Approach for fusion reactor safety and fusion safety work in Russia

Main directions of work on experimental fusion reactors safety assurance in Russia are given. Work on safety includes: the elaboration of the main criteria and principles of safety assurance, the development of the first priority standards in safety on the basis of the fission experience and international safety documents requirements, fusion reactor safety analysis, and work to provide a base for the standards development and for the safety analysis activity. The results of some work on fusion safety are presented. They include: assessments of safety and reliability of Liquid Metal Cooling System draft design, evaluations of the buildings and equipment response on external dynamic influences, and analysis of radiological situation in th environment as a result of tritium-containing dust release.     

聚变堆实验包层模块第一壁温度场及热结构分析

铍相对于众多聚变反应堆的第一壁护甲材料,有着许多优点,这些优点使它和钨及碳基材料一起被选作国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）第一壁的候选防护材料。对中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块（CHHCSBTBM）第一壁进行多场耦合模拟分析结果表明,使用表面热负荷模拟分析时,未考虑中子负载情况下,模拟分析结果与其它结果有较大出入,故使用表面热负荷模拟分析时必须考虑中子负载情况。而对第一壁热结构分析表明,铍保护板的应力超过了其许用应力,可以寻找其它铍合金或第一壁护甲材料以满足第一壁护甲材料热结构应力要求。     

Thermal Fatigue Study on the Divertor Plate Materials

Thermal fatigue property of the divertor plate is one of the key issues that governs the lifetime of the divertor plate.Taking tungsten as surface material,a small-mock-up divertor plate was made by hot isostatic press welding (HIP),A thermal cycling experiment for divertor mock-up was carried out in the vacuum,where a high-heat-flux electronic gun was used as the thermal source,A cyclic heat flux of 9MW/m^2 was loaded onto the mock-up,a heating duration of 20s was selcted,the cooling water flow rate was 80ml/s.After 1000 Cycles,the surface and the W/Cu joint of the mock-up did not show any damage,The SEM was used to analyze the microstructure of the welding joint,where no cracks were found also.     

Fusion Material Studies Relating to Safety in Russia in 2002

The paper is a summary of Russiau material studies performed in frames of activities aiming at substantiation of safety of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) after 2001. Subthreshold sputtering of tungsten by 5 eV deuterons was revealed at temperatures above 1150℃. Mechanism of globular films formation was further studied. Computations of tritium permeation into vacuum vessel coolant confirmed the acceptability of vacuum vessel cooling system for removal of the decay heat. The most dangerous accident with high-current arc in toroidal superconducting magnets able to burn out a bore up to 0.6 m in diameter in the cryostat vessel was determined. Radiochemical reprocessing of V-Cr-Ti alloy and its purification from activation products down to a contact dose rate of ∽10 μSv/h was developed.     

中国实验包层模块材料研发进展

聚变堆包层技术是聚变能实现应用的关键技术之一,而材料问题是包层技术的核心问题之一.本文在介绍了目前国际热核聚变实验堆ITER实验包层模块材料选择和中国实验包层模块概念设计中所选材料的性能特点的基础上,重点介绍了国内开展的相关材料研究进展,并阐述了下一步研究中应重点解决的问题.     

反应堆用SiC陶瓷基复合包壳材料研究进展

核燃料元件的包壳材料是反应堆安全的重要屏障。随着核动力反应堆向高燃耗、长燃料循环寿命、高安全性趋势的发展,传统Zr合金包壳材料因其铀燃耗极限(62 MW·d/kg)、高温腐蚀、氢脆、蠕变、辐照生长、芯/壳反应等缺陷,已不能满足未来第四代核能系统燃料元件对包壳材料的苛刻要求。Si C因其更小的中子吸收截面、低衰变热、高熔点及优异的辐照尺寸稳定性等优点,以Si C为基体的陶瓷基复合材料成为新一代包壳材料研究的热点。结合Si C的晶体结构、热物理特性,对其在第四代核反应堆包壳材料中的设计思路、中子辐照效应、热一力性能、与UO,的化学反应等进行了概述,对SiC基复合材料在未来核能领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

聚变堆低活化马氏体钢的发展

介绍了国际聚变堆低活化结构材料发展概况及趋势,以及国内发展自己特有的低活化马氏体钢的必要性。介绍了聚变堆结构材料——低活化铁素体/马氏体钢发展的必要性及迫切性,以及目前国际上包括欧洲、日本、美国等在此方面研究的进展概况及发展趋势,最后提出了国内发展自己特有的低活化马氏体钢——CLAM钢的必要性,并对目前的研究进展情况做了介绍。     

Selection of a toroidal fusion reactor concept for a magnetic fusion production reactor

The basic fusion driver requirements of a toroidal materials production reactor are considered. The tokamak, stellarator, bumpy torus, and reversed-field pinch are compared with regard to their demonstrated performance, probable near-term development, and potential advantages and disadvantages if used as reactors for materials production. Of the candidate fusion drivers, the tokamak is determined to be the most viable for a near-term production reactor. Four tokamak reactor concepts (TORFA/FED-R, AFTR/ZEPHYR, Riggatron, and Superconducting Coil) of approximately 500-MW fusion power are compared with regard to their demands on plasma performance, required fusion technology development, and blanket configuration characteristics. Because of its relatively moderate requirements on fusion plasma physics and technology development, as well as its superior configuration of production blankets, the TORFA/FED-R type of reactor operating with a fusion power gain of about 3 is found to be the most suitable tokamak candidate for implementation as a near-term production reactor.This paper represents work carried out from 1980 to 1982 and was in draft form in 1982. It was received for publication with only minor editing from its 1982 version (except for Tables II and III and Fig. 1), explaining the fact that some of the material is dated.     

我国聚变堆结构材料表面阻氚涂层的研究进展

阻氚涂层是聚变堆实现氚自持及氚安全的关键科学与技术问题之一。我国通过国家磁约束聚变能发展研究专项依托国内优势单位部署了阻氚涂层基础问题及工程化技术研发工作。本文介绍了国内外聚变堆结构材料表面阻氚涂层研究进展,重点评述了近几年我国在阻氚涂层的材料选择、制备技术及阻滞氢渗透机制三个科学技术问题的研究进展,提出今后的研究方向。目前我国阻氚涂层材料类型以氧化物涂层为主,涂层制备工艺技术在不断优化和更新。Al2O3/FeAl阻氚涂层的电化学沉积铝(ECA)、粉末包埋渗铝(PC)及热浸铝(HDA)等方法的工艺处理规模及涂层阻氚性能在国际上均相对领先。发展了研究阻氚涂层阻滞氢渗透作用机理的方法,将通常基于Fick定律的表象研究方法向原子级方法前推了一步。未来需在考虑涂层制备工艺与基体材料成分、性能的关系及其在复杂形状结构件的适用性基础上,开发长寿命、高阻氚性能的阻氚涂层材料及制备工艺。     

Carbon-14 Source Terms and Generation in Fusion Power Cores

A consecutive study of the source terms of ¹⁴C as the major contributor to the external costs of fusion and its production rate was performed by system and neutron activation analysis. It shows that the specific ¹⁴C activity induced in the low activation structural materials, coolants and breeders suggested for future fusion power reactor cores is significantly dependent upon the assumption for nitrogen content. The determined range of the specific ¹⁴C activity ∼2–20 TBq/GW(e)a induced by the near-term water-cooled, gas-cooled and advanced liquid lithium and lithium–lead self-cooled fusion power reactors is given in the paper regarding the values for natural ¹⁴C background and artificial ¹⁴C sources as fission power reactors and nuclear tests. It is definitely recommended to minimize the nitrogen content below 0.01 wt.% in the beryllium multipliers and in the structural materials, SiC/SiC composite including. Then due to environmental and waste disposal reasons the ¹⁴C generation in fusion power blankets will have negligible impact on the cost.     

反应堆压力容器材料辐照脆化机理研究进展

反应堆压力容器（RPV）材料辐照脆化机理的研究是提高材料辐照脆化抗力、解释辐照脆化效应、建立辐照脆化预测模型的理论基础。开展RPV材料辐照脆化机理的研究不仅有助于认识辐照脆化现象的本质,建立科学的辐照脆化预测模型,改进RPV材料的成分设计和制造工艺,也有助于提高材料的辐照脆化抗力,对于改进RPV材料的性能具有重要意义。本文从RPV材料的发展和微观结构观测手段的进步两方面论述了RPV材料辐照脆化机理研究的两个发展阶段及其主要成果,并对今后的研究手段及研究方向进行了讨论。     

Fusion technology for a magnetic fusion production reactor

The tandem mirror and tokamak are being considered as candidate fusion drivers for a materials production reactor that could be implemented in the 1990s. This report considers, in detail, the required performance characteristics of the fusion plasma and the major technological subsystems for each fusion driver. These performance characteristics are compared with the present state of the art, corresponding development needs are identified, and technology program requirements, in addition to those now being supported by the Department of Energy, are pointed out. The tandem mirror and tokamak fusion drivers are also compared with regard to their required advancements in plasma performance and technology development.This paper represents work carried out from 1980 to 1982 and was in draft form in 1982. It was received for publication with only minor editing of its 1982 version, explaining the fact that some of the material is dated.     

核反应堆内中子能谱测量技术

随着我国核能产业的迅速发展,各种类型的核反应堆设施相继研发和投入使用,掌握堆内的中子能谱信息对其性能诊断和安全运行具有重要的意义。本文针对裂变和聚变两种类型反应堆的特点,详细阐述了适用的中子能谱测量方法以及研发的中子谱仪,为未来相关研究工作提供参考。     

Mechanical design of a magnetic fusion production reactor

The mechanical aspects of tandem mirror and tokamak concepts for the tritium production mission are compared and a proposed breeding blanket configuration for each type of reactor is presented in detail, along with a design outline of the complete fusion reactor system. In both cases, the reactor design is developed sufficiently to permit preliminary cost estimates of all components. A qualitative comparison is drawn between both concepts from the view of mechanical design and serviceability, and suggestions are made for technology proof tests on unique mechanical features. Detailed cost breakdowns indicate less than 10% difference in the overall costs of the two reactors.This paper represents Work carried out from 1980 to 1982 and was in draft form in 1982. It was received for publication with only minor editing of its 1982 version, explaining the fact that some of the material is dated.     

快中子脉冲堆动力学特性研究

快中子脉冲堆是一种可超瞬发运行的链式反应堆,在研究裂变反应堆瞬态物理过程和中子动力学过程等方面有重要的应用价值。介绍了快中子脉冲堆的动力学过程与特性,推导了动力学方程和超瞬发临界状态下的解析解。介绍了实验研究结果,测量了快中子脉冲堆超瞬发临界运行产生的脉冲中子辐射场的脉冲特性参数,获得了快中子脉冲堆中子动力学的基本特性参数。实验结果与建立的理论模型很好地符合。     

Radiological aspects of fusion reactor safety: Risk constraints in severe accidents

A methodology is proposed for determination of the constraints on severe accidents in lithium cooled fusion reactors, based on the potential hazards associated with such accidents. The method utilizes a probabilistic approach to risk calculation. The most effective mechanism for activation product release is found to be volatilization of structure as a result of lithium fires. Several factors were found to influence the consequence of lithium fires, most notably the reactor structural material type and total volume. It is concluded that the consequences of estimated maximum possible release from a properly designed fusion reactor are substantially less than the maximum light water reactor accident consequences.     

托卡马克聚变中子源的数值模型研究

托卡马克(Tokamak)聚变装置中子学分析中,聚变中子源描述是重要的输入参数,其准确性直接影响分析结果的可靠性。通过分析ITER和欧洲聚变示范堆(EU DEMO)中子学分析中所采用的聚变中子源模型,提出了一种完整描述Tokamak中L-mode、H-mode等离子体的D-D、D-T聚变中子源的数值模型。在中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的工程集成设计平台上,编写了基于蒙特卡罗算法的程序SCG求解该数值模型,实现了读取(零维)等离子体参数、输出可供典型中子学软件MCNP直接读取的中子源定义文件的功能。以CFETR氦冷球床包层的中子学分析模型为基准,在相同的L-mode等离子体D-T聚变工况下,相较于采用EU DEMO源子程序,采用本模型计算得到的中子壁负载差异最大值为2.02%,包层氚增殖率差异为0.18%,全堆能量增益因子的差异为0.23%。结果表明,本模型与其他源描述的差异较小,可应用于CFETR的中子学分析。