房内干燥介质条件(温度、相对湿度和气体流速)对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响,以及脱水速率在厚度相同,宽度不同(1 mm、2 mm和3 mm)挂面间的差异,本研究以某挂面生产企业5排60 m隧道式烘房生产线为研究对象,利用多功能便携式气候仪(Kestrel-4500),在线监测挂面干燥过程中干燥介质的温度、相对湿度和风速,每种条形挂面采集12班次(重复),在动态监测挂面干燥介质条件参数的同时,测定挂面在隧道式烘房1 m、15 m、30 m、45 m、59 m干燥距离处的含水率,分析各因素对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响。结果表明,采用基本相同的干燥工艺干燥厚度相同、宽度为1、2、3 mm的挂面,脱水速率之间无显著差异;影响挂面干燥脱水量的主要因素是相对湿度,其次是温度和风速;干燥介质各因素对挂面干燥脱水量的影响大于相同厚度、不同宽窄条形对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响。     

不同预处理和干燥方式下养心菜粉色泽、功能成分和抗氧化性水平 的比较

为了研究养心菜的加工适用性,拓展其利用途径,采用未预处理（Untreated,UT）、沸水漂烫（Boiling Water Blanching,BWB）、沸水+护色漂烫（COLOR Protection+Water Blanching,CPB）、蒸汽漂烫（Steam Blanching,SB）与冻融（Freeze-Thawing,FT）五种预处理方式处理后,分别进行热风干燥（Hot Air Drying,HA）、热泵干燥（Heat Pump Drying,HP）,得到UT HP、UT HA、BWB HP、BWB HA、CPB HP、CPB HA、SB HP、SB HA、FT HP及FT HA 10种养心菜粉,比较不同预处理方式和干燥方式下养心菜色泽、功能成分及抗氧化能力水平的变化。结果表明：UT HP没食子酸和山萘酚含量最高,但色泽差、叶绿素含量较低,干燥时间长;CPB HP的干燥时间短,Vc含量最高,具有较高的抗氧化水平,但没食子酸含量较低;SB HP总酚、总黄酮、槲皮素含量最高,其他品质指标介于中间;FT HP养心菜具有最好的色泽、最高的叶绿素、游离氨基酸含量,但总酚、总黄酮、槲皮素、山萘酚以及抗氧化水平低。从主成分分析来看,BWB HP、CPB HP、SB HP 和BWB HA、CPB HA、SB HA的养心菜品质分别具有一定的相似性,UT HP、FT HP、UT HA、UT HA和其有明显差异。该文综合比较了养心菜不同预处理及干燥方法的优劣,在养心菜下游的功能性食品的开发过程中,可以根据需求选择合适的干燥方法。     

不同干燥方式对面片微观结构及品质的比较

本文研究了面片的热风干燥(Hotairdrying,HAD)、真空冷冻干燥(freeze-drying,FD)、微波干燥(microwavedry,MD)、微波真空干燥(Microwave vacuum drying,MVD)和热风-微波联合干燥(hot air followed by microwave drying,HAD+MD)五种不同干燥方法及其对面片物理特性和微观结构的影响。通过以上研究表明:不同干燥速率为MVD>MD>HAD+MD>HAD>FD;面片复水率为FD>MVD>MD>HAD+MD>HAD;面片总色差值FD面片和MVD面片最低并无差异性显著(p>0.05),HAD总色差值最高,为19.56,面片色泽较差。HAD+MD和MD面片总色差值无差异性显著(p>0.05)。面片复水4 min后质构测定发现MD、MVD组延展性最好,分别为81.58 g/sec、72.58 g/sec,FD组剪切力各指标都表现较差,HAD组硬度和咀嚼性较大,分别为1652.88 g、5294.77g.sec。面片扫描电镜观察中,FD面片和MVD面片均观察到均匀密集的孔隙结构,MD面片和HAD+MD面片有明显不均匀孔隙结构,而HAD面片几乎观察不到孔隙结构。各干燥方式对面片的感官评价中FD面片总体评价最佳,MVD、MD面片其次,HAD+MD,HAD面片感官评分最差。综合看来,MVD干燥可以作为开发新疆汤饭产品中面片的适合脱水方式。     

IMPINGEMENT DRYING OF POTATO CHIPS

The effect of superheated steam temperature (115, 130, and 145C) and convective heat transfer coefficient (100 and 160 W/m²C) on the drying rate and product quality attributes (shrinkage, density, porosity, color, texture, and nutrition loss) of potato chips was investigated. Furthermore, potato chips dried by impinging superheated steam (130 and 145C, h = 100 W/m²C) were compared to air dried (same conditions), commercial, and fried potato chips. Temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient had a significant effect on the drying rate during superheated steam impingement drying. Potato chips dried at higher drying temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient showed less shrinkage, lower bulk density, higher porosity, and darker color when compared to chips dried at lower temperatures and convective heat transfer coefficients. They were also less hard and had a lower vitamin C content. A higher rate of evaporation during the falling rate period was obtained when superheated steam drying was compared to air impingement drying. Potato chips produced using superheated steam impingement drying showed more shrinkage, higher bulk density, lower porosity, and lighter color than chips dried with air under the same temperature and with the same convective heat transfer coefficient (130, and 145C, h = 100 W/m²C). Moreover, superheated steam‐dried potato chips retained more vitamin C during the drying process.     

不同干燥方法对玫瑰茄品质的影响及其花青素的提取工艺优化

研究真空冷冻干燥、过热蒸汽结合真空冷冻干燥、过热蒸汽结合真空干燥、热风干燥4种不同干燥方法对玫瑰茄干制品的外观品质、色泽、复水比及总花青素含量的影响。并且在单因素试验基础上,以总花青素含量为响应值,利用Box-Behnken设计对影响总花青素含量的乙醇体积、液料比、超声温度、超声功率4个主要因素进行优化。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥工艺对玫瑰茄的外观品质影响较小,与原有形态差异不大,色泽也最为鲜艳,复水效果较好,且总花青素含量高达(1556.54±1.01)mg/100 g,综合比较下,真空冷冻干燥的玫瑰茄品质优于其他干燥方法。结合实际试验情况,超声波辅助提取玫瑰茄花青素的最佳工艺参数为乙醇体积63%、液料比31 mL/g、超声温度49℃、超声功率140 W,该条件下提取得总花青素含量可达(1604.75±1.37)mg/100 g。     

Colour,phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of some fruits dehydrated by a combination of different methods

The objective of this study was to improve product quality of dehydrated fruits (apple, pear, papaya, mango) using combined drying techniques. This involved investigation of bioactivity, colour, and sensory assessment on colour of the dried products as well as the retention of the bio-active ingredients. The attributes of quality were compared in regard to the quality of dehydrated samples obtained from continuous heat pump (HP) drying technique. It was found that for apple, pear and mango the total colour change (ΔE) of samples dried using continuous heat pump (HP) or heat pump vacuum-microwave (HP/VM) methods was lower than of samples dried by other combined methods. However, for papaya, the lowest colour change exhibited by samples dried using hot air–cold air (HHC) method and the highest colour change was found for heat pump (HP) dehydrated samples. Sensory evaluation revealed that dehydrated pear with higher total colour change (ΔE) is more desirable because of its golden yellow appearance. In most cases the highest phenol content was found from fruits dried by HP/VM method. Judging from the quality findings on two important areas namely colour and bioactivity, it was found that combined drying method consisted of HP pre-drying followed by VM finish drying gave the best results for most dehydrated fruits studied in this work as the fruits contain first group of polyphenol compounds, which preferably requires low temperature followed by rapid drying strategy.     

Drying kinetics using superheated steam and quality attributes of dried pork slices for different thickness, seasoning and fibers distribution

Drying pork slice by superheated steam was proposed in this study. Sirloin muscle pork meat was sliced parallel and perpendicular to the fiber direction with thicknesses of 1 and 2 mm. The sliced samples were divided into two groups; unseasoned and seasoned pork, and were dried by superheated steam at a temperature of 140 °C. The experimental results showed that thicker pork slice needed more drying time, which led to more shrinkage, darker and redder dried product as compared to the thinner pork slice. Seasoning also extended the drying time of the seasoned pork slice and made the dried seasoned pork slice darker and yellower, but less in the values of hardness, toughness and shrinkage. Slicing directions did not have any significantly effect on drying time and color of dried pork slice. The parallel slice, however, lowered the values of hardness, toughness and shrinkage of dried pork.     

Mathematical model of pork slice drying using superheated steam

Superheated steam has received much attention as an effective technique for drying purposes because it produces dried products with high quality attributes. Although currently there are a number of works reporting the development of a mathematical model of superheated steam drying, they do not use a numerical method to estimate the effective moisture diffusivity value (D_eff value) of the product. The purposes of this work, therefore, were to develop a semi-empirical model for estimating the D_eff value of pork, and for predicting the evolution of the moisture content and the center temperature of sliced pork during superheated steam drying. The model was based on mass and energy-balance equations and was divided into three periods: heating up, constant drying rate and falling drying rate period. It was solved using an explicit finite difference method and used a grid search method to estimate the D_eff value of pork. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data of superheated steam drying of seasoned and unseasoned pork with slice thicknesses of 1 and 2 mm at a drying temperature of 140 °C. The comparison results showed that the developed model could estimate the ranges of the D_eff value of pork fairly well (D_eff = 3.311-12.471 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for seasoned pork, and 4.200-15.056 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for unseasoned pork) and could reasonably predict the evolution of the moisture content of the sliced pork. The predicted center temperature of the sliced pork was higher than the experimental data in the heating up period and in the first 5 min of the falling drying rate period, but it agreed well in the constant drying rate period and after the drying time of 10 min. Moreover, it was found that the slice thickness and the seasoning had an influence on the drying curves only in the constant drying rate and falling drying rate period.     

Recent Developments in Superheated Steam Processing of Foods—A Review

Although the use of superheated steam has been known for quite a long time, only in the recent past has it emerged as a viable technology for food processing. Superheated steam, having higher enthalpy, can quickly transfer heat to the material being processed, resulting in its rapid heating. The major advantages of using superheated steam for food processing are better product quality (color, shrinkage, and rehydration characteristics), reduced oxidation losses, and higher energy efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies on the application of superheated steam for food-processing operations such as drying, decontamination and microbial load reduction, parboiling, and enzyme inactivation. The review encompasses aspects such as the effect of superheated steam processing on product quality, mathematical models reported for superheated steam drying, and the future scope of application in food processing. Recent studies on process improvisation, wherein superheated steam is used at low pressure, in fluidized bed mode, sequential processing with hot air/infrared, and in combination with micro droplets of water have also been discussed.     

响应面法优化竹笋过热蒸汽与真空联合干燥工艺

基于过热蒸汽真空分段联合干燥方式,探讨了过热蒸汽温度、转换时间、真空干燥温度对竹笋干制品复水比和色泽L*值的影响。采用中心组合试验设计,分析过热蒸汽温度、转换时间、真空温度三因素对竹笋干制品品质的影响及交互作用,优化联合干燥工艺。结果表明,最佳联合干燥工艺条件为过热蒸汽温度119℃、转换时间35 min、真空温度为74℃。此时干燥速率及品质均较佳;竹笋复水比为6.23,色泽参数L*值为92.83。优化所得工艺比热风干燥节省时间约56.25%,节省能量约52.65%。研究结果表明,过热蒸汽与真空联合干燥能够实现对竹笋的快速干燥,且比热风干燥更加节能、高效,产品品质更高。     

A multi-stage combined heat pump and microwave vacuum drying of green peas

The effect of multi-stage heat pump fluidized bed atmospheric freeze drying (HP FB AFD) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on the drying kinetics, moisture diffusivities, microstructure and physical parameters of green peas was evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained for microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and hot air convective drying (HACD). In case of combined method, the initial drying rate was about 0.04 l/min. The application of MVD increased the drying rate to the values 0.08 l/min. The drying rates of green peas dried by MVD and HACD were 0.59 and 0.20 l/min, respectively. MVD samples were characterized by a structure with minimal changes in respect to fresh samples. However, HP FB AFD and MVD satisfied important requirements, such as high product quality (due to low material temperature during AFD and low pressure during MVD), and increased drying rates in the final stage due to application of microwave heating.     

Application of computer vision technique for on-line monitoring of shrimp color changes during drying

The effects of drying temperature and drying medium velocity on color change kinetics of shrimp viz. lightness (L^∗), redness (a^∗), yellowness (b^∗), total color difference (ΔE), chroma (CH), hue angle (H°), and browning index (BI) were on-lineally investigated. Drying experiments were carried out on dryer equipped with computer vision systems using hot air drying (HAD) temperatures of 50–90 °C and superheated steam drying (SSD) temperatures of 110–120 °C at drying medium velocities of 1–2 m/s. Zero-, first-order, and fractional conversion models were utilized to describe the color changes of shrimps and the fractional conversion model successfully tracked the experimental data. The results showed that the color parameters were significantly influenced by the studied parameters. Lightness of the samples decreased, while other color parameters increased as drying proceeded. Generally, increasing drying medium temperature decreased L^∗ and H°, whereas increased other color parameters. The color characteristic of the SSD finished products were acceptable than the HAD processed samples. Finally, dimensionless moisture content of shrimps during drying was accurately correlated to the color parameters and drying time using a quadratic regression model. Moisture ratio had strong relationship with the lightness change compared with the redness and yellowness variations.     

Effects of various pretreatments and drying methods on Salmonella resistance and physical properties of cabbage

The combined effects of pretreatment and drying methods on the resistance of Salmonella attached to vegetable surfaces as well as some physical properties, in terms of color and shrinkage, were investigated. Cabbage was used as a test vegetable and Salmonella Anatum was used as a test microorganism. Cabbage leaves were pretreated either by soaking in 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid for 5 min, blanching in hot water for 4 min or blanching with saturated steam for 2 min prior to either hot air drying, vacuum drying (10 kPa) or low-pressure superheated steam drying (10 kPa) at 60 °C. Based on an initial Salmonella contamination level of approximately 6.4 log CFU/g, soaking in acetic acid, hot-water and steam blanching resulted in 1.6, 3.8 and 3.6 log CFU/g reduction in the number of Salmonella, respectively. Drying without pretreatment could not completely eliminate Salmonella attached on the cabbage surfaces, while no Salmonella was detected on the pretreated samples at the end of the drying process. Volumetric shrinkage was not affected by the pretreatment and drying methods. Dried blanched samples exhibited greener and darker color than the dried acetic acid pretreated and untreated samples.     

Effects of drying methods and conditions on release characteristics of edible chitosan films enriched with Indian gooseberry extract

The present work was aimed at studying the effects of drying methods and conditions (i.e., ambient drying, hot air drying at 40 °C, vacuum drying and low-pressure superheated steam drying within the temperature range of 70–90 °C at an absolute pressure of 10 kPa), as well as the concentration of Indian gooseberry extract, (added to edible chitosan film-forming solution as a natural antioxidant, at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3/100 g), on the residual total phenolic content (TPC) of the films. The swelling and release behaviour of TPC from the films were also studied. Drying methods and conditions were found to have significant effects on the percentage of residual TPC. The release characteristics, swelling and functional group interaction of the antioxidant films, as assessed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were found to be affected by the drying methods and conditions, as well as the concentration of the Indian gooseberry extract.     

挂面干燥工艺过程研究进展及展望

干燥是挂面生产中较难控制的工序,干燥工艺不合理易造成产品质量问题和能源浪费。目前,挂面生产装备水平已有很大提高,已具备现代食品工业的雏形。但是在干燥环节依然存在控制粗放、热能消耗偏高、产品质量不稳定的现象。针对目前挂面干燥生产面临的技术需求,本文综述了挂面干燥原理、干燥工艺、影响因素、过程控制及节能技术的研究现状及面临的问题,探究挂面干燥可能的发展模式和面临的技术难题,提炼存在的学术和工程问题,理清进一步研究的思路,以期为挂面生产管理、节能控制、工艺升级提供指导。     

油菜籽干燥技术研究进展

油菜籽干燥技术是油菜籽加工过程中的重要环节,干燥方法及工艺的不同对油菜籽的品质有显著影响。依据国内外关于油菜籽干燥机理、数学模拟、干燥工艺及品质分析等研究成果,综述国内外油菜籽干燥技术的研究进展,对油菜籽热风干燥、就仓干燥、微波干燥、高压电场和过热蒸汽干燥等方法进行归纳总结,指出目前油菜籽干燥技术研究中存在的问题和不足,展望了油菜籽干燥研究的发展方向,旨在为后续的油菜籽干燥技术研究提供参考。