Supercontinuum Generation in Normal-dispersion Photonic Crystal Fiber Using Picosecond Pulse

Studied is the Super-continuum （SC） generation of a normal-dispersion photonic crystal fiber （PCF） using picosecond pulse excitation. In experimental analyses, a 237 nm broadband infrared continuum was generated pumped at 1 550 nm（normal dispersion regime） by 1.6 ps pulses from an erbium-doped fiber laser. In addition, we conduct the numerical analyses of SC based on generalized nonlinear Schr dionger equation. The results have been applied to investigate the dominant physical processes underlie the generation - of SC. We conclude that dispersion, self-phase modulation （SPM）, four-wave-mixing （FWM） and Raman scattering are determinants of SC generation rather than fission of soliton in normal-dispersion PCF.     

Simulation investigation on supercontinuum generation and noise characteristics in the normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber with a flattened dispersion profile

The propagation of picosecond pulses in the normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber(PCF) with a flattened dispersion profile is numerically investigated.The characteristics of the amplitude and phase noise in the supercontinuum generation(SCG) are also analyzed through the coherent sliced supercontinuum(SC).The effects of self-phase modulation(SPM) and four-wave mixing(FWM) on broadening of the pulse spectrum are presented,and the best amplitude and phase noise performance with a specific fiber length is o...     

A novel method for measuring polarization-mode dispersion usingfour-wave mixing

A method for measuring polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on fiber links using four-wave mixing (FWM) generation is presented. This method uses a probe signal to analyze the signal polarization state via FWM generation. The FWM power transfer function is derived in terms of the Stokes parameters, and is validated using both simulated and experimental results. Based on this transfer function, PMD measurements are presented that agree well with the actual PMD values. Compared to the traditional frequency-domain methods, this new method does not require a motionless condition for the measurement apparatus     

Four-Wave Mixing Crosstalk Measurement in a Highly Doped L-Band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier by Using Half of the Signal Channels

We propose a four-wave mixing (FWM) crosstalk measurement method for a signal with 50 GHz spaced wavelength channels in a highly doped L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The method uses the crosstalk measured by using a signal with 100 GHz spaced wavelength channels. This approach is based on analyses of the channel spacing dependence of FWM signal generation and the effect of the gain evolution of each signal channel along the EDF during FWM signal generation at a specific frequency. It is shown that reducing the channel spacing from 100 to 50 GHz has little impact on the efficiency of FWM generation if the gain evolution is the dominant term in FWM generation. It is also shown that the contributing ratio of the gain evolution of each channel is almost the same for the two signals. These results enable us to develop a measurement method for estimating the FWM crosstalk in an L-band EDFA applied to a wavelength-division multiplexing system with a 50 GHz spaced signal by using a 100 GHz spaced signal and a compensation factor. The validity of the measurement method is successfully demonstrated experimentally.      

Analysis of optical phase-conjugate characteristics of picosecondfour-wave mixing signals in semiconductor optical amplifiers

We have analyzed for the first time the optical phase-conjugate characteristics of picosecond four-wave mixing (FWM) signals in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) using the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM). We show that the optical phase-conjugate characteristics of the FWM signals are strongly dependent on input pump pulsewidths. As a typical example, we have demonstrated that SOAs act as an ideal phase-conjugator, within the confines of reversing the chirp of optical pulses, for a 10-ps input pump pulse and a ~2.2-ps linearly chirped input probe pulse. When the pulsewidth of pump pulse becomes short, the minimum compressed pulsewidth is obtained by using a fiber shorter in length than the input fiber, but having the same group velocity dispersion as the input fiber. For a much shorter pump pulse such as 1 ps, the short FWM signal can be obtained via the gating characteristics of the FWM. However, only a part of the phase information is copied to the FWM signal due to such gating characteristics. The phase information is also degraded due to the fast nonlinear effect in the SOA. Thus, the pulsewidth is not compressed by propagation through a dispersive medium     

全光纤结构超短脉冲超连续谱的产生及其特性研究

超连续光谱以其光谱范围宽、平坦度好、空间相干度高和可实现的较高功率,被广泛应用于相干成像技术、光谱分析、干涉测量等诸多领域.理论上超连续光谱可由超短脉冲通过高非线性介质来实现,期间伴随着自相位调制(SPM)、受激拉曼散射(SRS)、四波混频效应(FWM).随着光纤技术的发展,利用峰值功率高、光光转换效率高、体积小、结构紧凑的掺Yb超短脉冲光纤激光器作为泵浦源,高非线性的光子晶体光纤作为非线性介质来产生超连续光谱.采用主振荡功率放大结构(MOPA),自行搭建了全光纤锁模脉冲放大器,并通过熔接的方式将其耦合进入长为10 m、零色散点为1 040 nm的光子晶体光纤,在对熔接过程中放电时间、放电间隔、熔接损耗等参数进行优化后,获得了8.14 W的超连续光谱.     

Four-wave mixing in optical links using quasi-distributed opticalamplifiers

We investigate efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM) generation in quasi-distributed erbium-doped fiber (EDF) sections under general power evolution conditions. Measured FWM efficiencies are found to be in a good agreement with newly developed formulae applicable to waveguides with spatially and spectrally varying gain. Inoue's work describing FWM process in multiple amplified spans is generalized. A new theory of FWM generation in optical links amplified by a set of quasi-distributed nodes is developed and used to analyze multiple span L-band link     

Generation of over 140-nm-wide super-continuum from a normaldispersion fiber by using a mode-locked semiconductor laser source

The super-continuum (SC) spectrum flatly broadened over 140-nm 10-dB bandwidth is generated by using a mode-locked semiconductor laser as a pulse source at 1550 nm. In our SC generation system, nearly Fourier-transform limited 0.9-ps pulses obtained through linear and nonlinear pulse compression are incident on a dispersion-flattened fiber having a small normal group-velocity dispersion. While the pulses pass through the normal dispersion fiber, the pulse waveform is adapted to suit the accumulation of a linear chirp, which leads to the flat and wide-band SC spectrum     

10 GHz WDM/OTDM通信多波长光脉冲源

利用色散位移光纤中的复合非线性效应(自相位调制、四波混频、交叉相位调制)得到重复频率10 GHz、谱宽大于50 nm的超连续(SC)光谱,研究了泵浦光功率、波长与生成的SC光谱宽度和平坦度、光脉冲质量的关系.利用AWG从SC谱中滤出4个10 GHz不同波长光脉冲.     

光纤中超连续谱产生机理研究

从非线性薛定谔方程出发,分析了自相位调制(SPM)和群速度色散(GVD)效应对超连续(SC)谱的贡献。利用主动锁模光纤激光器作为泵浦光源。对色散位移光纤(DSF)中的SC谱展宽进行了实验研究。理论和实验结果表明,光纤中,SC谱的产生主要是SPM和GVD共同作用的结果：对于皮秒泵浦脉冲和常规光纤,仅考虑SPM和GVD效应,就可以较精确地描述光纤中SC谱的产生过程。     

Four-wave mixing of incoherent light in a dispersion-shifted fiberusing a spectrum-sliced fiber amplifier light source

We investigate the FWM efficiency of incoherent light in a dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) using a spectrum-sliced fiber amplifier light source. A theoretical model is provided to describe the FWM mechanism of incoherent light. The FWM efficiencies of coherent and incoherent light are compared theoretically and experimentally. Unlike the FWM of coherent light, the FWM signals of incoherent light are mostly generated by nondegenerate FWM regardless of the number of input signals. Thus, when two input signals are mixed, incoherent light has about 6 dB higher mixing efficiency than coherent light due to the difference in their degeneracy factor     

利用中途频谱反转实现的光纤色散补偿

本文叙述了利用中途频谱反转实现光纤色散补偿的基本原理及四波混频输出信号的频谱反转性质，并对光纤和半导体中的非简并四波混频进行了分析。最后介绍了国际上在利用光纤和半导体中的四波混频效应进行中途谱反转色激补偿方面的一些最新研究成果。     

光纤中超连续谱的研究进展

超连续(SC)谱的研究是当今光通讯领域中的热点问题。把SC谱的研究进展分为三个阶段：单模光纤中SC谱的产生;锥形光纤中SC谱的产生;光子晶体光纤(PCF)中SC谱的产生,总结了光纤中SC谱的主要研究成果。特别对近年来研究比较热门的PCF光纤中产生SC谱的情形做了详细的介绍。     

波分复用系统中四波混频引入光信噪比的恶化及其抑制

本文对陆上级联接掺铒光纤放大器（ＥＤＰＡ）波分复用光纤通信系统中国波混频所造成的各个光信道光信噪比的恶化提出了一套计算方法，并结合常规单模光纤及一种特殊设计的色散位移光纤进行了分析计算。结果表明：在四波混频所引入的光信噪比恶化中，因新生频率分量导致的噪声增加一般远大于光信号功率的减弱。不等信道间隔划分能有效地避免四波混频的影响，而光滤波器的带宽应在允许范围内尽量压窄。对采用色散补偿技术的级联ＥＤＦＡ波分复用系统，在同一光中继段内，使常规单模光纤置于特殊设计的色散位移光纤之前，能进一步减少四波混频带来的光信噪比的恶化。     

Four-wave mixing noise in dispersion managed DWDM system including effect of randomly varying birefringence strength and orientation along fiber

Four-wave-mixing (FWM) acts as noise due to randomness of bit sequences of all channels for wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) system. The approximate direct ratios of variances of FWM noise between two cases are obtained. One of them, we call “CASE A”, is that the input polarization states of all channels are independently random and birefringence strength and orientation along fiber vary randomly. The other, called “CASE B”, is the input polarizations of all channels are same and birefringence along the whole fiber line does not exist. Including randomness of bit sequences and walk-off between channels, for intensity-modulated/direct-detection (IM/DD) dispersion-managed (DM) DWDM system, the performance degradation due to FWM effect is calculated for “CASE A”. The calculation model is based on the direct ratios between the above-mentioned two cases derived in this paper and a semi-analytic approach for “CASE B” having been introduced in previous works. The calculative results provide optimized dispersion maps used to reduce the FWM noise. In order to reduce the overall FWM noise from all channel combinations, when polarization controllers are adopted at transmitters, the launched polarizations between neighboring channels are suggested to have appropriately larger degrees of orthogonality than non-neighboring channels.     

Generation of ultra-broad-band supercontinuum bydispersion-flattened and decreasing fiber

It has been made clear through model simulations that dispersion-flattened and decreasing fiber (DFDF) is one of the most suitable fibers for broad-band supercontinuum (SC) generation. SC generation In a bandwidth of 280 nm with intensity fluctuation less than 15 dB has been experimentally observed by using the DFDF designed and manufactured with an optimized dispersion profile     

Experimental Study on the Role of Chromatic Dispersion in Continuous-Wave Supercontinuum Generation

The influence of chromatic dispersion on continuous-wave (CW)-pumped supercontinuum (SC) generation in kilometer-long standard fibers is experimentally investigated. We perform our study by means of a tunable, high-power fiber ring laser pumping a dispersion-shifted fiber in the wavelength range of small and medium anomalous dispersion. Our results show that, at low input powers, chromatic dispersion plays a dominant role on nonlinear pump spectral broadening, giving rise to a broader spectrum when pumping just above the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fiber. At higher input powers, however, the width of the generated SC spectrum is mostly due to the Raman effect, hence more independent of the value of the chromatic dispersion coefficient. We show that, in this case, the optimum pumping wavelengths for SC generation are not so close to the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fiber as in the previous case. In these conditions, as the chromatic dispersion grows, we can obtain square-shaped and high-power density spectra, which seem extremely promising for applications in optical coherence tomography.      

A Novel Four-Wave Mixing Compensator

We propose and demonstrate a novel four-wave-mixing (FWM) compensator made of a highly nonlinear fiber and a pump laser. This technique utilizes the additional pi/2 phase delay occurring in every FWM process. Thus, the FWM components generated in the transmission fiber can be cancelled out by the FWM components generated within the FWM compensator. We have experimentally confirmed that the proposed technique could effectively suppress the FWM crosstalk generated in the transmission fiber and improve the system's performance     

波分复用系统的四波混频特性研究

本文对波分复用（WDM）光纤通信系统中的四波混频（FWM）特性进行了研究，得到了WDM可用于由多段不同长度，不同色散值的光纤组成的多级放大WDM系统FWM效应的计算方法，进而分析了单级、多级放大和色散补偿这3种特例的FWM特性，研究结果表明，标准单模光纤与高负色散值色散移位光纤的组合可以有效地抑制FWM混频效应。     

Self-stabilizing effect of four-wave mixing and its applications on multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber lasers

Self-stabilizing effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) is analyzed and proven in this letter by using the undepleted approximation and the perturbation method. Multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber lasers with excellent stability and uniformity are demonstrated experimentally at room temperature. The novel fiber lasers are stabilized and equalized as a result of the balance between the self-stabilizing function of FWM and the mode competition effect of erbium-doped fiber.