小型化层叠式三维T/R组件

三维收发(T/R)组件具有小型化、重量轻和可扩充等特点,成为T/R组件技术的重要发展方向之一。本文对一种基于低温共烧陶瓷(LTCC)的Ku波段小型化三维T/R组件进行了研究,通过分析优化组件的垂直微波互连技术、电路布局优化及无源等效模型,设计出具有优良电性能(输出功率≥24.5 dBm,接收增益大于≥25 dB,接收噪声系数≤3.5 dB)的小型化三维T/R组件。该组件利用LTCC高密度布线、球栅阵列(BGA)高密度连接优点,把组件设计成三层层叠结构,并且把部分芯片集成于“多功能芯片”,进一步缩小了尺寸,单个组件尺寸为9.5 mm×9.5 mm× 3.8 mm,有效实现了T/R组件的小型化。     

Minimally Redundant 2-D Array Designs for 3-D Medical Ultrasound Imaging

In real-time ultrasonic 3-D imaging, in addition to difficulties in fabricating and interconnecting 2-D transducer arrays with hundreds of elements, there are also challenges in acquiring and processing data from a large number of ultrasound channels. The coarray (spatial convolution of the transmit and receive arrays) can be used to find efficient array designs that capture all of the spatial frequency content (a transmit–receive element combination corresponds to a spatial frequency) with a reduced number of active channels and firing events. Eliminating the redundancies in the transmit–receive element combinations and firing events reduces the overall system complexity and improves the frame rate. Here we explore four reduced redundancy 2-D array configurations for miniature 3-D ultrasonic imaging systems. Our approach is based on 1) coarray design with reduced redundancy using different subsets of linear arrays constituting the 2-D transducer array, and 2) 3-D scanning using fan-beams (narrow in one dimension and broad in the other dimension) generated by the transmit linear arrays. We form the overall array response through coherent summation of the individual responses of each transmit–receive array pairs. We present theoretical and simulated point spread functions of the array configurations along with quantitative comparison in terms of the front-end complexity and image quality.      

A 3-D Spectral-Element Time-Domain Method for Electromagnetic Simulation

A spectral-element time-domain (SETD) method is proposed to solve 3-D transient electromagnetic problems based on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre polynomials. It has the advantages of spectral accuracy and block-diagonal mass matrix. With the inexpensive inversion of the block-diagonal mass matrix, the proposed method requires only a trivial sparse matrix-vector product at each time step, thus significantly reducing CPU time and memory requirement. Galerkin's method is used for spatial discretization, and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is employed for the time integration. The perfectly matched layer (PML) is employed to truncate the boundary in unbounded problems. The pseudospectral time-domain method is used to simplify the treatment of the PML inside the proposed SETD method. Numerical examples are shown to verify the efficiency and the spectral accuracy with the order of basis functions     

A Hybrid SIM-SEM Method for 3-D Electromagnetic Scattering Problems

A new method combining the spectral integral method and spectral element method (SIM-SEM) is proposed to simulate 3-D electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous objects. In this hybrid technique (a special case of the finite element boundary integral (FEM-BI) combination), the SEM with the mixed-order curl conforming vector Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) basis functions are used to represent the interior electric field with high accuracy, while the SIM on a cuboid surface is used as an exact radiation boundary condition. The Toeplitz property of the SIM matrix is utilized to reduce the memory and CPU time costs in an iterative solver by using the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Unlike the traditional FEM-BI combination where the BI portion usually dominates the computational complexity, the computational costs are much lower in the SIM-SEM method. Numerical results verify the accuracy and capability of this method, confirming that the SIM-SEM method is a good alternative for solving scattering problems from inhomogeneous objects.      

结构光三维视觉检测系统的标定方法研究

提出了一种新的结构光三维视觉检测系统的标定方法,将BP神经网络和线性标定方法结合起来,用线性标定方法标定结构光系统的线性部分,用BP神经网络来描述该结构光系统的其他部分.结果表明:该方法结合了神经网络和线性标定方法的优点,不仅给出了结构光三维检测系统中CCD相机的内部和外部参数,而且利用神经网络的非线性逼近能力,补偿由于镜头径向畸变、切向畸变等因素引起的系统非线性误差,并且精度高、抗噪声能力强及鲁棒性好.     

基于改进三维后向投影的多圈圆迹SAR相干三维成像方法

圆迹SAR(CSAR)因其特殊曲线运动轨迹而具备3维成像能力。单圈CSAR理论上可以获得距离方位平面亚波长级的分辨率,但是高程向分辨率却很低。同时,利用后向投影(BP)算法进行CSAR 3维成像的算法复杂度高,成像效率低。该文提出一种基于改进3维后向投影的多圈CSAR相干3维成像方法,针对现有成像算法时间复杂度高的问题,提出一种构造几何插值核的CSAR改进3维后向投影算法,可将3维插值操作转化为1维插值操作和距离向量搜索操作,通过多圈CSAR改进3维后向投影成像结果相干积累的方式得到最终3维图像。该文所提方法可有效解决单圈CSAR 3维成像高程向分辨率低的问题,改善3维成像细节,同时能够大幅降低CSAR 3维成像时间。仿真圆锥目标和美国空军实验室GOTCHA数据3维成像结果验证了该文所提方法的有效性。

     

A 3-D Discontinuous Spectral Element Time-Domain Method for Maxwell's Equations

A discontinuous spectral element time-domain method is proposed to analyze transient electromagnetic properties of general 3-D structures. This method is advantageous in that its mass matrices are block-diagonal due to the Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre polynomials, and it allows different orders of basis functions for each subdomain. The Riemann solver is employed in the boundary integral terms to communicate fields between adjacent subdomains. Perfectly matched layers are utilized to truncate the computational domain. Galerkin method is used for spatial discretization, and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is employed for the time integration. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated through several numerical examples of initial value problems and scattering problems.     

基于改进三维后向投影的多圈圆迹SAR相干三维成像方法

圆迹SAR(CSAR)因其特殊曲线运动轨迹而具备3维成像能力.单圈CSAR理论上可以获得距离方位平面亚波长级的分辨率,但是高程向分辨率却很低.同时,利用后向投影(BP)算法进行CSAR 3维成像的算法复杂度高,成像效率低.该文提出一种基于改进3维后向投影的多圈CSAR相干3维成像方法,针对现有成像算法时间复杂度高的问题,提出一种构造几何插值核的CSAR改进3维后向投影算法,可将3维插值操作转化为1维插值操作和距离向量搜索操作,通过多圈CSAR改进3维后向投影成像结果相干积累的方式得到最终3维图像.该文所提方法可有效解决单圈CSAR 3维成像高程向分辨率低的问题,改善3维成像细节,同时能够大幅降低CSAR 3维成像时间.仿真圆锥目标和美国空军实验室GOTCHA数据3维成像结果验证了该文所提方法的有效性.     

A 3-D Radial Point Interpolation Method for Meshless Time-Domain Modeling

In this paper, the radial point interpolation method, one of the meshless numerical techniques that has recently emerged in the area of computational electromagnetics, is extended to three dimensions for time-domain electromagnetic modeling. Its capabilities of conformal and multiscale modeling of arbitrary geometries over conventional grid-based numerical techniques are numerically validated and evaluated. A general approach to determining the numerical stability condition of the method is described. Consequently, this study presents another possible approach to automatic meshing of complex structures and an adaptive scheme for numerical solution refinements.      

一种快速的三维VLSI互连电容提取方法:虚拟多介质方法

本文提出一种基于直接边界元方法的虚拟多介质(Quasi-Multiple Medium,QMM)加速方法,并将它应用于三维VLSI多介质互连电容的计算中.QMM方法将三维互连电容器中的单层介质看成由多个虚拟介质组成,从而大大减少了系数矩阵中的非零元数目,最终使计算时间和存储空间显著减少.通过比较QMM算法与非QMM算法,以及商业软件Raphael对实际三维互连结构的计算,结果表明QMM算法在保持计算准确性的同时,可使电容提取的效率得到显著提高.     

2—D Fourier Transform Method for Optical Measurement of 3—D Surface

A emthod of 2-D Fourier transform used in 3-D surface profilometry is proposed,analyzed and compared with 1-D Fourier transform method in theory and practical measuring result.It was proved that the 2-D Fourier transform method has more advantages over 1-D Fourier transform methodd in biggest crook-rate limits,accuracy and sensitivity of measuring.Styudy on measuring object surface details with large crook-rate changing accurately used new higher-power index low-pass filter of spatial frequency domain.A new method of automatic produced reference grating image and error-correcting is proposed.One undeform row of deform grating image is used to extend a complete reference grating image,and some error-correcting method is used to process the result to get accurate surface shape and the deflection of reference surface normal line deviated from the axle of camera.By this new method,one deform rectangle grating image is only used to get the 3-D shape accurately.     

A 3-D Spectral Integral Method (SIM) for Surface Integral Equations

An efficient 3-D spectral integral method (SIM) has been proposed to speed up the method of moments (MOM) calculation of induced currents on a cuboid. This method utilizes the Toeplitz structure in the impedance matrix and the fast Fourier transform to accelerate the MOM solution. It reduces the memory and CPU time per iteration from $O(N^2)$ in the MOM to $O(N^{1.5})$ and $O(N^{1.5}log N)$, respectively. Thus, the SIM can be also used as an efficient radiation boundary condition for the finite element method. Numerical results confirm the effectiveness of this method.      

基于结构光扫描的彩色三维信息测量技术

提出了一种基于线结构光扫描的彩色三维信息测量方法,建立了扫描测量的数学模型,利用一种圆孔阵列平面靶标完成了系统光平面参数的标定。利用所研制的系统对一标准棱块进行测量,空间测量精度优于0．1mm。提出了通过计算测量点对应彩色图像中像素坐标获取颜色信息、对整个扫描数据进行颜色渲染的方案,并对小花盆进行了三维测量和颜色渲染,获得了完整准确的彩色三维数据。系统具有测量精度高、颜色渲染快速和准确的特点。     

A Nonspurious 3-D Vector Discontinuous Galerkin Finite-Element Time-Domain Method

We propose a nonspurious vector discontinuous Galerkin finite-element time-domain (DG-FETD) method for 3-D electromagnetic simulation. To facilitate the implementation of numerical fluxes for domain decomposition, we construct the DG-FETD scheme based on the first-order Maxwell's equations with variables ${bf E}$ and ${bf H}$. The LT/QN and the CT/LN edge elements are employed to represent ${bf E}$ and ${bf H}$, respectively (or vice versa), to suppress spurious modes, and the Riemann solver is utilized as the numerical flux to correct fields on the interfaces between adjacent subdomains. Numerical experiments show the nonspurious property of the proposed method.      

A versatile controller for 3-D machining

A controller that produces sculptured surfaces from a small input without postprocessing is presented. It generates straight lines, circular arcs, and algebraic and trigonometric curves in any plane or combinations of such forms to produce complex lines and surfaces for machining applications. The controller is very versatile and can reduce programming costs by orders of magnitude     

A 3-D Enlarged Cell Technique (ECT) for the Conformal FDTD Method

In this paper, we present an enlarged cell technique (ECT) to avoid the time step reduction encountered in the conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) method due to small irregular cells truncated by metallic boundaries. We focus our efforts on the discussion of the accuracy and stability of the ECT and its comparison with other conformal methods, especially the one called the uniformly stable conformal (USC) method. We also provide a simplified ECT, which is much easier to implement. In the ECT, a stability criterion is first constructed to identify instable irregular cells, i.e., those having so small an area to cause instability. Those instable cells are then enlarged into their adjacent cells to obtain a large, stable area. Careful treatment is performed on the communication between the intruding and intruded cells in terms of electromotive force by keeping the total electromotive force conservative. This technique is verified by several 3-D numerical experiments. Results show that the ECT is second-order accurate and numerically stable at the regular Courant time step limit.     

A Design Method for 3-D FIR Cone-Shaped Filters Based on the McClellan Transformation

This paper presents an efficient technique for designing three-dimensional (3-D) finite-impusle-response (FIR) digital filters having cone-shaped magnitude response. The McClellan transformation method is used as basis of the design. The new approach proposes a closed form solution for the transform coefficients of the mapping function. A simultaneous determination of the 1-D cutoff frequency of the prototype filter is also considered. The newly obtained relations for the transform parameters are very simple and depend on the angle of inclination of the cone. Additionally, the analytical expressions for the impulse response coefficients of the transformation subfilter are also derived. The behavior of the transformation function is examined, followed by several detailed examples with different input specifications of designed 3-D cone filters.      

基于三维射线跟踪的城市微小区电波传播预测算法

射线跟踪算法是用于城市微小区电波传播预测的一种有效算法,但大多文献只对其正向算法进行了详细的探讨,而对于比较精确的反向算法却少有提及.本文对基于三维模型的射线跟踪反向算法进行了详细的讨论,并建立了城市微小区的三维的反向射线跟踪模型.     

Concise Current Source Implementation for Efficient 3-D ADI-FDTD Method

A concise current source implementation is presented for the unconditionally stable 3-D alternating direction implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method. Unlike the conventional implicit symmetric source scheme applied in both updating procedures, the new implementation involves implicit current formulation in the first procedure only. Note however that the resultant accuracy does not deteriorate but remains to be identical as before. This is achieved using our recent efficient algorithm for the 3-D ADI-FDTD method. Moreover, the current formulations applied in both procedures therein are simplified, along with further reduction of the floating point operations count for the main iterations. Analytical validation of the equivalence among conventional implicit symmetric source scheme and our efficient algorithms with alternative current implementations are discussed. Numerical results provide closer scrutiny of the asymmetry errors, which may still exist even with symmetric source.     

基于莫尔条纹的三维物体相关识别

提出了一种新的基于莫尔条纹的三维物体识方法。用阴影莫尔法的装置,采用频域滤波的方法,得到物体的莫尔条纹。用受到物体表面高度调制的莫尔条纹图作为输入图像,用光学匹配空间滤波的概念来实现相关识别方法,根据输出的相关峰值大小即可判别不同的物体。因为物体的莫尔条纹是物体的等高线,体现三维物体特征的高度函数以莫尔等高线的形式编码于莫尔条纹中,因此基于莫尔条纹的相关识别具有本征三维识别的特点。计算机模拟试验结果证明了这种方法用于三维物体识别的可能性。