DESIGN OF HIGH VOLTAGE POWER CONVERTER FOR TRAVELING WAVE TUBE AMPLIFIER

Traveling Wave Tubes(TWTs) are widely used in the radar and communications system as RF power amplifiers. A highly sophisticated power supply is required by TWT. In order to meet the severe requirements of Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier(TWTA), a novel two-stage topology high voltage converter for TWTA is proposed.The converter is based on Zero-Voltage Switching and Zero-Current Switching(ZVS/ZCS) resonant techniques. The high voltage converter operation principles are investigated and major features of the converter are discussed. The power switching mode of ZVS/ZCS is obtained. The experimental results show that the converter has good soft switching characteristics. Compared to the conventional hard switched Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) techniques, the high efficiency and low ripple of the converter for TWTA are realized. The efficiency of High Voltage Electronic Power Conditioners(HV-EPC) over 93.5% under the condition of 38~46 V input voltage and 260~300 W input power. The switching frequency of first-stage(preregulator) of HV-EPC is 89 k Hz and the switching frequency of second-stage(postregulator) is 44.5 k Hz. The highest output voltage of the HV-EPC is helix voltage which is about –6.8 kV. It is especially suitable for TWTA utilized in space satellite applications due to its high switching frequency and high power density.     

Analysis and Implementation of DuaI-ZCS forward DC／DC Converter

As the switching frequency in DC/DC converter increases, original ‘hard-switch’working mode is not compatible. Another problem is the reliability, which is puzzled in single-ended forward, push-pull or bridge-like structures. In this paper, a new dual-ZCS (zero current switches)forward topology is proposed. The operating principle of soft-switch is analyzed, showing the relationship between voltage and current in time domain. Then how to calculate the key parameters of resonant network is. Finally, a prototype ZCS SMPS is implemented and tested. The results consisted with the analyzing results well, and illustrated the advantages of the proposed structure.     

A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques

This paper presents a novel dual-mode step-up （boost） DC/DC converter. Pulse-frequency modulation （PFM） is used to improve the efficiency at light load. This converter can operate between pulse-width modulation （PWM） and pulse-frequency modulation. The converter will operate in PFM mode at light load and in PWM mode at heavy load. The maximum conversion efficiency of this converter is 96%. The conversion efficiency is greatly improved when load current is below 100 mA. Additionally, a soft-start circuit and a variable-sawtooth frequency circuit are proposed in this paper. The former is used to avoid the large switching current at the start up of the converter and the latter is utilized to reduce the EMI of the converter.     

适用于具有自适应续流电流的单电感双输出降压变换器的准滑模控制器设计

An analog implementation of a novel fixed-frequency quasi-sliding-mode controller for single-inductor dual-output(SIDO) buck converter in pseudo-continuous conduction mode(PCCM) with a self-adaptive freewheeling current level(SFCL) is presented.Both small and large signal variations around the operation point are considered to achieve better transient response so as to reduce the cross-regulation of this SIDO buck converter.Moreover,an internal integral loop is added to suppress the steady-state regulation error introduced by conventional PWM-based sliding mode controllers.Instead of keeping it as a constant value,the free-wheeling current level varies according to the load condition to maintain high power efficiency and less cross-regulation at the same time.To verify the feasibility of the proposed controller,an SIDO buck converter with two regulated output voltages,1.8 V and 3.3 V,is designed and fabricated in HEJIAN 0.35 m CMOS process.Simulation and experiment results show that the transient time of this SIDO buck converter drops to 10 s while the cross-regulation is reduced to 0.057 mV/mA,when its first load changes from 50 to 100 mA.     

激光表面合金化制备TiC颗粒增强复合材料微观结构及磨擦学性能研究

To strengthen the wear resistance of AISI321 stainless steel, the TiC carbide-reinforced composite coating was produced by laser surface alloying. The microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of the composite coatings were investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) meter, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness tester, and sliding wear tester. The results show that the composite coating is metallurgically bonded to the substrate and the microstructure is fine and uniform. The hardness of the composite coating is up to 400 HV, which is 2.5 times that of the substrate. Under room temperature and oil lubrication condition, the sliding wear tests indicate the friction coefficient and weight loss of the composite coating are smaller than those of substrate. The worn surface of the composite coatings is much smoother than that of the substrate, without grooves and crater. The wear resistance of the material has been greatly improved by laser surface alloying.     

Large-area β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diode and its application in DC–DC converters

We demonstrate superb large-area vertical β-Ga₂O₃ SBDs with a Schottky contact area of 1 × 1 mm² and obtain a high-efficiency DC–DC converter based on the device. The β-Ga₂O₃ SBD can obtain a forward current of 8 A with a forward voltage of 5 V, and has a reverse breakdown voltage of 612 V. The forward turn-on voltage(VF) and the on-resistance(Ron) are 1.17 V and 0.46 Ω, respectively. The conversion efficiency of the β-Ga₂O_3<...     

A digitally controlled PWM/PSM dual-mode DC/DC converter

A digitally controlled pulse width modulation/pulse skip modulation(PWM/PSM) dual-mode buck DC/DC converter is proposed.Its operation mode can be automatically chosen as continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode(DCM).The converter works in PSM at DCM and in 2 MHz PWM at CCM.Switching loss is reduced at a light load by skipping cycles.Thus high conversion efficiency is realized in a wide load current.The implementations of PWM control blocks,such as the ADC,the digital pulse width modulator(DPWM) and the loop compensator,and PSM control blocks are described in detail.The parameters of the loop compensator can be programmed for different external component values and switching frequencies, which is much more flexible than its analog rivals.The chip is manufactured in 0.13μm CMOS technology and the chip area is 1.21 mm~2.Experimental results show that the conversion efficiency is high,being 90%at 200 mA and 67%at 20 mA.Meanwhile,the measured load step response shows that the proposed dual-mode converter has good stability.     

Dynamics and Operation-State Estimation of Current-Mode Controlled Flyback Converter

By utilizing total magnetic flux φ of the primary and secondary windings of the flyback transformer as a state variable,the discrete-time model of current-mode controlled flyback converter is established,upon which the bifurcation behaviors of the converter are analyzed and two boundary classification equations of the orbit state shifting are obtained.The operation-state regions of the current-mode controlled flyback converter are well classified by two boundary classification equations.The theoretical analysis results are verified by power electronics simulator(PSIM).The estimation of operation-state regions for the flyback converter is useful for the design of circuit parameters,stability control of chaos,and chaos-based applications.     

高效率低电磁干扰的升压型DC–DC转换器

A synchronous boost DC-DC converter with an adaptive dead time control （DTC） circuit and antiringing circuit is presented. The DTC circuit is used to provide adjustable dead time and zero inductor current detection for power transistors and therefore, a high efficiency is achieved by minimizing power losses, such as the shoot-through current loss, the body diode conduction loss, the charge-sharing loss and the reverse inductor current loss. Simultaneously, a novel anti-ringing circuit controlled by the switching sequence of power transistors is developed to suppress the ringing when the converter enters the discontinuous conduction mode （DCM） for low electromagnetic interference （EMI） and additional power savings. The proposed converter has been fabricated in a 0.6 #m CDMOS technology. Simulation and experimental results show that the power efficiency of the boost converter is above 81% under different load currents from 10 to 250 mA and a peak efficiency of 90% is achieved at about 100 mA. Moreover, the ringing is easily suppressed by the anti-ringing circuit and therefore the EMI noise is attenuated.     

Primary side detection and peak current mode control in flyback converter

A new cycle-by-cycle control flyback converter with primary side detection and peak current mode control is proposed and its dynamic characteristics are analyzed.The flyback converter is verified by the OrCAD simulator.The main advantages of this converter over the conventional one are simplicity,small size,rapid regulating and no sensing control signals over the isolation barrier.The circuit is suitable for digital control implementations.     

DC/DC开关变换器滑模变结构控制的新方案

本文在滑模等价控制的基础上,考虑实际控制中的非理想切换条件,提出了一种适合PWM型DC/DC开关变换器的滑模变结构控制算法简单的新方案.该控制算法依开关工作周期,动态地对滑模误差进行修正,从而动态地补偿控制量的大小,将有利于近似地保证系统沿着切换面运动,并可以减少系统稳态误差,达到削弱乃至消除高频抖动的目的.以Boost变换器为例的仿真结果表明,本文的控制方案可以减少系统超调,缩短过渡过程时间,改善系统的动态品质,并有效地解决滑模控制中的高频抖动问题.     

A fault-tolerant strategy based on SMC for current-controlled converters

The sliding mode control (SMC) is used to control variable structure systems such as power electronics converters. This paper presents a fault-tolerant strategy based on the SMC for current-controlled AC–DC converters. The proposed SMC is based on three sliding surfaces for the three legs of the AC–DC converter. Two sliding surfaces are assigned to control the phase currents since the input three-phase currents are balanced. Hence, the third sliding surface is considered as an extra degree of freedom which is utilised to control the neutral voltage. This action is utilised to enhance the performance of the converter during open-switch faults. The proposed fault-tolerant strategy is based on allocating the sliding surface of the faulty leg to control the neutral voltage. Consequently, the current waveform is improved. The behaviour of the current-controlled converter during different types of open-switch faults is analysed. Double switch faults include three cases: two upper switch fault; upper and lower switch fault at different legs; and two switches of the same leg. The dynamic performance of the proposed system is evaluated during healthy and open-switch fault operations. Simulation results exhibit the various merits of the proposed SMC-based fault-tolerant strategy.     

双重化双向DC/DC变换器鲁棒反演滑模控制策略研究

摘要：由于双向DC/DC变换器在储能逆变系统中承担能量双向流动任务,因此,系统能量管理关键是对变换器控制策略进行有效选择。针对双闭环控制策略在双向DC/DC变换器动态性能、谐波抑制和抗干扰能力等方面的不足,提出了一种鲁棒反演滑模控制策略,建立了锂离子电池PNGV等效电路模型,搭建双重化双向DC/DC变换器主电路,最终利用实验平台对锂离子电池组在两种控制策略下的充放电情况进行对比分析,同时对鲁棒反演滑模控制策略下输入电压大幅扰动进行了研究。实验和仿真验证了所提出方法的有效性,在锂离子电池组充放电控制上鲁棒反演滑模控制策略相对于双闭环控制策略更具有优势,且该控制策略对于提高蓄电池的充放电效率具有普遍性。     

直流微电网双向AC/DC变换器鲁棒前馈控制策略研究

针对双向AC/DC功率变换器在直流微电网母线电压稳定性方面的问题,文中提出了一种结合LESO和滑模理论的前馈鲁棒控制策略。通过建立直流微电网三相AC/DC双向功率变换器的动态数学模型,架构了三阶线性扩张状态观测器,并将三阶LESO的观测值用于滑模控制器的设计。该控制策略能够在不需要额外电流传感器的情况下实现前馈控制,并确保系统具有良好的动态性能。该策略还能够有效降低滑模控制的实现难度,提高系统的鲁棒性。仿真分析验证了文中所提控制策略的有效性。     

基于滑模控制的双向直流变换器研究

针对光伏电池本身的局限性,需要利用蓄电池来辅助对负载供电。文中所设计的双向直流变换器主要用于对蓄电池的充放电,以双向直流变换器的状态空间平均模型为基础,设计了一种新型的滑模控制器。通过实验仿真验证了基于该滑模控制器的双向直流变换器在开关管交替导通状态下能有效地减小稳态误差,且输出较稳定,能使系统具有更高的稳定性和更好的瞬时性。     

Emulating DC constant power load: a robust sliding mode control approach

This article presents emulation of a programmable power electronic, constant power load (CPL) using a dc/dc step-up (boost) converter. The converter is controlled by a robust sliding mode controller (SMC). A novel switching surface is proposed to ensure a required power sunk by the converter. The proposed dc CPL is simple in design, has fast dynamic response and high accuracy, and offers an inexpensive alternative to study converters for cascaded dc distribution power system applications. Furthermore, the proposed CPL is sufficiently robust against the input voltage variations. A laboratory prototype of the proposed dc CPL has been developed and validated with SMC realised through OPAL-RT platform. The capability of the proposed dc CPL is confirmed via experimentations in varied scenarios.     

Voltage-source charge-pump power-factor-correction AC/DC converters

Voltage-source charge-pump power-factor-correction (VS-CPPFC) AC/DC power converters are proposed in this paper. The PFC converter using the CP concept is first derived. The unity power factor condition is derived and analyzed. The clamping technique is used to satisfy the unity power factor condition. Based on the steady-state analysis, design considerations for the CPPFC stage are discussed. A family of VS-CPPFC topologies is also presented. The proposed VS-CPPFC AC/DC power converter was implemented and tested. The experimental results show that 83.5% efficiency and 0.996 power factor can be achieved for a half-bridge CPPFC AC/DC converter with 250-W and 12-V output,     

Analysis and design of a DC/DC converter using square-wave outputresonant inverter

The operating modes of a square-wave output resonant inverter when used in a high-frequency link DC/DC converter are presented and analyzed. The condition of minimum turn-off time for the switches in the discontinuous current mode is obtained. A simple design procedure for the DC/DC converter is presented and illustrated by an example. Experimental results obtained from a prototype converter are presented to verify the theory     

滑模控制开关变换器的分析与实现

分析了滑模控制DC／DC变换器的滑模存在条件、到达条件及稳定性，通过选择适当的状态变量，建立系统状态方程模型。提出了一种实用性较强的双环控制方案，并以Buck电路为例，设计出滑模控制电路。实验结果表明，此控制方案是可行的，它可以有效地改善变换器的动态性能，提高其鲁棒性。     

Dual sepic PWM switching-mode DC/DC power converter

A steady-state analysis and experimental results for a dual sepic pulse-width-modulated (PWM) DC/DC power converter for both continuous and discontinuous modes of operation are presented. The converter is dual to a sepic converter, but it can also be derived from a forward converter by replacing one of its rectifier diodes with a coupling capacitor. The circuit acts as a step-down or step-up converter, depending on the value of the ON switch duty cycle. The transformerless version of the converter has a positive DC/DC voltage transfer function. Therefore, the circuit is suitable for distributed power systems. Design equations for all circuit components are derived. Experimental results measured at 100 kHz were in good agreement with theoretical predictions