同步加速器束流能量自动切换控制系统

带电粒子放射治疗中3D主动治疗方式需要不同的束流能量照射不同的病灶切面,这就需要同步加速器控制系统能实现多级束流能量的自动切换控制并提供接口对接治疗计划进行自动变能控制。本文开发了同步加速器束流能量切换控制系统,同步加速器的前端服务器中存储着执行1个同步加速器加速周期所需的全部控制数据集,其中控制数据通过索引标号对其进行区分,同步事例信息是同步加速器多级束流能量切换的触发信号。当前端控制器被同步时间系统的同步事例触发激活后,从DSP波形发生器的SDRAM空间中读出磁铁电源、高频等控制数据进行数据切换。同步事例信号包含同步触发信息、束流能量控制数据的索引信息和控制数据的更新操作信息。多级束流能量自动切换控制系统能实现255级束流能量间自动切换控制（碳束能量在50～500 MeV间切换,步长可控制在1.77 MeV）,完全能满足实际中碳束能量在50～500 MeV间以10 MeV为步长的自动切换控制。     

大型工业电子束脱硫脱硝装置辐射等效剂量场模拟与系统参数优化

为优化大型工业电子束脱硫脱硝装置和配套大功率电子加速器工程参数,应用Geant4模拟分析了不同出射能量的单能电子束在烟气中的径迹和偏转后电子束在烟气中的等效剂量场。计算得到1.75 MeV电子束更符合1 000 MWe级火电机组烟气系统工程设计需要,计算结果将为工业化设计提供参考。     

Resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry for carbon diffusion in silicon

300 keV C⁺ ion implantation onto Si(1 0 0) wafers was carried out at temperatures of 400, 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700 °C. Depth profile of C was determined by resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RRBS) measurements using ¹²C(α,α)¹²C resonant reaction with the α-particle energy of 4.27 MeV. The concentration of the implanted carbon at the surface as a function of inverse of implantation temperature shows an Arrhenius behaviour. The activation energy for diffusion of carbon in Si was measured and found to be 0.434 eV, which is smaller than the activation energy (0.88 eV) for the C diffusion in Si in equilibrium condition. The possible mechanism of C diffusion in Si during irradiation conditions existing in our experiments where large concentration of vacancies and interstitials are produced is discussed and we find that the C diffusion during irradiation conditions could be due to the drag the carbon towards the surface by the vacancy flux.     

Evaluation of D(d,n)3 He reaction neutron source models for BNCT irradiation system design

A mathematical method was developed to calculate the yield,energy spectrum and angular distribution of neutrons from D(d,n)~3He(D-D)reaction in a thick deuterium-titanium target for incident deuterons in energies lower than 1.0MeV.The data of energy spectrum and angular distribution were applied to set up the neutron source model for the beam-shaping-assembly(BSA)design of Boron-Neutron-Capture-Therapy(BNCT)using MCNP-4C code. Three cases of D-D neutron source corresponding to incident deuteron energy of 1000,400 and 150 key were inves- tigated.The neutron beam characteristics were compared with the model of a 2.45 MeV mono-energetic and isotropic neutron source using an example BSA designed for BNCT irradiation.The results show significant differences in the neutron beam characteristics,particularly the fast neutron component and fast neutron dose in air,between the non-isotropic neutron source model and the 2.5 MeV mono-euergetic and isotropic neutron source model.     

Evaluation of D（d,n）^3 He reaction neutron source models for BNCT irradiation system design

A mathematical method was developed to calculatc the yield.energy spectrum and angular distribution of neutrons from D(d,n)3 He(D-D)reaction in a thick deuterium-titanium target for incident deuterons in energies lower than 1.0MeV.The data of energy spectrum and angular distribution wefe applied to set up the neutron source model for the beam-shaping-assembly(BSA)design of Boron-Neutron-Capture-Therapy(BNCT)using MCNP-4C code.Three cases of D-D neutron source corresponding to incident deuteron energy of 1000.400 and 150 kaV were investigated.The neutron beam characteristics were compared with the model of a 2.45 MeV mono-energetic and isotropic neutron source using an example BSA designed for BNCT irradiation.The results show significant differences in the neutron beam characteristics,particularly the fast neutron component and fast neutron dose in air,between the non-isotropic neutron source model and the 2.5 MeV mono-energetic and isotropic neutron source model.     

Deposition of polycrystalline Si thin films on glass substrates by direct negative Si ion beam deposition

Polycrystalline Si (Poly-Si) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate by direct negative Si (Si⁻) ion beam deposition. The glass substrate temperature was kept constant at 500 °C for all depositions. Prior to deposition, the ion energy spread and ion-to-atom arrival ratio were evaluated as a function of the ion beam energy.The Si⁻ ion energy spread was less than 10% regardless of the ion energy, while the ion-to-atom arrival ratio increased proportionally from 1.3 to 1.6 according to the ion beam energy.Atomic force microscopy images showed that a relatively rough surface was obtained at 50 eV of Si⁻ ion energy and it is also concluded that the Si⁻ ion beam irradiation at 50 eV is effective to deposit Si thin film with small grains as shown in Fig. 3.     

Ion beam induced luminescence of polyethylene terephthalate foils under MeV H and He ion bombardment

The evolution of the ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foils was studied under the irradiation of H and He ions of MeV energy. The optical and chemical changes of the samples were also examined by photo-stimulated luminescence and optical absorption measurements after the irradiation. A prominent broad emission peak of IBIL appeared at around 380 nm, and its intensity monotonically decreased during the ion irradiation. The decay curves of the emission intensity were quantitatively explained as a function of the electronic energy deposition of the incident H and He ions. On the contrary, to the decrease of the main emission peak, a growth of new peaks was observed in the wavelengths between 500 and 600 nm.     

中国散裂中子源快循环同步加速器束团长度研究

束团长度是中国散裂中子源（CSNS）快循环同步加速器（RCS）束流动力学的关键参数,通过对束团长度的研究,可了解RCS的机器性能并进一步指导机器优化研究。本文对RCS 100 kW时的束团长度进行精确测量,100 kW引出时的束团长度为105 ns。RCS 500 kW时束团长度可能超过无损引出允许值,需压缩束团长度。理论上提高腔压可压缩束团长度,本文模拟研究500 kW时束团长度随腔压曲线的变化规律,模拟结果表明提高加速后半阶段的腔压可压缩束团长度,给出了500 kW时无束流损失引出的腔压曲线。基于100 kW束流条件实验验证了通过提高加速后半阶段腔压来压缩束团长度的有效性和可行性,实验测量结果与模拟结果一致。因此,提高加速后半阶段腔压是500 kW时无损引出束流的有效方法。     

电子束辐照对冷却猪肉杀菌保鲜效果的研究

利用电子束辐照技术对冷却猪肉的杀菌和保鲜效果进行了研究,为电子束辐照技术应用于肉类加工业提供应用依据。以束流能量（X1）和辐照吸收剂量（X2）为试验因子,以菌落总数（Y）为指标,通过响应面分析法（RSM）研究了电子束辐照杀菌的效果及对货架期的影响。电子束辐照对冷却猪肉杀菌效果的二次多项数学模型为：Y=3．78—0．24X1-0．13X2-0．16X1X2—0．18X1^2＋0．15X2^2（R^2=0．9755）。辐照吸收剂量与束流能量之间存在协同增效作用,试验因子的显著性顺序为：剂量〉交互作用〉束流能量。使冷却肉初始菌数下降2个对数单位的辐照参数范围为3．23-4．0kGy,2．3～3．8MeV。经电子束辐照的冷却猪肉样品在4℃条件下贮藏,货架期比对照样品延长12d左右;在7～10℃条件下保存,货架期比对照延长9d左右。研究结果表明,电子束辐照对冷却猪肉具有杀菌保鲜作用,该研究对电子束辐照技术应用于冷却猪肉的生产实践具有指导意义。     

COMPETING REACTIONS OF EXISTING Ni SILICIDE AND Ni OR Si INDUCED BY THERMAL ANNEALING AND MeV Si ION BEAM MIXING

The competing reactions between existing Ni silicides surrounded by Si and Ni were investigated by thermal annealing and MeV Si ion beam mixing. With high energy irradiation, the energy deposition at both interfaces, Ni/Ni silicide and Ni silicide/Si, is equal. Two MeV He~- RBS and TEM were used to obtain the reacted layer composition and epitaxial orientation, respectively. Also glancing angle Co K_a. X-ray diffraction was utilized to identify phase formation. The main results indicate that the existing silicides preferentially react with Ni layer, and that there are pronounced differences of Ni silicide phase transition between thermal annealing and MeV Si ion beam mixing, even though the mixing was performed in radiation enhanced diffusion regime. The results can be explained in term of the heat of silicide formation and surface energy change.     

辐射加工级电子束量热计设计

为设计一种可以用于测量辐射加工级电子束吸收剂量的量热计,采用高纯石墨为吸收体,发泡聚苯乙烯（EPS）为绝热层材料,结合MCNP吸收剂量模拟结果设计各个部分的结构,利用ANSYS模拟分析软件进行热分析,确定各个部分的具体尺寸。以此量热计为基础,在某公司的10 MeV电子加速器下进行实验,采用microK250高精密测温电桥测量电阻阻值,获得10 MeV标称能量下的电子束吸收剂量的测量结果,得到吸收体被照射时间变化与吸收剂量的比例关系。探讨量热计准确性的影响因素,在能量为10 MeV时测量电子束吸收剂量的总不确定度为1.43,本研究结果可为辐射加工级电子束的吸收剂量测量提供参考。     

环氧树脂对伽马射线的屏蔽分析及耐辐照效应

本文以环氧树脂为研究对象,分析了环氧树脂对能量范围在0.001~100 MeV的伽马射线的屏蔽性能,测试了环氧树脂对⁶⁰Co伽马射线的屏蔽性能,并对其进行了总剂量为93.5 kGy的伽马射线辐照处理,对辐照前后环氧树脂的密度、光学照片、力学性能、断面微观形貌、耐热性能和红外光谱进行了分析。结果表明：环氧树脂对低能(E<0.01 MeV)伽马射线的衰减主要是光电吸收作用,对中能(0.01 MeV60Co伽马射线的屏蔽性能一般。93.5 kGy伽马射线辐照导致环氧树脂老化、密度和最大耐热温度降低、力学性能增大、破坏程度低,环氧树脂可耐93.5 kGy伽马射线辐照。     

Monte-Carlo study of induced radioactivity in probe for low-energy proton beam

Induced radionuclides generated from the probe which is bombarded by proton beam will turn the detector into a typical external irradiation radiation source. Thus, it is beneficial for developing radiation protection to calculate the types and the activities of radionuclides. Here we applied both a theoretical analysis and a Monte-Carlo method to compute the induced radioactivity in a copper probe irradiated by proton beam. Various kinds of radionuclides saturation activity obtained by these two different methods were compared. The comparisons of the results cast by the two methods show the similar saturation activities for ⁶³Zn and ⁶⁵Zn. However, the Monte-Carlo method conducted by the software FLUKA is able to provide a more complete consideration on nuclear reaction, and to calculate both the direct and indirect radioactivity under different irradiation time. Furthermore, by employing the FLUKA Monte-Carlo program, the induced radioactivity of three types of probe materials (Cu, Ta and W) under low-energy (below 20 MeV) proton beam irradiated were also separately simulated and tantalum is considered as the best material for low-energy proton interceptive diagnostics probe due to the higher energy threshold of nuclear reaction and the lower radioactivity.     

中国原子能科学研究院紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器剥离引出技术研究

中国原子能科学研究院(CIAE)在20世纪90年代建造了一台30 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器后,经过近30年的发展,先后自主研发成功了基于剥离引出技术的能量为10 MeV、14 MeV、100 MeV、硼中子俘获治疗用14 MeV/1 mA等系列能量的紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器。建成的100 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器(CYCIAE-100),是目前国际上能量较高的一台紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器,最高流强达到520 μA,束流功率达到52 kW。建成的硼中子俘获治疗用的质子回旋加速器,也是我国首次自主研发成功的引出质子束流强达到mA量级的强流质子回旋加速器。在系列能量的紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器研发过程中,CIAE对剥离引出后的束流色散效应、剥离膜与束流夹角对引出后的束流品质的影响、单圈剥离引出技术等紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器剥离引出技术等方面展开了研究,且自主开发出了剥离引出计算程序,为紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器的应用作出了贡献。     

柔性倒置赝型三结太阳电池高能质子辐射效应研究

为考察柔性薄膜GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs倒赝型三结（IMM3J）太阳电池的抗辐照性能,本文对其进行了1、3、5 MeV高能质子辐照。SRIM模拟结果表明,1、3、5 MeV质子辐照在IMM3J电池中造成均匀的位移损伤。光特性(LIV)结果表明,开路电压(Voc)、短路电流(Isc)和最大输出功率(Pmax)与质子注量呈对数退化规律。通过非电离能量损失（NIEL）将不同能量质子的注量转化为位移损伤剂量（DDD）,结果显示,Voc和Pmax与DDD呈对数退化规律,而Isc遵循两种不同的退化规律。光谱响应测试证明,GaInP子电池具有优异的抗辐照性能,3个子电池中InGaAs(10 eV)子电池的抗辐照性能最差。     

高能同步辐射光源低能束流输运线设计研究

高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）是计划在北京建造的发射度小于60 pm•rad的超低发射度光源。它由1台500 MeV直线加速器、1条500 MeV低能束流输运线、1台500 MeV～6 GeV的能量增强器、2条6 GeV的高能束流输运线、1台6 GeV的储存环以及同步辐射光束线和实验站组成。本文进行低能束流输运线的设计研究。低能束流输运线是连接直线加速器和增强器的束流传输线,在考虑建设布局限制的基础上,对两端的束流包络进行匹配,并将直线加速器产生的束流高效传输到增强器注入点。HEPS低能束流输运线设计时采用了功能分区的设计策略,设计有3个功能区,分别是消色散注入匹配区、光学参数匹配区、输出匹配区。为校正误差对束流的影响,HEPS低能束流输运线设置了8个BPM,水平和垂直各6块校正磁铁用于束流轨道校正,校正后的轨道满足束流传输要求。     

AFM and STM investigation of carbon nanotubes produced by high energy ion irradiation of graphite

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were produced by high energy, heavy ion irradiation (215 MeV Ne, 246 MeV Kr, 156 MeV Xe) of graphite. On samples irradiated with Kr and Xe ions large craters were found by atomic force microscopy, these are attributed to sputtering. Frequently one or several CNTs emerge from the craters. Some of the observed CNTs showed a regular vibration pattern. No other carbon based materials, like amorphous carbon or fullerenes were evidenced. Focused ion beam cuts were used to compare CNTs with surface folds on graphite.     

Magnetic behaviour of nanosized zinc ferrite under heavy ion irradiation

Present investigation reports the effect of 100 MeV oxygen beam on the magnetic properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles for this study were synthesized by using the nitrates of zinc and iron in the matrix of citric acid and by sintering the precursor at 500 and 1000 °C. Both these samples were irradiated by 100 MeV oxygen beam with two different fluence 1 × 10¹³ and 5 × 10¹³ ions/cm². Besides the presence of cubic spinel phase, ZnO phase appears after the irradiation in both the samples. A decrease in average particle size was observed in the irradiated samples as estimated by X-ray diffraction pattern. The magnetization versus applied field curves show the decrease in magnetization with the fluence of the beam, which is attributed to the ZnO phase. The thermal magnetization curve for the sample ZF500 shows almost constant value of blocking temperature after irradiation whereas for ZF1000 it increases from 18 K to 32 K at a fluence of 5 × 10¹³ ions/cm².     

Swift heavy ion induced phase transition in CdTe films deposited by spray pyrolysis in presence of electric field

CdTe polycrystalline thin films possessing hexagonal phase regions are obtained by spray deposition in presence of a high electric field. Thin film samples are irradiated with 100 MeV Ag ions using Pelletron accelerator to study the swift heavy ion induced effects. The ion irradiation results in the transformation of the metastable hexagonal regions in the films to stable cubic phase due to the dense electronic excitations induced by beam irradiation. The phase transformation is seen from the X-ray diffraction patterns. The band gap of the CdTe film changes marginally due to ion irradiation induced phase transformation. The value changes from 1.47 eV for the as deposited sample to 1.44 eV for the sample irradiated at the fluence 1×10¹³ ions/cm². The AFM images show a gradual change in the shape of the particles from rod shape to nearly spherical ones after irradiation.     

Optical excitations in electron-induced desorption of sodium from NaCl surface

Optical excitation processes stimulated by electron bombardment of alkali halides have been investigated under various experimental conditions. As an example a 500 eV e⁻ beam was used to bombard a (100) NaCl crystal. The work included measurements of both excited and ground state sodium atom yields as a function of the target temperature and the beam intensity, a cross-beam experiment with two electron beams: parallel and perpendicular to the sample surface, and a modulated beam measurement in search for time correlations between primary electrons and excited state production.The results were compared with the H-centre migration model and the results of recent publications. In particular it was found that a direct excitation of sodium atoms took place above the surface in collisions with the flux of primary and secondary electrons.