GIS电缆终端局放检测中电晕干扰特性的研究

架空线电晕对于变电站内的GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear,气体绝缘组合电气设备)电缆终端局部放电检测干扰严重,为排除高频电流传感器耦合到的其他干扰信号,本文首先提出聚类分析法,以信号峰值、上升时间、下降时间、最大频率作为数据矩阵的变量,结果表明聚类分析法能够有效将高频电流信号进行分类,便于提取架空线电晕放电信号。其次,重点研究了电晕干扰信号的上升时间、极性特征、频谱特征和相间干扰,结果表明,电晕干扰表现为密集的脉冲形式,电晕脉冲的上升时间为25~175ns,下降时间为85~230ns,具有相对集中和对称分布的特点,电晕脉冲具有明显的极性特征,正负脉冲的上升下降时间变化趋势不同,同时正脉冲宽度略低于负脉冲宽度。电晕脉冲的频率为1.25~2.5MHz,电晕脉冲具有相间干扰的特性,被干扰相的幅值降低、频率增大、上升时间降低。     

电晕电流及其辐射信号特性的研究

为得到电晕放电辐射场的时域和频域特征,采用针板结构首先对电晕电流及其辐射场进行了理论分析,然后在此基础上对电晕电流及其辐射信号进行了实验研究。实验表明,电晕电流脉冲波形具有明显的极性效应:①负极性下先发生电晕放电,但正极性放电发生时,脉冲幅值比负极性时大;②负电晕电流脉冲波形的上升时间小于正电晕电流。实验结构不同,电晕放电辐射场的特征不同:利用第①种实验结构得到的放电波形的上升时间为十几个ns,频率分布范围集中在20～100MHz;利用第②种实验结构得到的放电波形的上升时间为几个ns,频率在200～600MHz。该结论对于下一步研究空中带高压物体的电晕放电辐射信号特征具有参考价值。     

湿度对绞线正极性电晕电流脉冲及其无线电干扰影响的实验

为研究湿度对直流电晕无线电干扰的影响,搭建了直流绞线电晕放电实验平台,将相对湿度作为单一变化因素,使其在40%~85%范围内变化,采用试验导线终端匹配技术,通过准确测量直流绞线上的电晕电流脉冲,研究湿度对正极性电晕电流脉冲特性及其无线电干扰的影响。在湿度增加过程中,发现以下规律:新的放电点会形成,但它们产生的电晕电流脉冲峰值通常较小;电晕电流脉冲的平均峰值减小;电晕电流脉冲重复频率先增加后减小,在相对湿度60%~75%达到最大;在相对湿度40%~60%范围内,电晕电流脉冲上升时间、半峰值时间及持续时间显著减小,而在60%~80%范围内,无明显变化规律;电晕电流脉冲功率谱减小,这也说明了湿度增加会使电晕电流脉冲产生的无线电干扰减小。     

大气压空气中纳秒脉冲弥散放电实验研究

为了能够在大气压下获得大面积高能量密度的低温等离子体,近年来弥散放电的研究与应用受到广泛关注。采用基于磁脉冲压缩系统的重复频率ns脉冲电源来激励大气压空气中尖板电极结构放电,通过电压电流测量和发光图像拍摄研究了弥散放电的特性。实验结果表明,在常温常压和高重复频率下能够获得大面积均匀的弥散放电,气隙距离增大或减小时,弥散放电分别向电晕放电与火花放电转换。重频ns脉冲放电存在极性效应,电极的小曲率半径处施加负脉冲时需要比正脉冲更高的电场强度才能获得弥散放电。此外,弥散放电的强度随着脉冲上升时间的增大而减弱。因此合适的气隙距离、极不均匀电场的强场处施加正极性脉冲和较陡的脉冲上升时间有利于获得较为强烈的弥散放电。     

Trichel脉冲放电中的模式转变实验研究

Trichel脉冲为一种典型的负电晕放电电流形式。为了进一步研究Trichel脉冲放电特征,针对于其放电随机性强、不利于对脉冲单体进行研究这一点,在空气中室温开放环境下,利用针-板电极结构对负电晕放电特性进行了研究,采用统计学方法对其参数—脉冲上升沿时间、半波下降时间、脉冲幅值、脉冲频率—进行概率分布分析。结果表明,在放电过程中,随着电压的上升,Trichel脉冲放电存在着模式转变的过程,模式转变发生为一个连续过程;在该实验条件下,模式转变过程始于电压值为-6.5 k V,止于电压值为8 k V时;在模式转变过程中,脉冲上升沿时间与半波下降时间几乎不变,脉冲幅值改变。脉冲幅值出现大幅度跳变为判断模式转变的一个主要依据。     

脉冲频率及环境温度对变频电机绝缘耐电晕寿命影响研究

为研究脉冲频率及环境温度对变频电机绝缘耐电晕寿命的影响,在低频50 Hz和高频10 k Hz、上升时间和下降时间固定为25 ns的双极性对称重复脉冲电压及不同环境温度下,对变频电机匝间绝缘进行耐电晕寿命实验,研究不同重复脉冲电压频率下环境温度对变频电机耐电晕性能的影响规律。结果表明:相同环境温度下,电压频率的升高对放电试样有明显的温升效应;低频下,放电发生后,试样放电点表面温度随着环境温度的改变而改变;高频下,放电发生后,试样放电点表面温度在环境温度基础上有明显的温升效应。耐电晕测试结果中的放电能量统计显示,常温下局部放电主导的电老化可能是变频电机绝缘失效的主要原因,而高温高频下绝缘破坏是电热联合老化作用的结果。     

重复方波上升时间对变频电机耐电晕寿命影响研究

为研究重复方波电压上升时间对变频电机绝缘耐电晕寿命的影响规律,搭建了具有不同重复脉冲电压上升时间的耐电晕测试系统。根据IEC TS 60034-18-42,分别测试了Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类电机绝缘模型在不同重复方波电压上升时间下的耐电晕寿命,并对比了相同幅值和频率下正弦电压测试结果。结果表明:脉冲电压上升时间对匝间绝缘耐电晕寿命及局部放电时域和频域统计特性的影响显著。因此,根据相关标准测试变频电机的耐电晕寿命时,应考虑上升时间对电机耐电晕寿命的影响。     

正弦和重复方波电压下变频电机绝缘局部放电特性对比

为对比研究正弦和重复脉冲电压下变频电机绝缘的局部放电特性,基于超高频测试技术搭建了两种电压条件下电机绝缘的局部放电测试平台。利用该平台,分别在正弦及200 ns上升时间的重复脉冲电压下,对低压变频电机漆包绝缘单点放电模型进行了局部放电测试,对比分析了正弦和重复脉冲电压下的局部放电单个脉冲的时频幅值、相位分布及频域能量分布、多个脉冲的统计谱图等特性,研究结果发现:对于相同峰峰值和频率的重复方波和正弦电压,重复方波电压下变频电机绝缘局部放电幅值及耐电晕寿命分别约为正弦电压下的10倍及1/3,且相位、时频域统计特性存在明显差异,在基于国际电工委员会标准对变频电机绝缘系统进行评估时,必须依据重复方波脉冲对放电特性及耐电晕寿命影响规律,重新考虑局部放电测试及耐电晕系统的设计。     

邻近直流导线时交流电晕电流脉冲特性试验

本文搭建交直流并行线路电晕放电试验平台,研究邻近直流电压时交流单点电晕放电下的电晕电流脉冲特性。并对交流电晕电流脉冲的分布模式、重复频率以及波形等特征参数进行统计分析。试验结果表明,邻近的正极性直流电压会促进交流负半周电晕放电而抑制交流正半周电晕放电,邻近的负极性直流电压作用正好相反。直流电压对交流负半周电晕电流脉冲波形参数无明显影响,而正半周电晕电流脉冲的幅值会随负极性直流电压的增加有所升高。同时发现,随着交流电压幅值的升高,促使其正半周发生电晕放电所需要的负极性直流电压幅值也相应地升高,并基于电晕放电的发展过程中电离强度的计算提出种子电子的缺失是造成该现象的原因。最后,在电晕放电离子云模型基础上,提出脉冲序列发展的过程中电离区域电场强度恒定不变的假设,从而对邻近直流电压影响下的交流电晕电流脉冲波形参数特性给出了合理的解释。     

正负直流电压下SF_(6)电晕脉冲特性对比研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究直流电压下SF_(6)气体电晕脉冲特性,探明不同极性对脉冲阶段发展的影响,通过搭建针—板模型电晕脉冲平台进行了SF_(6)电晕放电实验。对常温常压下SF_(6)典型电晕脉冲波形进行了分析,对比了正负极性下脉冲特征参数的变化,同时研究了不同针—板间距下SF_(6)电晕脉冲阶段的变化过程,并对0.3 MPa气压下的脉冲阶段发展进行了验证。实验结果表明:正负极性下SF_(6)电晕脉冲特征参数基本相同,大致表现为上升时间3~4 ns,下降时间13~15 ns,脉冲宽度20~25 ns;正极性电晕脉冲阶段主要分为初始脉冲阶段、流注脉冲阶段、刷状脉冲阶段等3个主要过程;负极性电晕脉冲阶段主要分为流注脉冲增加阶段、流注脉冲减小阶段、刷状脉冲阶段等3个主要过程;随着针—板间距的增加,电晕脉冲阶段电流范围增加,且正极性中的刷状脉冲阶段和负极性中的流注脉冲减少阶段电流范围增加显著。     

Production of Monopolar Ions from Streamer Coronas Induced by Very Short Pulse Voltage

The initial and time-dependent concentration of ions in the streamer coronas produced by very short pulse voltages with a half-tail of 100-500 as are measured under the condition that a dc bias voltage is applied between the corona and plate electrodes. The waveform of the corona current of both positive and negative polarities indicates that, although the plasma formation is made in a very short time of about 10 ns, the ionic current flowing across the electrode gap has a very long duration time of 1-3 ms. This is due to the slow processes of ion recombination and migration. The theoretical model of the ion separation process for production of monopolar ionic current is presented and confirmed by the experimental results. The initial ion concentration in these streamer coronas amounts to (5-6) x 109 ion paires/cm3 for both negative and positive streamers.     

Positive Corona Pulse Characteristics from Two Interacting Needles in Air

A set of oscillograms has been obtained to investigate the development of pulse mode in the positive discharge from a single and twin interacting thin needles. The transition from burst pulses to continuous glow in laboratory air is discussed. When the needles are brought close together, the onset voltage increases with a subsequent decrease of the corona current for the same applied voltage. Not only the onset voltage but also the offset voltage (i.e., voltage at which the burst pulses disappear) increases as the needle-to-needle spacing decreases. The pulse repetition rate increases with the applied voltage reaching maximum and then showed a decrease with further increase of voltage. When the needles are brought very close to each other, the rate of increase of pulse repetition rate with voltage increases by about 15 percent more than the corresponding rate for single needle. Not only the rate of increase of pulse repetition rate but also the repetition rate itself reaches almost double the value for a single needle. The randomness of the pulse repetition rate was found maximum at voltages close to the onset value and decreases with increase of the voltage. On the contrary, the pulses had almost the same amplitude at voltages very close to the onset value.     

10kV重复频率方波脉冲源的研制

为进行绝缘材料在快前沿高压脉冲作用下的局部放电和绝缘老化的试验研究,研制了1台最高输出电压为10kV的重复频率高压方波脉冲发生器。该方波发生器采用可调直流高压电源和储能电容器作为能源系统,利用半导体固态开关作为主放电开关控制脉冲宽度和重复频率,通过脉冲放电回路在负载上形成所需的电压脉冲。其半导体固态开关采用具有低耦合电容的紧凑型快速高压金属氧化层半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)开关,通过复杂可编程逻辑控制器(CPLD)可编程逻辑电路实现开关通断控制。实测结果表明,该脉冲源可以产生脉冲上升沿约为80ns、最小脉冲宽度为320ns的高压准方波脉冲,最高输出幅值达到±10kV,脉冲重复频率的可调范围为1～3kHz,性能指标满足绝缘材料的局部放电以及绝缘老化试验的要求。     

Characteristics of negative corona discharge using CWT with and without airflow

The Trichel pulse (TP) corona generated in the negative corona discharge has a regular interval and repetition of similar waveforms in nonuniform electric field in a needle-plane gap. An electron avalanche causes the TP. Its repetition is determined by accumulation of negative ions near a needle tip. The electric field intensity near a needle tip is weakened by the negative ions accumulated near the tip. Hence, it is required to clarify the influence of accumulated negative ions on the electric field intensity. We propose to use the continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) technique to study the dependence on both voltage and airflow, and the characteristics of the TP. In this study, the waveform of the TP is measured with a velocity of airflow from 0 to 7 m/s. From the experimental results, it is shown that the region of accumulated negative ions exists within 1 mm from the tip of needle electrode. Therefore, to understand the effect of accumulated negative ions near a needle tip, the authors investigated the influence of accumulated negative ions with and without airflow blown within 1 mm from the tip of the needle electrode using CWT. The repetition rate decreases with decreasing the applied voltage, and with increasing the velocity of airflow in front of the needle tip. The wavelet coefficients with airflow are larger than without airflow at 100 and 250 MHz; but 10 MHz, and the pulse interval for the wavelet spectrum between peaks with airflow is wider than without airflow. The characteristics of the TP waveform are well explained with both the wavelet coefficient and the averaged wavelet spectrum peak interval     

尖端导体电晕放电辐射场的计算与实验

为研究输电线电磁辐射问题,以尖端导体电晕放电为研究对象,利用偶极子模型和传输线模型尖端导体电晕放电辐射场进行理论计算,得出了电磁辐射信号特征;在实验室进行直流高压下尖端电晕放电模拟和实验研究,验证了理论分析的正确性。研究结果表明,电流注入导体产生的辐射场要比空气电晕区产生的辐射场强的多,在对尖端导体电晕放电辐射场的远距离探测时,空气电晕区产生的辐射场可以忽略不计;尖端导体电晕放电辐射场主要是垂直极化场,由电晕电流在导体两端来回反射引起的;信号的时域波形呈衰减振荡形式,信号的峰值随外加电压的升高而增大,正电压下信号的强度明显比负电压下信号的强度大;信号首脉冲的方向随外加电压的极性不同而相反;信号的持续时间在几百ns数量级,而且随着导体长度的增加,信号的持续时间有增大的趋势。该研究结果对于输电线电晕抑制及周围电磁环境评价具有重要意义。     

All-Solid-State Power Modulator for Pulsed Corona Plasma Reactors

Atmospheric pressure pulsed corona plasma (PCP) reactors of wire-plate design offer novel solutions to environmental issues and to a number of industrial processes. Emerging applications include indoor air sterilization and odor removal in air conditioning systems, chemical synthesis in non-thermal plasmas, and plasma reforming of gaseous fuels. We previously reported on experimental investigations of a laboratory size, wire-plate plasma reactor for pulsed corona treatment of gas flows. Operation with gas flow, at pulse repetition frequencies of between 10 pps and 200 pps, has been achieved at pulse voltage amplitudes of between 10 and >30 kV, at pulse durations of around 0.3 mus (FWHM). High efficiencies of up to 70 g/kWh have been reported using an all-solid-state pulse generator. In this work, we report on the development of all-solid-state power modulators for use with nonlinear loads like pulse corona plasmas. The pulse generators are based on a fast thyristor switch discharging pulse capacitors, a pulse step-up transformer, and one or two stages of magnetic pulse compression. At pulse repetition rates of up to 200 pps, amplitudes of > 30 kV into a resistive-capacitive load (1 kOmega200 pF) have been achieved, at risetimes of about 80 ns and a pulse width of 0.3 mus. The pulse generator is insensitive to load variations, in particular to sparking in the reactor. An advanced generator version uses two magnetic pulse compression stages resulting in even shorter rise times. The modulator and its performance concerning experimental results will be described in detail when driving a pulsed corona reactor.     

双极性与单极性ns级高压脉冲电源设计及特性比较

为了满足聚合类绝缘材料老化实验及等离子体水处理高级氧化实验2项实验研究的应用要求,分别设计了双极性和单极性2种ns级高压脉冲发生器,且均主要由高压直流电源、两级脉冲储能电容器和气体开关等组成,结构紧凑,具有重复频率、脉冲宽度及电压幅值可调等优点。2种脉冲电源的主要区别在于各自的核心元件—多电极旋转火花隙开关(MER-SGS)的结构和尺寸设计,同时电源的重复工作频率也可由旋转火花隙驱动电机及电极数量调节控制。为验证火花隙开关的工作性能,采用ANSOFT/MAXWELL ELECTROSTATIC 2D软件建立了仿真模型,对2种开关不同开断关合角度下的电场强度进行了仿真分析和比较。结果表明,火花隙的紧凑结构设计能够产生强烈电场畸变进而保证脉冲电源在具备良好输出特性基础上,开关可靠动作,从而达到降低绝缘要求、减少电极烧蚀、延长工作寿命等目的。通过对2种脉冲电源有载情况下实际输出波形的测量可得,脉冲上升时间(<10ns)、脉冲宽度(1～500μs)、重复工作频率(1～3kHz)、平均功率等电源参数均达到各自实验要求标准,具有良好的应用前景。