一种油田高钡水体阻垢剂的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酸甲酯(MA)与马来酸酐(MAC)三种单体合成了一种新型的三元共聚物阻垢剂,通过正交实验确定该阻垢剂的最佳工艺参数:单体配比(MA:MAC:AA)=1:0.3:0.5,引发剂用量为12%,反应温度为80°C,反应时间为4 h。考察了阻垢剂的质量浓度和高钡水体对阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响,结果表明:该阻垢剂对钡锶垢有较好的阻垢效果,当钡离子和锶离子浓度分别为185 mg/L和2 250 mg/L时,阻垢剂加量为60 mg/L,阻垢率分别接近100%和80%左右;当钡离子浓度高达700 mg/L时,该阻垢剂的阻垢率仍在90%以上。     

一种新型阻垢剂的合成及反应条件的确定

以水为溶剂,过硫酸钠为引发剂,以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体合成了一种三元共聚物阻垢剂。研究了单体配比、引发剂用量、反应时间、温度对聚合物反应及阻垢率的影响。由正交试验确定反应最佳条件为:单体配比(MA∶AA∶AM)=1∶0.5∶0.3,温度为80℃,反应时间为3 h,引发剂加量(占单体总质量)为14%。     

膦酰基聚马来酸-丙烯酸缓蚀防垢剂的合成及性能

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)、亚磷酸钠为原料,过硫酸铵APS为引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法合成了膦酰基聚马来酸-丙烯酸缓蚀防垢剂,研究了合成条件对阻垢剂性能的影响,评价了其对碳酸钙的防垢性能及其缓蚀性能。实验结果表明,当单体的物质量配比n(MA):n(AA)=2:1,亚磷酸钠用量为单体总量的15%,引发剂用量为单体总量的6%,75℃条件下反应5h合成的共聚物阻垢剂加量在10mg/L时的防垢率达95%以上,有较好的缓蚀效果。     

AA-SAS共聚物的合成及其阻垢性能

以水为溶剂、过硫酸盐为引发剂,以丙烯酸(AA)和烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)为单体,合成了丙烯酸-烯丙基磺酸钠(AA-SAS)共聚物阻垢剂。探讨了单体配比、引发剂用量、反应体系温度和分子量调节剂对聚合物阻垢性能的影响。结果表明,共聚物对磷酸钙阻垢作用具有阈值效应,当用量大于12mg/L时,阻垢率约为99%。     

MA/AA/SSS三元共聚物的制备及其阻垢性能研究

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)为单体,水作溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,通过自由基聚合法制备了具有阻垢性能MA/AA/SSS三元共聚物。采用红外光谱法(FTIR)和热重分析(TG)等物理手段对聚合物化学结构及热稳定性进行表征。以共聚物的阻垢率为考察指标,系统研究了单体摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量、链转移剂用量等因素对其阻垢性能的影响。研究结果表明,当MA、AA、SSS的摩尔比为4∶2∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为4 h,引发剂用量为单体总质量的10%,链转移剂用量为单体总质量9%时,共聚物对Ca CO_3阻垢率可达85.6%。     

新型聚马来酸酐-丙烯酸类阻垢剂的研究

将顺酐(MA)与苯酚在室温下混合即得到一种电荷转移配合物(CTC),然后用此配合物与丙烯酸(AA)按摩尔比1:2进行聚合反应,采用偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,在反应温度60℃,反应时间5 h,引发剂用量为0.3%较缓和的条件下,合成了马来酸酐-丙烯酸共聚物(MA/AA)阻垢剂,实验结果表明,该聚合物阻垢剂对碳酸钙和磷酸钙均具有良好的阻垢性能,阻垢剂浓度为50 mg/L时,对碳酸钙的阻垢率达到100%,对磷酸钙的阻垢率达到60%以上。     

AA/HPA/SVS三元共聚物阻垢剂的合成及其性能研究

以丙烯酸(AA),丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPA)和乙烯基磺酸钠(SVS)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,在水相中进行自由基聚合反应,合成了AA/HPA/SVS水溶性三元共聚物阻垢剂.系统考察了聚合工艺条件对该共聚物阻垢效果的影响,并对其阻垢分散性能进行了初步评价.结果表明,n(AA):n(HPA):n(SVS)为3:1:1,引发剂用量为14%,链转移剂用量为10%,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为2.5 h时,合成的共聚物阻垢性能最佳,在用量为16 mg·L-1时对碳酸钙和磷酸钙的阻垢率均能达到90%以上,并且具有较好的钙容忍度和分散氧化铁性能.     

MA-AM-AA三元共聚物的制备及阻垢性能

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,研制出环保型三元共聚阻垢剂PMAA,并通过研究其阻垢性能确定了产品的最佳工艺配方。实验结果表明,当单体的质量配比m(AA)∶m(AM)∶m(MA)=2∶3∶0·5,引发剂用量为单体总质量的1.5%,反应温度为80℃,单体质量分数为15%时,得到的聚合物PMAA的用量为5mg/L时,用国标法测得其对碳酸钙的阻垢率达94·15%,对磷酸钙的阻垢率达80·93%。     

四元聚合物阻垢剂AMSA的合成及其阻垢性能的评价

以丙烯酸(AA)、马来酸酐(MA)、次亚磷酸钠(SHP)和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为反应单体,以水为溶剂,过氧化氢为引发剂,过渡金属离子混合液为催化剂,采用水溶液聚合法,合成了一种新型四元聚合物阻垢剂(AMSA)。研究了单体配比对AMSA阻硫酸盐垢性能的影响。结果表明,当反应单体AA、MA、SHP、AMPS的质量比为7:7:3:2时,合成的新型共聚物阻垢剂AMSA阻BaSO_4垢效果优异;对CaSO_4垢也具有良好的阻垢效果。     

IA/AA/AMPS三元共聚物的合成及阻垢性能研究

以水作溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,衣康酸(IA)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,合成了IA/AA /AMPS三元共聚物.探讨了引发剂用量、链转移剂用量、反应温度等对共聚物阻垢性能的影响.结果表明,引发剂用量为单体总质量的4.5%,链转移剂用量为单体总质量的9.5%,反应温度为95℃时,共聚...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。