牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用

研究了牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用。以益生菌酸乳发酵剂与传统酸乳发酵剂作为共同发酵荆．在鲜牛奶或还原奶中添：加益生菌生长促进因子一牛乳低聚肽，进行益生菌酸奶的研制。通过实验确定了最佳配方及生产工艺。     

酪蛋白水解产物对含益生菌酸奶中益生菌数量的影响

文研究了牛奶蛋白水解产物对发酵牛奶中益生菌生长的促进作用,并对在两周的贮存期内活性益生菌菌数的稳定性进行了比较研究。实验以益生菌菌株-嗜酸乳杆菌作为研究用菌种。利用novo型碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白获得水解度分别为4.7%、7.1%、8.8%、10.1%、12.6%的酪蛋白水解产物,研究以0.5、1、2和4g/L四个添加水平加入发酵酸奶中,分析其对益生菌生长情况的影响。结果证明,酪蛋白水解产物的添加普遍促进了嗜酸乳杆菌在酸奶中的生长。随着添加量的增加,嗜酸乳杆菌在发酵牛奶中的稳定性得到了同步提高。但综合分析,水解度为8.8%的水解产物,添加量为2g/L时,可使益生菌的生长活性和稳定性状态最佳。研究结果证实,选择优化的酪蛋白水解产物对发酵牛奶中益生菌的生长及维持其生存能力均会产生积极地促进作用,也对发酵乳行业生产符合国际标准的益生菌产品具有重要的理论和实践的价值。     

活性酸乳中每种益生菌总数的同时计数法

益生菌酸奶的营养作用和保健功能决定于成品中必须含有一定数量级的活性益生菌数.本实验通过研究分析活性酸奶中嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌(LGG菌)、干酪乳杆菌等乳酸菌在BBL.平板培养基上的菌落特征及菌体形态,提出了一种可同时准确计数每种益生菌总数的新方法,该方法可直观地观察到各种益生菌的生长活度,免除了传统方法计数不同益生菌总数要用不同培养基的繁琐,为快速鉴定益生菌酸奶品质好坏和保健功能活性高低提供了检测依据.     

降尿酸活性发酵乳杆菌F40-4在酸乳发酵中的应用

高尿酸血症是嘌呤代谢紊乱、血尿酸浓度持续增高引起组织损伤的一种异质性疾病，严重的情况下有可能引发痛风等症状，益生菌具有潜在的缓解或治疗作用。该研究的目的是探究前期筛选得到的1株具有降尿酸活性的发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)F40-4在酸乳发酵中的应用潜力。结果显示，L.fermentum F40-4对酸乳发酵剂主体菌株嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的生长没有显著影响；与对照组相比，L.fermentum F40-4对发酵过程中酸乳的pH、酸度指标影响不大，L.fermentum F40-4和发酵剂1∶1接种发酵可延缓酸乳在冷藏过程中的pH下降进程并减少乳清析出；风味分析结果表明，L.fermentum F40-4酸乳的挥发性风味化合物更加丰富，主要含有酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、烃类，其中酯类和醛类含量最高。该研究表明，L.fermentum F40-4可作为辅助发酵菌株用于酸乳的发酵，为进一步开发具有降尿酸功效的益生菌酸乳提供了理论依据。     

货架期内酸乳益生菌菌数与酸度变化研究

对货架期内酸乳益生菌菌数及酸度变化进行分析,为合理的储藏和饮用提供理论依据.采用MRS和MC培养基对益生菌进行厌氧培养,通过菌落形态特征和生化反应结果对酸乳中德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和双歧杆菌分别进行计数,结果酸乳中益生菌总菌数及双歧杆菌在10 d内4℃下存放比常温存放降低速度慢一个数量级,与存放期间益生菌活动导致酸度增加存在密切关系.     

益生菌发酵牛初乳对致病菌抑制作用的研究

研究了益生菌发酵牛初乳对致病性大肠杆菌及幽门螺旋杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明,初乳经益生菌发酵,导致初乳pH值降低,初乳IgG活性也相应降低,在pH值为4.6时,IgG活性仅为初乳的25%。不同益生菌发酵初乳在不同pH值对大肠杆菌及幽门螺旋杆菌均有抑制作用,且嗜酸乳杆菌发酵初乳抑制作用最强,对大肠杆菌的抑制率最高达83.2%,对幽门螺旋杆菌抑菌圈直径最大达17.2mm,达到高度敏感,分别较初乳的抑制作用提高47.52%和52.21%。不同益生菌发酵初乳的抑菌作用依次为嗜酸乳杆菌>双歧杆菌>混合乳酸菌>德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种>嗜热链球菌。     

益生菌对发酵乳理化性质影响的研究

通过比较不同菌种发酵乳和酸乳在4℃下贮藏21d的pH、酸度、活菌数与持水力的差异,并对后熟24h的发酵乳和酸乳进行质构特性分析。结果显示,益生菌发酵乳和乳酸菌酸乳的pH、活菌数与酸乳持水力均随时间的延长而降低,酸度呈上升趋势,益生菌发酵乳酸度值比乳酸菌酸乳更高。添加干酪乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的益生菌发酵乳在硬度、稠度、凝聚性与黏度上与乳酸菌酸乳相比,均有所增加,其中添加植物乳杆菌的益生菌酸乳在硬度与稠度上较乳酸菌酸乳相比有显著增加(p<0.05),为发酵乳制品提供开发导向并为实际生产提供理论依据。     

含嗜酸乳杆菌软质豆酪制作工艺优化及品质分析

为提高大豆软质干酪的营养价值和功能性,将具有抗过敏活性的嗜酸乳杆菌应用于软质豆酪的生产。在前期筛选获得益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0738的基础上,优化益生菌豆酪的原料配比以及工艺参数,并对益生菌豆酪成熟期的品质变化进行检测分析。结果表明,益生菌软质豆酪较佳工艺参数为嗜酸乳杆菌添加量5%,复合益生素(低聚半乳糖∶菊粉=1∶2)添加量4%,于4℃成熟24 d。该条件下制得的豆酪坯质地优良,益生菌菌数可达2.05×10~8 CFU/g感官评分为76.43分。经优化的益生菌豆酪成熟后,其总酸度、可溶性氮和游离脂肪酸含量较高,豆酪中可溶性氮含量为17.13%,不饱和脂肪酸含量7.65%,较空白组显著升高(p0.05)。优化组豆酪质构(如硬度、凝聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性)指标优于其他组。研究表明,优化的工艺使得益生菌在豆酪中具有较好活力,且制得的豆酪风味和质地均良好。     

添加不同预处理的青稞对益生菌酸乳理化特性影响的研究

以青藏高原青稞、鲜牛乳为主要原料研制青稞益生菌酸乳,研究了青稞的不同加工方法对青稞益生菌酸乳感官、理化性质、质构的影响,并通过正交试验优化了青稞益生菌酸乳的最佳发酵条件。结果表明:添加微波处理后的青稞制成的益生菌酸乳具有较好的风味、良好的持水力,且对质构性质的影响较其他2种处理方式高(P0.05),添加双歧杆菌显著影响酸乳持水力(P0.05),但不影响感官评分;当青稞浆添加量为8%、蔗糖添加量为5.0%、发酵时间为4.5 h、双歧杆菌接种浓度为10~8 cfu/mL时,所制得的青稞益生菌酸乳口感细腻,组织状态均匀,风味独特。     

山东省农业科学院农产品研究所成果简介

益生菌银杏花粉系列产品是以新鲜银杏花粉为主要原料，经机械破壁处理后，由鼠李糖乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌两种益生菌经液态发酵制成益生菌银杏花粉口服液，经半固态发酵和冷冻干燥制成益生菌银杏花粉活菌冻干粉。     

Effect of long‐chain inulin on the texture profile and survival of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei in set yoghurts during refrigerated storage

The effects of adding inulin at 20 g/L as a fat replacer and probiotic bacteria on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of yoghurt were studied. The ability of long‐chain inulin to improve the probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei) bacteria viability in yoghurt was investigated. The addition of inulin made the texture (firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess) of skimmed yoghurt similar to that of whole yoghurt, demonstrating the role of inulin as a fat replacer. However inulin increased syneresis and did not influence the viability of probiotic bacteria in the yoghurts. The addition of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts improved syneresis and increased firmness and gumminess.     

游离与微胶囊化益生菌对酸奶感官性质的影响

对游离益生菌与微胶囊化益生菌（嗜酸乳杆菌和双歧杆菌）的存活率、pH、胞外多糖的产生进行了比较,且对添加这两种形式的益生菌酸奶,在贮存7周后的感官性质进行了评定。结果表明,微胶囊有助于提高益生菌在酸奶中存活率,且添加游离或包埋益生菌的酸奶在贮存期间,其外观、色泽、风味及酸度并无显著变化,但酸奶的质地（光滑程度）变化显著。     

Survival of probiotic microflora in Argentinian yoghurts during refrigerated storage

The survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum BBI and Lactobacillus acidophilus LAI in reduced-fat (liquid) and full-fat (set) yoghurts produced with two commercial lactic starter cultures (SID and SISD) was investigated. The viability of the probiotic bacteria was also assayed in milk acidified with lactic acid at different pH values. Samples were stored at 5°C for up to 4 weeks. There was a great variability in the survival ability of the probiotic cultures in the two yoghurt types. L. acidophilus LAI demonstrated, in general, a lower resistance to the yoghurt environment than B. bifidum BBI. On the other hand, the full-fat yoghurt was a more inhibitory medium than the reduced-fat one, especially for B. bifidum BBI. Regarding the lactic starters used, the results showed that the culture SISD was clearly more inhibitory for both probiotic organisms than the culture SID. The loss of cell viability in yoghurt samples was different (higher in some cases and lower in others) from that due to lactic acid only. In general, pH values of 4.5 or lower jeopardised the cell viability of the probiotic organisms in yoghurt stored at 5°C. This work shows the importance of selecting a suitable combination of probiotic strains and starter cultures when different yoghurt types are formulated.     

Optimisation of probiotic yoghurt production containing Zedo gum

A Box‐Behnken design was applied to optimise the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in probiotic yoghurt containing a novel exudative Zedo gum. The effect of incubation temperature, probiotic inoculation rate, storage time and Zedo gum concentration on quality indices of the yoghurt were explored. With respect to probiotics viability, probiotic inoculation rate was the most important factor followed by the storage time. Zedo gum did not show any significant effect on probiotics viability. The optimum conditions of probiotic yoghurt production were as follows: probiotic inoculation level, 12.8 g/100 kg of milk; incubation temperature, 41.6 °C; and Zedo gum concentration, 0.13%.     

益生乳酸菌在乳制品中的应用研究进展

益生乳酸菌是一类能利用碳水化合物发酵产生大量乳酸,且对宿主有益的微生物。乳制品在人类膳食结构中占有十分重要的地位,随着消费者对乳品品质和健康要求的提升,具有各种健康功能的益生乳酸菌在乳品中的应用及相关加工技术和功能产品的研发日益受到关注。通过添加益生乳酸菌等活性因子获得功能性乳制品,是增强乳品健康功效的有效方法。本文综述了近年来有关益生乳酸菌在发酵乳、干酪、乳饮料、冰淇淋和奶粉等乳制品中的应用研究现状,重点介绍了益生乳酸菌发挥功能的主要代谢产物酶类和胞外多糖的应用研究,包括在不同乳制品中益生乳酸菌及其产物发挥的作用,常用的益生乳酸菌菌株种类,生产加工过程中存在的主要问题及解决方法,为益生乳酸菌在乳制品中的应用开发提供参考。     

The viability of three probiotic organisms grown with yoghurt starter cultures during storage for 21 days at 4°C

This study investigated the viability of probiotic ( Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis BL-04) in milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus LB340 and Streptococcus thermophilus TAO (yoghurt – Y). Each probiotic strain was grown separately in co-culture with Y and in blends of different combinations. Blends affected fermentation time(s), pH and firmness during storage at 4°C. The product made with Y plus B. animalis subsp . lactis and L. rhamnosus had counts of viable cells at the end of shelf life that met the minimum required to achieve probiotic effect. However, L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus were inhibited.     

Influence of microencapsulation and transglutaminase on viability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and consistency of set yoghurt

The effect of microencapsulated probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus M92 cells and transglutaminase addition on the probiotic set yoghurt properties was investigated. Addition of probiotic bacteria, either free or microencapsulated in sodium caseinate, decreased the fermentation time and significantly enhanced the appearance and consistency of probiotic set yoghurt. Better survival of microencapsulated than free probiotic bacteria in produced yoghurts during storage, as well as during exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, emphasises the efficiency of microencapsulation in the cell protection. Pretreatment of the milk with transglutaminase increased the gel strength and decreased the syneresis, which resulted in a better appearance and consistency of probiotic set yoghurts.     

Yoghurt fermented by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus H+ -ATPase-defective mutants exhibits enhanced viability of Bifidobacterium breve during storage

Persistent acid production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus during refrigerated storage is a major cause of reduced viability of probiotic strains such as Bifidobacterium breve in yoghurt. It was established that H+ -ATPase-defective mutants of lactic acid bacteria have reduced growth and metabolism in low pH environments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate inhibition of post-acidification and maintenance of B. breve viability in yoghurt fermented by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus mutants with reduced membrane-bound H+ -ATPase activity during refrigerated storage. Spontaneous neomycin mutants of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus that had a significantly (P < or = 0.05) reduced H+ -ATPase activity were successfully isolated. Yoghurt fermented using L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SBT0164 No. 55-1 (mutant) starter culture had markedly reduced post-acidification and maintained viability (> or = 10(8) CFU/ml) of both Bifidobacteruim breve JCM 1192(T) and Bifidobacteruim breve JCM 7017 during storage at 10 degrees C for 21 days. These results clearly showed that yoghurt fermented by mutants of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus with reduced membrane-bound H+ -ATPase activity has reduced post-acidification that prolongs viability of B. breve in yoghurt during refrigerated storage.     

Effect of packaging materials and dissolved oxygen on the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurt

The effects of packaging materials on the dissolved oxygen and the survival of the probiotic bacteria in yoghurt were studied. Oxygen adapted and non‐oxygen adapted strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were incorporated in yoghurts, which were packaged in oxygen permeable high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS), oxygen‐barrier material (Nupak^TM) and Nupak^TM with an oxygen scavenging film (Zero₂^TM). During storage the dissolved oxygen increased steadily in HIPS packaged yoghurt whereas it remained low in yoghurts packaged in Nupak^TM and Zero₂^TM. In all yoghurts, no significant decreases were observed in the viability of either oxygen adapted or non‐oxygen adapted cells of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Thus, although the dissolved oxygen in yoghurt can be influenced by the type of packaging material, it may not affect the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts.     

Probiotics in fermented sausages

Probiotic foods receive market interest as health-promoting, functional foods. They have been introduced in a wide range of food industries. However, commercial application of probiotic microorganisms in fermented sausages is not common yet. There are both advantages and disadvantages connected to fermented meat matrices. They are adequate for the carriage of probiotic bacteria since they are usually not or only mildly heated and may promote the survival of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, bacterial viability may be reduced due to the high content in curing salt and the low water activity and pH. Therefore, results are expected to be strain-dependent. Up till now, several approaches have been followed but most results are too preliminary to be able to evaluate the effect of probiotic fermented meats on human health. Candidate probiotic strains have been obtained through screening for technological requirements among bacteria that are naturally present in the meat or that originate from meat starter cultures. Alternatively, existing probiotic bacteria have been applied in meat products. Finally, the evaluation of the end-products needs to deal with both health effects and technological characteristics, for instance through human intervention studies and taste panels, respectively.