Physiological energy requirements of schoolchildren

To obtain more accurate data on physiological energy requirements of schoolchildren, daily energy expenditure was studied in pupils at a general school (70 subjects) and at a boarding school (152 subjects). Evaluation of daily energy expenditure was made on the basis of the study of the schoolchildren's time budget and their energy expenditure at the main body postures and during varying types of activity. The data obtained were used for validation of physiological energy requirements of schoolchildren of different age and sex. It was found that at present physiological energy requirements of schoolchildren are 10-15% lower as compared to those of schoolchildren in the 60th years. On the basis of the data obtained the authors have recommended the food rations for schoolchildren with the energy value depending on their age and sex: from 7 to 10 years--2300 kcal for boys and 1950 kcal for girls, from 11 to 17 years--2900 kcal for boys and 2400 kcal for girls.     

我国高校篮球运动员体能训练研究

体能水平是篮球运动的技术基础和战术基础。通过文献资料、专家访谈和调查研究等方法对高校篮球队的体能训练现状进行分析,发现高校篮球运动员体能训练存在重视程度不足、训练强度低、手段单一、检测与恢复不完善等问题。为此提出改变训练计划,完善训练方法等措施,为进一步提高我国高校篮球运动员的体能水平提供参考。     

Dietary influences on nonexercise physical activity and energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice

It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high-fat/normal-protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low-fat/high-protein diet-fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet-induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.     

Dietary heavy metal exposure of Finnish children of 3 to 6 years

The dietary exposure of Finnish 3-year-old and 6-year-old children to cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury was determined using concentration data from Finland and individual food consumption data as well as individual weights of the children. Using middle bound estimates, 88% of the 3-year-olds and 64% of the 6-year-olds exceeded the tolerable weekly intake of cadmium. The benchmark dose for neurological damage caused by lead was exceeded by 14% and 1%, while the lowest benchmark dose of inorganic arsenic was exceeded by 43% and 29% for the 3-year-olds and 6-year-olds, respectively. The exposure of both age groups was below the tolerable weekly intake for inorganic mercury and methyl mercury. Although high, the exposures calculated with predominantly national concentration data were lower than previously estimated by EFSA, due to, for example, lower average concentrations in some much-consumed foods. The heavy metal exposure levels of the girls and the boys were also compared. Exposure to cadmium and lead was significantly higher for the boys than for the girls in both age groups, and exposure to inorganic arsenic was significantly higher for the 6-year-old boys than the girls of same age.     

Physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake in at risk of overweight and normal weight children.

Differences in physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake were examined in a sample of six- to ten-year-olds at risk of overweight, and in normal weight boys and girls. Participants (n=20 at risk of overweight [BMI > or =85th percentile]; n=115 normal weight [BMI <85th percentile]; n=68 boys; n=67 girls) had anthropometric, physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake measurements at zero, three, six, and 12 months. Over the 12-month period, normal weight children were more physically active (F=4.1, p<0.05) and aerobically fit (F=14.3, p<0.001), and possessed higher self-perceptions of social acceptance (F=7.3, p<0.01) than their at risk of overweight peers. Fitness differences between the sexes were not apparent at baseline, but emerged over the long term (F=7.9, p<0.01). Overall, boys consumed more total energy, fat, carbohydrate, and protein than did girls, while the entire sample consumed diets low in vegetables and fruits and meat and alternatives, and high in "other" foods. These observations highlight key disparities in lifestyle-related behaviours and perceptions between groups of children according to overweight status and sex. The findings underscore the importance of longitudinal studies in youth because cross-sectional studies may reflect transient differences.     

Resistant Starch and Energy Balance: Impact on Weight Loss and Maintenance

The obesity epidemic has prompted researchers to find effective weight-loss and maintenance tools. Weight loss and subsequent maintenance are reliant on energy balance—the net difference between energy intake and energy expenditure. Negative energy balance, lower intake than expenditure, results in weight loss whereas positive energy balance, greater intake than expenditure, results in weight gain. Resistant starch has many attributes, which could promote weight loss and/or maintenance including reduced postprandial insulinemia, increased release of gut satiety peptides, increased fat oxidation, lower fat storage in adipocytes, and preservation of lean body mass. Retention of lean body mass during weight loss or maintenance would prevent the decrease in basal metabolic rate and, therefore, the decrease in total energy expenditure, that occurs with weight loss. In addition, the fiber-like properties of resistant starch may increase the thermic effect of food, thereby increasing total energy expenditure. Due to its ability to increase fat oxidation and reduce fat storage in adipocytes, resistant starch has recently been promoted in the popular press as a “weight loss wonder food”. This review focuses on data describing the effects of resistant starch on body weight, energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition to determine if there is sufficient evidence to warrant these claims.     

US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: intake of nutritional and toxic elements, 1991-96

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has conducted the Total Diet Study (TDS) annually since 1961. The TDS is designed to monitor the US food supply for levels of toxic chemical contaminants (pesticide residues, industrial chemicals and toxic elements) and nutritional elements. Foods are generally collected four times a year, once from each of four regions of the country. The foods are prepared table-ready before being analysed. From the results of the TDS, dietary intakes of these analytes are estimated for selected age- sex groups in the US population. This paper reports on the dietary intake of 10 nutritional and four toxic elements based on measurements made in foods collected in the TDS between 1991 and late 1996. Average daily intakes were estimated for 14 age-sex groups in the US population, as well as the contribution of specific food groups to total intakes. For most nutritional elements, teenage boys and adult males had the highest daily intakes. Intakes by infants were below the intake references for seven of 10 nutritional elements, and young girls and women had inadequate intakes of at least half the nutritional elements. Intakes by children between 2 and 10 years of age, teenage boys, and adult males met or exceeded the reference intakes for the majority of nutritional elements. Intakes by all population groups were well below the reference intakes for all toxic elements.     

Nitrite and nitrate content in meat products and estimated intake in Denmark from 1998 to 2006

The content of nitrite and nitrate in cured meat products has been monitored in Denmark seven times between 1995 and 2006. The maximum permitted added amounts of sodium nitrite in Denmark (60 mg kg(-1) for most products up to 150 mg kg(-1) for special products) have not been exceeded, except for a few samples back in 2002. The intake, mean and intake distribution of sodium nitrite have been calculated from 1998 to 2006 with data from the Danish dietary survey conducted in 2000-02 on Danes from four to 75 years of age. The amounts used by industry have been relatively stable through the whole period with levels varying between 6 and 20 mg sodium nitrite kg(-1) with sausages, meat for open sandwiches and salami-type sausages being the greatest contributors. The mean intake of sodium nitrate was around 1 mg day(-1), which is very low compared with the total intake of 61 mg day(-1). The mean intake of sodium nitrite was 0.017 and 0.014, 0.009 and 0.008, and 0.007 and 0.003 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for men and women in the age groups 4-5, 6-14 and 15-75 years, respectively, which was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.09 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1). The 99th percentile for the group of 4-year-olds was 0.107 and 0.123 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for boys and girls, respectively, and the 95th percentile was 0.057 and 0.073 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for boys and girls, respectively, highest for the girls. With fewer than 100 boys and girls in the 4-5-year age group, only very few persons were responsible for the high intake. The conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the saliva and the degradation of nitrite during production and storage must also be considered when evaluating the intake of nitrite.     

北京大学医学部集体就餐学生营养调查

分析集体就餐学生群体能量摄入量和各种营养素摄入水平。方便抽样集体就餐学生共40名作为调查对象,通过称重法与24h膳食回顾法分别估算能量和营养素水平。在3d时间内,男生的平均能量摄入量为2 260±588kcal/d;女生为2 022±461kcal/d,低于我国目前现行的轻体力活动成年男女能量推荐量。男女生各餐供能比分别为早餐14.2%、23.0%;午餐31.5%、24.4%;晚餐39.6%、27.6%;三餐外进食分别为14.7%和25.0%。3大营养素供能比(碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质)男生分别为51.4%、35.2%、13.4%;女生分别为50.7%、36.1%、13.2%。膳食中矿物质和维生素摄入量普遍不足。膳食结构中脂肪提供的能量比例增加,早餐供能比过低,蔬菜水果和乳制品摄入量不足,矿物质维生素未达到推荐量是目前该群体普遍现象,应增加在校集体就餐学生食物品种的多样性,对大学生集体就餐群体制定相应干预策略。     

Vitamin sufficiency of young basketball players

The investigation of vitamin sufficiency of young basket-ball players 14-16 years old (17 girls and 14 boys) has been carried out 59-77 per cent of the children had the deficiency of B group vitamins, 24-54 per cent--vitamin E insufficiency, most of them (82-100 per cent)--deficit of carotenoids while they were sufficiently vitamins C and A supplied. The girls were supplied with vitamins better than boys. There was no one adequately supplied with all vitamins among boys while 12 per cent of girls had adequately sufficiency. The girls had deficit of 1-2 vitamins more often whereas the combined insufficiency of 3-4 vitamins took place in 1.8-2.3 fold more frequently among boys. Daily intake of multivitamin containing 10 vitamins in daily recommended doses, lipoic acid, methionin and 9 minerals by boys lead to their blood plasma vitamin C, E, B-2 and beta-carotene level increase. Vitamin C insufficiency disappeared. Deficit of beta-carotene and vitamin B-6 became 1.5 fold rarely, vitamin B-2--2 fold, vitamin E--6 fold. Thus daily intake of recommended doses of vitamins eliminates biochemical signs of vitamin deficiency.     

Nitrite and nitrate content in meat products and estimated intake in Denmark from 1998 to 2006

The content of nitrite and nitrate in cured meat products has been monitored in Denmark seven times between 1995 and 2006. The maximum permitted added amounts of sodium nitrite in Denmark (60 mg kg^?1 for most products up to 150 mg kg^?1 for special products) have not been exceeded, except for a few samples back in 2002. The intake, mean and intake distribution of sodium nitrite have been calculated from 1998 to 2006 with data from the Danish dietary survey conducted in 2000–02 on Danes from four to 75 years of age. The amounts used by industry have been relatively stable through the whole period with levels varying between 6 and 20 mg sodium nitrite kg^?1 with sausages, meat for open sandwiches and salami-type sausages being the greatest contributors. The mean intake of sodium nitrate was around 1 mg day^?1, which is very low compared with the total intake of 61 mg day^?1. The mean intake of sodium nitrite was 0.017 and 0.014, 0.009 and 0.008, and 0.007 and 0.003 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for men and women in the age groups 4–5, 6–14 and 15–75 years, respectively, which was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.09 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. The 99th percentile for the group of 4-year-olds was 0.107 and 0.123 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for boys and girls, respectively, and the 95th percentile was 0.057 and 0.073 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for boys and girls, respectively, highest for the girls. With fewer than 100 boys and girls in the 4–5-year age group, only very few persons were responsible for the high intake. The conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the saliva and the degradation of nitrite during production and storage must also be considered when evaluating the intake of nitrite.     

山东省居民膳食营养状况调查

目的 了解山东省居民膳食营养状况。方法整群随机抽样,用称重法和24h回顾法进行连续3d膳食摄入调查。结果谷类摄入量城市比农村少68．6g,动物性食物摄入量城市比农村多19、7g。能量、蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素C和钠的摄入量城市低于农村,城市和农村比较分别少273．2kcal、3、1g、1．9g、60g、8．1mg、463．6mg。膳食结构仍以谷类食物为主。结论 山东省居民膳食营养存在不平衡现象,需要加强营养教育,引导居民合理膳食。     

Body composition and hormonal effects following exposure to mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the high-fat diet-induced obese mouse

Scope: To characterize the effects of ingesting the common foodborne mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on body weight and composition in the high‐fat (HF) diet‐induced obese mice, a model of human obesity. Methods and results: Female B6C3F1 mice were initially fed HF diets containing 45% kcal (HF45) or 60% kcal (HF60) as fat for 94 days to induce obesity. Half of each group was either continued on unamended HF diets or fed HF diets containing 10 mg/kg DON (DON‐HF45 or DON‐HF60) for another 54 days. Additional control mice were fed a low‐fat (LF) diet containing 10% kcal as fat for the entire 148‐day period. DON induced rapid decreases in body weights and fat mass, which stabilized to those of the LF control within 11 days. These effects corresponded closely to a robust transient decrease in food consumption. While lean body mass did not decline in DON‐fed groups, further increases were suppressed. DON exposure reduced plasma insulin, leptin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, and insulin‐like growth factor acid labile subunit as well as increased hypothalamic mRNA level of the orexigenic agouti‐related protein. Conclusion: DON‐mediated effects on body weight, fat mass, food intake, and hormonal levels in obese mice were consistent with a state of chronic energy restriction.     

Nutrition and blood lipid profile in adolescents during socioeconomic reforms in Russia: epidemiological study

Aim of study was to assess trends in lipid profile and nutrition of adolescent population in Novosibirsk during the social and economic reforms in Russia (1989-1999). Three cross-sectional studies of school aged 14-17 in 1989 (657), in 1994 (620) and in 1999 (626) were carried out. Total sample was 1903 (914 males and 989 females). Blood lipids, such as total cholesterol (TC0, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), were measured. Diet was estimated with the method of 24-hour dietary recall. During 10-year period mean serum TC decreased from 175 to 158 mg/dl in males and from 191 to 175 mg/dl in females (p < 0.001 for both genders). Females had significantly higher mean NC than did males at all surveys (p < 0.001)/Between 1989 and 1994 mean HDL-C levels decreased in boys both (p < 0.001), but in 1999 these levels were similar to 1989. During 1989-1994, TG levels significantly decreased, but between 1994 and 1999 mean TG levels increased in 1.5 times in both gender groups. Prevalence of high TC (> = 2000 mg/dl) significantly decreased from 17% to 6% in males and from 28% to 14% in females. Frequencies of low HDL-C (> = 40 mg/dl) also decreased in boys (from 28 to 8%) and girls (from 13 to 3%). Trends in diet showed similar changes and characterized by significant decreasing of total energy intakes (from 3021 to 2342 kcal in boys and from 2300 to 1644 kcal in girls) and of basic nutrient intakes (proteins? Fats? Carbohydrates). Negative trends in blood lipid profile and diet in adolescents during the unstable period of socioeconomic reforms in Russia indicate on serious changes in metabolic processes and need in large state economic programs to improve the situation.     

食物营养对运动员身体形态的影响研究

目的建立食物营养与运动员营养生化指标和身体形态之间的对应关系,探讨饮食模式可能对运动员身体机能的影响。方法以166名国家注册运动员为研究对象,采用SIMCA-P13+构建运动员饮食模式的OPLS-DA模型,并采用SPSS17.0统计分析软件对调研结果进行分析。结果总能量和脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物摄入分别对体脂百分数、体脂含量和体重指数成正相关的影响;微量元素的摄入会影响体脂百分数、增加体脂含量和体重指数;除缬氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸外,组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸对运动员身体形态的影响都相似,即异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸的摄入会降低体脂百分数,但是都会增加体脂含量和体重指数;而组氨酸的摄入则会同时降低体脂百分数、体脂含量和体重指数。谷类及相关制品、高糖淀粉类、含糖饮料类和蔬菜类的摄入而增加体脂百分数、体脂含量和体重指数;高糖淀粉类和水果类的摄入而增加体脂百分数、体脂含量,并降低体重指数;畜肉类、禽肉类和蛋类的摄入而减小体脂百分数、体脂含量,并增加体重指数;水产类、豆类和奶类的摄入会减小体脂百分数,并体重指数。结论优秀运动员具有自身相对稳定的饮食模式表现出个体差异性;营养摄入模式不同表现出对运动员的身体机能指标有一定的关联,通过模型识别技术表明营养摄入对运动员身体形态有重要的影响,可通过食物营养与运动员营养生化指标和身体形态之间的对应关系加以控制。     

Medical-biological approach to development of feeding ration for sportswomen--members of Russia weight lifting team

Physical status of 12 sportswomen - member of Russia weight lifting team during training period was analiysed. Anthropometric, bioimpedance methods with analyzer ABC-01 "Medass" in observation [body weight Index (index Ketle-2), waist circle/hip circle index] and body compositions were used (adipose, bone and muscle tissues masse). Data obtained when bioimpedance method was used indicated: normal body weight and relative adipose mass to body weight - in 92%, surplus - in 8% of cases; body weight Index and normal level of adipose mass - in 75%, surplus - in 25%; active cellular mass and bone mass and general body liquid were found to be normal. 14-day feeding ration for sportswomen were analysed and 3 times per day food intakes was found to be not optimal. Data obtained let to recommend set of daily food products to compose optimal ration for present sportswomen group when energetic value of 4500 kKal and high nutritional value would be provided.     

用随机森林回归算法辨析长寿人群饮食特征与健康指标间量化关系

为探索广西长寿人群饮食特征与其身体健康指标之间潜在的量化关系,于2016～2018年征集广西长寿地区(凤山县、东兰县、上林县、大化县、岑溪市)的长寿人群及其部分后代为对象,采用半定量膳食频率调查问卷法(Food frequency questionnaire,FFQ)量化调查其饮食情况,收集长寿人群的常规体检指标及血液...     

Energy requirements of workers engaged in the underground repair of oil wells in the Azerbaijan SSR

The energy requirement of workers engaged in the underground repair of oil wells has been evaluated. The energy expenditure during the 8-hour shift with the use of manual and mechanized labor was determined on the basis of the 7-day chronometric charts of their labor activity. The power consumption of 32 descending-lifting and preparative-conclusive operations was evaluated by the indirect calorimetry. Energy expenditure in the time off was studied by the questionnaire method during a week. It was established that, as it was calculated for standard body mass (70 kg), the daily energy expenditure of an operator comprised 3190 kcal (fluctuations depended on the use of mechanization means, 3125-3398 kcal), of his assistant--3487 kcal (3434-3644 kcal), machine driver of the tractor-elevator--3013 kcal (2965-3100 kcal). On the basis of the data obtained the work of the operator and machine driver has been referred to the III, and that of the operator's assistant to the IV occupational group with respect to the intensity of their labor.     

北京市儿童青少年肥胖与副食频次关系探讨

目的:阐明目前经济转型期北京市儿童青少年肥胖高流行与副食摄入频次的关系。方法:资料来源于北京市科技重点项目流行病学调查数据,提取3—18岁组20 867例膳食频次回顾性调查与体检测量指标值,剂量—反应关系采用Logistic多元回归最大似然法,个别副食精细深入分析使用多元方差与复合线图结合显示。结果:各副食搭配频次性别、城乡之间存在差异性,作用既不均衡,又交互影响。多元回归分析显示,正常与超重或肥胖儿童喝汤在各人群、男生肉频次、城区油炸食品、郊区豆制品,以及西式快餐摄入存在统计学差异。具体表现为喝汤对儿童肥胖的保护作用,过多肉类、油炸食品摄入为高BMI危险因子。结论:经济转型期北京儿童青少年肥胖与某些副食高摄入频次有关,这些副食在性别、城乡间存在差异。