Magnetoelastic interactions in a cracked ferromagnetic body

The stress–strain state associated with a moving crack in a ferromagnetic material is investigated. The model considers a soft magnetic ferroelastic body and incorporates a realistic (nonlinear) susceptibility. The moving crack propagates in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. A closed-form solution yields the magnetoelastic stresses and a stress intensity factor. An applied magnetic field makes the stress intensity factor depend upon the crack velocity. The nonlinear susceptibility produces a completely different magnetoelastic stress state than a constant susceptibility, and the stress intensity is highly sensitive to material properties. The stresses around the crack are largely insensitive to the external magnetic field and crack speed except at critical combinations for which the stresses are singular. Some combinations of magnetic field and crack velocity cause the stress components ahead of the crack tip to change sign.     

退火工艺对平整轧制后50W800无取向硅钢磁性能的影响

为提高50W800无取向硅钢的板形,需要对再结晶退火后的硅钢进行平整轧制,在平整后会出现硅钢片磁性能下降现象。对平整轧制后的50W800无取向硅钢进行400~800 ℃的去应力退火,利用单片测量法测量其铁损和磁感应强度,并用EBSD技术对组织织构进行分析。结果表明,经过平整轧制后,50W800无取向硅钢小角度晶界增加,但晶粒不均匀性会导致磁性能下降;采用700 ℃×2 min去应力退火后,50W800无取向硅钢磁性能得到较好的改善。EBSD技术分析发现,去应力退火能消耗大量小角度晶界,使晶界含量降低,晶粒均匀性增加,不利形变织构{111}<112>强度降低,这是50W800无取向硅钢磁性能改善的主要原因。     

新型马氏体耐热钢蠕变-疲劳性能与寿命预测

针对P92和G115新型马氏体耐热钢进行了应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能研究,分析了保载时间和峰值应力对应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能的影响规律.?结果表明,应力控制下蠕变-疲劳过程中蠕变变形和损伤主导了蠕变-疲劳寿命.?蠕变-疲劳寿命随峰值应力和保载时间的增加而下降,同时相同峰值应力下,G115钢的蠕变-疲劳寿命约是P92钢的8...     

快淬速度对Nd9.5Fe76Zr3Co5B6.5纳米晶复合永磁合金磁性能和微观结构的影响

以Nd9.5Fe76Zr3Co5B6.5合金为研究对象,研究了不同快淬速度(8~65 m/s)对合金的磁性能、交换耦合作用和微观结构的影响。结果表明,快淬速度对合金退火后的微观结构和磁性能具有显著地影响,适当的快淬速度将使合金退火后的晶粒细化、分布均匀,提高软、硬磁性相间的交换耦合作用,进而提高合金的磁性能。当淬速为15 m/s时,合金退火后具有最佳的综合磁性能:Br=0.976 T,Hcj=711.57 kA/m,(BH)max=150.61 kJ/m3。     

Mechanical and fatigue properties of stress relieved type 302 stainless steel wire

Type 302 stainless steel wire is manufactured using a cold extrusion process. The cold working increases the ultimate strength of the wire from approximately 690 MPa to 2070 MPa. However, the cold working process creates residual stresses and surface microcracks in the wire. The residual stresses and microcracks reduce the fatigue life of the wire considerably. Elimination or minimization of residual stresses and microcracks is necessary if longer fatigue life is required. Residual stresses or microcracks in a wire can be minimized by a heat treatment process, which could improve both its mechanical properties and fatigue properties. Experimental evidence shows that the stress relieving process yields maximum mechanical properties between 316 and 482 ° (600 and 900 °F). The fatigue properties of the wire are optimum at a stress relieving temperature of 649 ° (1200 °F). However, the mechanical properties such as yield strength, modulus of resilience, modulus of toughness, and ultimate strength, etc., are reduced by as much as 30% if compared to the similar properties of 316 ° (600 °F) stress relieved wire.     

Material Parameters for Creep Rupture of Austenitic Stainless Steel Foils

Creep rupture properties of austenitic stainless steel foil, 347SS, used in compact recuperators have been evaluated at 700 °C in the stress range of 54-221 MPa to establish the baseline behavior for its extended use. Creep curves of the foil show that the primary creep stage is brief and creep life is dominated by tertiary creep deformation with rupture lives in the range of 10-2000 h. Results are compared with properties of bulk specimens tested at 98 and 162 MPa. Thin foil 347SS specimens were found to have higher creep rates and higher rupture ductility than their bulk specimen counterparts. Power law relationship was obtained between the minimum creep rate and the applied stress with stress exponent value, n = 5.7. The value of the stress exponent is indicative of the rate-controlling deformation mechanism associated with dislocation creep. Nucleation of voids mainly occurred at second-phase particles (chromium-rich M₂₃C₆ carbides) that are present in the metal matrix by decohesion of the particle-matrix interface. The improvement in strength is attributed to the precipitation of fine niobium carbides in the matrix that act as obstacles to the movement of dislocations.     

温度场下17-4PH钢喷丸表面残余应力松弛及疲劳强度

采用喷丸处理对17-4PH不锈钢进行表面强化,研究了温度场对其残余应力和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,结合扫描电镜等微观结构分析,采用X射线无损检测技术对室温下17-4PH不锈钢在不同喷丸参数处理后的表面残余应力进行了评价,利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机测试了喷丸后样品的S-N疲劳曲线。然后,采用优化的喷丸处理方法,研究了17-4PH材料在150、300和450 ℃不同温度场下的高温疲劳性能和表面残余应力松弛特性。实验结果表明,17-4PH不锈钢的最佳室温喷丸工艺应选用低强度喷丸参数。同时,针对此最佳喷丸强化工艺的高温疲劳试验表明,当环境温度T<300 ℃时,喷丸能显著提高17-4PH不锈钢的疲劳寿命,当温度T>450 ℃时,17-4PH的疲劳性能反而显著降低。进一步分析表明,对于喷丸后17-4PH的高温服役,其疲劳性能降低机理是由于残余应力的严重松弛和表面完整性的降低。     

热处理对FeCuNbSiB单层膜磁性能的影响

本文研究了热处理对FeCuNbSiB薄膜结构及磁性能的影响。XRD分析表明制备态的FeCuNbSiB为非晶态,并且在300℃热处理仍然保持非晶态。300℃热处理后,薄膜释放应力,软磁性能有所提高。热处理温度进一步升高,薄膜由非晶态转化为纳米晶,矫顽力及饱和磁化场明显增加,磁矩向垂直膜面方向转动,软磁性能下降。     

The magnetic, structure and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified (Nd7Y2.5)-(Fe64.5Nb3)-B23 nanocomposite permanent magnet

The Nd₇Y_2.5Fe_64.5Nb₃B₂₃ nanocomposite permanent magnets in the form of rods with 2 mm in diameter have been developed by annealing the amorphous precursors produced by copper mold casting technique. The phase evolution, structure, magnetic and mechanical properties were investigated with X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, magnetometry and universal uniaxial compression strength techniques. The heat treatment conditions under which the magnets attained maximum magnetic and mechanical properties have been established. The results indicate that magnet properties are sensitive to grain size and volume content of the magnetic phases present in the microstructure. The composite microstructure was mainly composed of soft α-Fe (20-30 nm) and hard Nd₂Fe₁₄B (45-65 nm) magnetic phase grains. The maximum coercivity of 959.18 kA/m was achieved with the magnets annealed at 760 °C whereas the highest remanence of 0.57 T was obtained with the magnets treated at 710 °C. The optimally annealed magnets possessed promising magnetic properties such as _jH_c of 891.52 kA/m, B_r of 0.57 T, M_r/M_s = 0.68, (BH)_max of 56.8 kJ/m³ as well as the micro-Vickers hardness (H_v) of 1138 ± 20 and compressive stress (σ_f) of 239 ± 10 MPa.     

Effects of pressure and shear stress on material removal rate in ultra-fine polishing of optical glass with magnetic compound fluid slurry

Optical glasses used in a range of industrially important optoelectronic devices must be polished to nano-level roughness for proper device operation. Polishing process with magnetic compound fluid slurry (MCF polishing) under a rotary magnetic field is an influential candidate for the method to precisely polish optical glass. MCF slurry has been successfully utilized to polish a variety of materials, ranging from soft optical polymers to hard optical glasses. MCF was developed by mixing a magnetic fluid and a magnetorheological fluid with the same base solvent, and hence includes not only μm-sized iron particles but also nm-sized magnetite particles. To elucidate the behaviour of material removal in MCF polishing, this study measured the normal and shear forces generated in the polishing zone during polishing. From these measurements, the distributions of pressure P and shear stress τ were obtained. The distribution of material removal rate (MRR) was investigated through spot polishing of borosilicate glass. The effects of three process parameters, namely magnet revolution speed, MCF carrier rotational speed and working gap, on pressure P, shear stress τ and the MRR were also investigated. The results revealed that P is higher near the centre of the interacting area (i.e. the polishing spot centre) and the point of maximum shear stress τ appears at about 5 mm from the polishing spot centre. All of P, τ and MRR are sensitive to MCF carrier rotational speed and working gap but insensitive to magnet revolution speed. Shear stress is more sensitive to these process parameters than the pressure. Cross-sectional profiles of the polishing spots exhibit a characteristic symmetric W-shape; material removals are minimal at the spot centre and maximal at approximately 8.2–10.2 mm from the spot centre depending on the process parameters. MRR is proportional to the MCF carrier rotational speed and is negatively correlated with working gap. An MRR model involving both the pressure and shear stress in MCF polishing is proposed. In the model, MRR is more dominated by shear stress than by pressure.     

应力和晶粒组织对磁畴动态特性的影响

近年新兴的磁光成像技术,特别是磁畴动态特性可视化技术,为评估铁磁材料的应力状态提供了一种新的磁检测方法。为研究应力和晶粒组织/晶界对磁畴动态特性的影响,通过磁光成像装置,观测取向硅钢片在施加不同的应力和外加磁场时表面磁畴结构的变化。结果表明:应力作用下,附加磁畴数量减少,从点状附加磁畴转变为长条状主磁畴,且应力增加会使主磁畴平均宽度减小,主磁畴完全翻转所需要的磁场减小;外加磁场作用下,可使磁畴向磁场方向转动,磁场强度的增加,使与外加磁场同向的磁畴面积增加。同时,晶粒组织结构和内部的各向异性,以及晶界处的能量和钉扎作用,都会影响磁畴结构和磁畴壁的运动状态。研究结果有助于理清铁磁构件的磁弹耦合效应和磁检测技术的微观物理机制,为提高应力评估的灵敏度和可靠性提供重要的科学依据。     

冲击载荷作用下Mg-Li合金的力学性能及显微组织

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对真空熔炼制备的Mg-Li合金进行了静、动态试验研究,试件的加载应变率范围为1.7×10-3～1026s-1,得到了材料在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线。并根据实验结果确立了Mg-Li合金在一维应力高应变率冲击状态下的本构关系。同时还分析了不同应变率冲击后Mg-Li合金的金相组织。结果表明,该Mg-Li合金在室温下的动态冲击性能对应变率不敏感。Mg-Li合金在一维应力高应变率冲击状态下的本构关系为σ=1.5ε,(σ0.12GPa),σ=0.12+2.7ε1.2(σ≥0.12GPa)。随着应变率的增加,晶粒尺寸先变小,再趋于不规则形状,而且晶界处分布的短条状化合物也逐渐集中。     

选区激光熔化制备Ti-6Al-4V合金的热处理工艺及力学性能

采用选区激光熔化技术(SLM)制备Ti-6Al-4V合金圆棒试样,通过不同的热处理工艺改善材料的拉伸性能,并对SLM制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金试样开展了高周疲劳性能测试。通过微观组织和疲劳试样断口分析,揭示了显微组织结构与拉伸性能的关系,以及Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳裂纹起始源和裂纹扩展机理。结果表明,热处理工艺对SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金的力学性能有显著的影响,920 ℃×1 h水冷,随后800 ℃×2 h炉冷的固溶时效热处理制度可以获得较好的综合室温拉伸性能。其室温组织为晶界上分布的α相和晶粒内部片层状分布的α+β相。SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织中的晶界形成与扫描路径相关,热处理过程中α相会优先在扫描分区搭接处析出。与手册锻件的疲劳寿命曲线比较,在同样的最大应力水平下,增材试样的疲劳寿命比锻件的疲劳寿命低,这种降低的趋势随着应力水平的降低而逐步增大。在400 MPa的应力水平下(R=-1),锻件的疲劳寿命已经在2×10⁷水平,增材试样的疲劳寿命依然较低,约为锻件的1%。SLM成型Ti-6Al-4V合金的应力疲劳寿命偏低,是由于试样中存在未熔合缺陷造成。扫描分区搭接处易产生未熔合缺陷,而疲劳裂纹也会沿着这些缺陷扩展。     

Evaluation of material properties of 3Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel by magnetic, electrical and elastic properties

The magnetic, electrical and elastic properties of 3Cr-1Mo-0.25 V steel were investigated using heat treatment procedures (as-quenched→tempered→PWHT). The mechanical properties were determined for the respective specimens with three types of heat histories. The mechanical properties (yield stress, hardness) and magnetic properties (permeability, coercive force, remanence) were inversely proportional to the heat treatment procedures. The permeability decreased linearly with an increase in the grain size; however, the yield stress, hardness, coercive force and remanence did not vary greatly with grain size. The electrical resistivity and ultrasonic velocity of the as-quenched material differed from those of the tempered/PWHT material. This trend was due to the defects, precipitates and carbides in the grain and at the grain boundary caused by the heat treatment procedures. However, the electrical resistivity and ultrasonic velocity did not vary greatly with grain size.     

Characterization of texture and residual stress in a section of 610 mm pipeline steel

Gas pipelines are inspected for defects such as corrosion. The most commonly used nondestructive inspection tool uses the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique. The MFL signals depend on the magnetic behaviour of the pipe, which is sensitive to its microstructure and crystallographic texture as well as both residual and applied stresses. Here a section of commercial X70 pipeline is characterized using microstructural examination, X-ray diffraction (to determine crystallographic texture) and neutron diffraction (for residual stress measurement). The results correlate well with the manufacturing steps used for this type of pipe. Magnetic characterization is also performed using magnetic Barkhausen noise measurements, which reflect the magnetic anisotropy in the pipe and thus the MFL signal. These results do not correlate simply with crystallographic texture and residual strain results, but this is not unexpected given the complex nature of the material and its stress state.     

A286合金的高温持久性能

为了探究A286合金的高温持久性能,对采用进口电炉+炉外精炼+真空自耗(EAF+LF+VAR)冶炼工艺制备的A286合金进行不同温度和应力的高温持久试验,利用Larson-Miller参数(LMP)预测了A286合金的持久寿命,并分析了断口微观组织演变。结果表明,A286合金应力与LMP之间的关系为σ=-107.30×LMP+3011.02。随着试验温度的降低,A286合金的断裂方式由韧窝和孔洞组成的韧性断裂转为沿晶断裂的脆性断裂。在低温高应力下,裂纹主要在MC和M₂₃C₆处产生,在高温低应力下,裂纹主要在片层状η相处产生。在试验温度650℃、应力450 MPa下,强化机制主要为位错切过γ′相的沉淀强化,在试验温度750℃、应力150 MPa下,强化机制为位错切过γ′相的沉淀强化和位错绕过γ′相的弥散强化,并且晶内析出的TiP₂、(Ti, Nb)C、TiC和NbC等纳米颗粒有利于高温持久蠕变。     

Structure and magnetic properties ofhigh-performanced Sm2（Co, Fe, Cu, Zr）17 alloys

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纳米孔软磁薄膜铁芯的制备与分析

软磁敏感膜的磁性能是决定磁传感器性能的关键因素。为了保证加工工艺的兼容性,敏感膜通常采用磁控溅射法制备,其性能普遍较差,这严重制约了磁传感器的发展。因此,如何在硅基底上制备出符合磁传感器性能要求的敏感膜,同时加工过程与MEMS工艺兼容,是一个亟待解决的问题。相关研究表明,微观结构的变化有利于提高敏感膜的磁性能。本文采用标准的MEMS技术制备了纳米多孔软磁敏感膜。对不同孔径的敏感膜进行了相关的表征和测试,分析了孔径大小对薄膜软磁性能的影响。实验表明,孔径大于50nm的多孔结构可以降低敏感膜的Hs和Hc,100nm多孔结构提高敏感膜的软磁性能效果最为明显。实验分析的结论为制备方案的确定和敏感膜性能的改善提供了依据。     

磁致伸缩和磁记忆问题研究

从铁磁性材料的基本特性和最小自由能原理出发，探讨了应力和外磁场对磁性材料磁化状态的不同影响，讨论了磁致伸缩现象的规律和特点。用磁致伸缩方程组详细研究了磁记忆现象产生的条件和规律，分析了应力和地磁场在磁记忆现象中的不同作用。结论认为应力可改变材料的磁特性，地磁场则可改变材料的压磁性，两者共同作用产生净磁场，磁记忆现象不仅与应力和材料的磁特性有关，而且还与工件在空间的位置和方向有关。     

Magnetic layer formation on plasma nitrided CoCrMo alloy

In this study structural and magnetic character of the expanded austenite phase (γ_N) layer formed on a medical grade CoCrMo alloy by a low-pressure Radio-Frequency plasma nitriding process was investigated. The formation of the expanded austenite phase is facilitated at a substrate temperature near 400 °C for 1, 2, 4, 6 and 20 h under a gas mixture of 60% N₂–40% H₂. The magnetic state of the γ_N layers was determined by a surface sensitive technique, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), and with a scanning probe microscope in magnetic force mode (MFM). Strong evidence for the ferromagnetic nature of the γ_N-(Co,Cr,Mo) phase is provided by the observation of stripe domain structures and the hysteresis loops. The ferromagnetic state for the γ_N phase observed here is mainly linked to large lattice expansions (~ 10%) due to high N contents (~ 30 at.%). As an interstitial impurity, nitrogen dilates the host lattice i.e. the Co–Co (or Fe–Fe) distance is increased, which strongly influences the magnetic interactions. An analogy between the magnetic properties of the expanded phases, γ_N-(Fe,Cr,Ni) and γ_N-(Co,Cr,Mo), formed in austenitic stainless steel alloys and the CoCrMo alloy of this study is made, and it is suggested that the ferromagnetic states for the γ_N-(Co,Cr,Mo) and γ_N-(Fe,Cr,Ni) phases may be correlated with the volume dependence of the magnetic properties of fcc-Co/Co₄N and fcc-Fe/Fe₄N, respectively.