电镀法石墨粉镀铜工艺及铜含量的测定

采用电镀法对石墨粉进行了镀铜,研究了镀铜过程中浓硫酸及石墨粉的加入量、电流密度和电镀时间对镀铜效果的影响,并研究了镀铜石墨粉中铜含量的测定分析方法.结果表明:在800 mL蒸馏水中加入8 g CuSO4·5H2O和20 mL浓硫酸及5 g处理过的石墨粉,每5～10 min搅拌0.5 min,镀铜电流密度9 A·dm-2(或21 A·dm-2),时间为60 min(或20 min),石墨粉镀铜效果较好.镀铜石墨粉在900℃充分氧化后通过氧化前后质量计算可求得其中的铜含量.     

铁粉法与甲醛法在石墨粉表面化学镀铜的工艺对比

研究比较了两种化学方法--铁粉法和甲醛法在石墨粉表面镀铜的工艺.结果表明:铁粉法使用混合表面活性剂对石墨粉预处理,40～60 ℃搅拌下缓慢加入镀液,在pH为1.5～2.0下镀覆15～20 min,50 ℃干燥可以制备出含铜25%～75%、镀覆效果好的镀铜石墨粉;甲醛法要求对石墨粉敏化、活化、工艺复杂、成本高、副反应产物具有毒性,且铜含量较低的试样镀覆效果不如铁粉法制备的试样.铁粉法镀覆效果好、工艺简单、无毒,列为首选方法.     

天然鳞片石墨粉的化学镀铜工艺

为提高天然鳞片石墨镀铜效果,首先对天然鳞片石墨粉进行预处理,然后在其表面进行化学镀铜;研究了镀液温度、主盐浓度、还原剂加入量及装载量等因素对化学镀铜的影响,在此基础上获得了最佳工艺参数,最后对镀铜石墨粉进行钝化;对镀铜石墨粉进行了表征。结果表明:最佳化学镀铜工艺参数为镀液温度50.0℃,镀液中硫酸铜质量浓度20.0 g·L~(-1),甲醛加入量25.0mL·L~(-1),装载量为5.0～6.0 g·L~(-1);在此条件下,镀液稳定性好,且镀速较快,能够在石墨表面较为完整地镀覆一层金属铜,得到的镀铜石墨粉色泽光亮;苯并三氮唑(BTA)酒精溶液的钝化效果良好,可以有效防止新生铜的氧化。     

酚醛树脂/石墨模压成型复合材料双极板的制备与性能

以石墨与酚醛树脂粉料为原料通过低温热模压成形工艺制备低成本酚醛树脂／石墨复合材料双极板,对材料的力学性能与导电性能进行了研究。结果表明：酚醛树脂含量是影响复合材料导电性能与力学性能的主要因素,酚醛树脂含量低于20％时,材料具有较高的导电性能;提高固化温度与固化压力,可以提高材料的抗弯强度,但材料的导电性能明显降低;适中的固化压力与固化温度有利于材料具有较好的力学性能与导电性能。     

高石墨含量Gr/Al-MMCs制备工艺的研究

提出了一种能制备含高体积分数石墨（Gr）颗粒的铝－石墨复合材料的工艺，即外加压力渗流铸造工艺，并研究了渗流压力、铝熔体过热温度、石墨颗粒及模具预热温度等关键参数对工艺过程的影响。通过合理地控制各工艺参数，成功制备出含高体积分数石墨颗粒的铝－石墨复合材料。     

多晶金刚石微粉的制备及其得率和耐磨性

以土状石墨粉和铜粉为原料,采用粉末冶金法制备了铜/石墨材料,然后采用冲击波合成工艺制备了多晶金刚石微粉;研究了铜含量、石墨粒径、热处理以及复压工艺对其得率和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:多晶金刚石微粉的得率随铜含量的增加而增大,随石墨粒径的增大而先增后降,粒径为70μm时的得率最高;复压前,多晶金刚石微粉的得率随热处理温度的升高先略增加后又急剧降低,复压后,得率随热处理温度的升高而增大;制备工艺对多晶金刚石微粉耐磨性能的影响较小。     

铜-石墨复合电极材料制备及抗电蚀性能分析

通过复合电铸技术,在耐电蚀性强的铜主体中引入抗电蚀性能优异的石墨微粉,制备了铜-石墨复合电极材料,探讨了复合电沉积条件与石墨含量的关系,用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合铸层的形貌特点,测定了表面粗糙度和显微硬度,试验研究了复合电极材料的抗电蚀能力。结果表明,在一定工艺条件下制备的铜-石墨复合电极材料表现出较优异的抗电蚀性能。     

无铅铜基石墨复合材料性能研究

以化学镀方法制备的镀镍石墨粉取代铜基轴承材料中的铅,采用粉末冶金方法制备无铅铜基石墨复合材料,考察铜基石墨复合材料的界面结合、力学性能及其摩擦磨损特性。结果表明:化学镀方法在石墨表面形成的镀镍层能改善铜与石墨之间的界面结合,提高铜基石墨复合材料的力学性能;2%镀镍石墨无铅铜基复合材料的减摩、抗黏着性能及承载能力都优于典型铜铅材料。     

石墨化学镀铜工艺及摩擦性能研究

对石墨表面处理工艺、石墨表面化学镀铜工艺进行了研究,采用正交实验设计方法对镀铜工艺进行优化,对所制备的镀铜石墨表面进行XRD、SEM微观表征;将所制备的镀铜石墨加入聚四氟乙烯中,采用冷压烧结工艺制备固体润滑剂,并测定其摩擦性能.试验结果表明:选用敏化及活化工艺来进行石墨镀前预处理为佳;化学镀时石墨表面能直接生成大量均匀分布的铜微晶,生长至彼此侧面相连时就得到完整镀层,并且石墨颗粒越小,化学镀铜活性越高,因而非常适合用于制备高性能的金属石墨复合材料;当镀铜温度为75 ℃,CuSO4浓度为25 g/L,EDTA浓度为30 g/L时,所制备的固体润滑剂摩擦因数较低,曲线平稳且磨损量较小.     

纳米AlN含量对石墨/铜-0.6%铬复合材料性能的影响

首先采用合金化法制备了铜-铬基体合金粉,然后向其中加入质量分数为10%的石墨粉和不同含量的纳米AlN粉,制备了不同含量纳米AlN颗粒增强的石墨/铜-0.6%铬复合材料,研究了纳米AlN含量对复合材料密度、电阻率、硬度、抗弯强度及磨擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随着纳米AlN含量的增加,复合材料的抗弯强度及硬度逐渐增加,密度和导电性逐渐降低,磨损量逐渐减少,摩擦因数变化不大;当纳米AlN质量分数为0.5%时,可在保证不过多降低导电性的前提下,有效提高复合材料的抗弯强度和耐磨性。     

铜-10%石墨合金的载流摩擦磨损性能

为提高铜基合金的载流摩擦磨损性能,采用粉末冶金方法制备了含10%石墨的铜基合金,并在自制的销盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上进行了不同电流和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验.结果表明:与不含石墨的铜合金相比较,在不同电流和滑动速度下,加入10%石墨铜合金的摩擦因数和磨损率均降低,耐磨性能明显提高,摩擦因数稳定.     

Effect of composition on friction coefficient of Cu–graphite composites

Cu–graphite composites were prepared by hot isostatic pressing from the copper and graphite powders in the range of 0–50 vol.% of graphite. The same graphite powder was copper coated and used for the preparation of coated composites with 30 and 50 vol.% of graphite. It was confirmed that with increasing concentration of graphite the coefficient of friction and wear rate of coated and uncoated composites at first decreases. When critical concentration threshold of graphite is reached the coefficient of friction of composites becomes independent on the composition while the wear rate decreases further. This threshold is not simply 20 vol.% of graphite as stated [P.K. Rohatgi, S. Ray, Y. Liu, Tribological properties of metal matrix graphite particle composites, Int. Mater. Rev. 37 (1992) 129–149.] for metal matrix composites, but it significantly depends on the composite structure: for uncoated composites, it is 12 vol.% of graphite for fine graphite powder (16 μm), while for coarse powder (25–40 μm, [S.F. Moustafa, S.A. El-Badry, A.M. Sanad, B. Kieback, Friction and wear of copper–graphite composites made with Cu-coated and uncoated graphite powders, Wear 253 (2002) 699–710.]) it is 23 vol.% of graphite. For coated composites the concentration threshold was found above 25 vol.% of graphite. The reason is that the increased number of fine copper debris within graphite rich tribolayer occurs homogeneously also at high graphite composition.     

A NEW METHOD FOR MACHINING OF ELECTRICALLY NONCONDUCTIVE WORKPIECES USING ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING TECHNIQUE

In this study, a new method for machining of nonconductive ceramic workpieces in electric discharge machining (EDM) was developed. Machining surfaces of nonconductive workpieces were coated with a conductive layer (CL) and graphite powder was added to dielectric fluid for machining. Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, SiC, B₄C and glass workpiece samples were machined by using the method. Different machining conditions were tested for each sample and optimum machining parameters were determined. Effect of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and melting point of workpieces on material removal rate (MRR) was investigated. Optical microscope and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) surface photographs of workpieces taken after machining are presented and discussed.     

An experimental work on using conductive powder-filled polymer composite cast material as tool electrode in EDM

This paper introduces the composite tool electrodes made of electrical conductive powder-filled polyester resin matrix material, providing promise for the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. The dendrite-shaped copper powder, graphite powder, and their mixture were used as conductive fillers. Six different types of composite electrodes, namely, plain copper-polyester, pressed copper-polyester, furnaced copper-polyester, plain copper-graphite-polyester, pressed copper-graphite-polyester, and furnaced copper-graphite-polyester were prepared. It is found experimentally that increasing v _f improved workpiece material removal rate, tool wear rate, relative wear, and electrical conductivity of electrodes. The pressed copper-polyester electrodes were found to be promising in the ED finishing of workpieces at low machining current settings. The practical applicability of the proposed composite electrodes in the industry was also illustrated.     

制动条件下石墨对铜基摩擦材料瞬时摩擦性能的影响

为研究石墨对铜基摩擦材料瞬时摩擦性能的影响,采用粉末冶金技术制备铜-SiO2和铜-石墨-SiO2烧结材料,通过干摩擦惯性试验,在始末速度不同的制动区间,测试材料的瞬时摩擦因数、瞬时磨损率,并观察摩擦表面形貌的变化。结果表明:在高速度制动区间,石墨的存在使得铜基摩擦材料摩擦因数的稳定性明显提高,磨损率降低,原因在于铜-石墨-SiO2材料剥落石墨颗粒的分隔和保护作用,减弱冲击波动,从而提高瞬时摩擦因数稳定性并降低磨损;但较低制动速度时,石墨的存在反而提高了磨损率,原因在于摩擦层对颗粒的包裹度和基体强度降低。     

石墨含量对铜基石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦过程中石墨润滑膜的影响

为研究石墨含量对铜基石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦过程中形成石墨润滑膜的影响,采用粉末冶金法制备了不同石墨含量的铜基石墨自润滑复合材料,测试了复合材料的力学性能,用自制环-块摩擦试验机测试评估了材料的耐磨性能,用光学显微镜实时原位观察了摩擦表面组织形貌的变化,用扫描电镜对磨痕进行观察和分析,通过能谱仪成分扫描分析接触面石墨润滑膜的覆盖率。结果表明:随着复合材料中石墨含量的增加,材料的力学性能逐渐降低,石墨润滑膜的覆盖率先升高后降低,磨损量先减小后增大;当石墨体积分数为14%时,石墨润滑膜的覆盖率最高,磨损量最小,耐磨性能最好。     

铜包石墨含量对铜锰铝复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为改善铜锰铝合金的烧结性能,并提高其在干摩擦下的摩擦磨损性能,以铜包石墨作为自润滑相加入到铜锰铝合金中,采用等离子真空压力烧结方法制备铜锰铝/石墨复合材料,分析铜包石墨含量对复合材料的密度、硬度的影响,探讨不同复合材料在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:相比真空和氢气还原气氛下的烧结方式,等离子体烧结铜锰铝...     

Tribological Performance of Microwave-Heat-Treated Copper–Graphite Composites

Copper–graphite composite is a tribological composite that can be used in sliding electrical contact applications requiring low friction and wear in addition to high electrical conductivity. The graphite powder (5 wt%) was mixed with the copper powder, and then composite was fabricated through powder metallurgy (P/M) route. P/M product generally requires secondary operations such as rolling, extrusion, etc. to improve their mechanical properties. Post-heat-treatment technique is also applicable to improve the properties of P/M components. Microwave-post-heat-treatment research studies are gaining momentum nowadays due to the improved quality of products with reduced time, energy, and associated cost. Microwave post-heat treatment of copper–graphite composites for different heat treating duration was carried out in a hybrid microwave heating setup. Microstructural studies were carried out using SEM with EDAX. Microwave-heat-treated samples exhibited reduced porosity, improved density, and hardness. In order to understand the friction and wear properties of microwave-heat-treated copper–graphite composites, pin-on-disk wear experiments were conducted. For comparison, untreated copper–graphite composites were also subjected to similar studies. Microwave-heat-treated samples exhibited reduced coefficient of friction and specific wear rate when compared to the untreated ones. The wear mechanism of untreated composites was observed to be plastic deformation characterized by large wear fragments, whereas the mechanism of heat-treated composite was delamination observed through peel off tribolayer.     

石墨种类对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响

采用柔性石墨、造粒石墨和鳞片石墨分别制备粉末冶金烧结摩擦材料，研究不同种类片状石墨对摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：不同种类石墨制备的摩擦材料的密度和力学强度差异，将影响材料基体在制动过程中的组织形态，使摩擦界面呈现不同的磨损形式，其中柔性石墨摩擦材料的主要磨损机制为氧化磨损，造粒石墨摩擦材料的主要磨损机制为犁削磨损和磨粒磨损，鳞片石墨摩擦材料的主要磨损机制为犁削磨损和黏着磨损；造粒石墨制备的摩擦材料在不同速度下制动和重复单次制动时的摩擦因数波动值较小，摩擦因数稳定性好，且具有适中的磨耗量，综合摩擦磨损性能最佳。