一种基于FPGA的脑电分类算法实现

通过对脑电信号特征的分析,利用小波变换的多尺度分析技术对脑电信号进行特征提取,进而使用主成分分析算法对特征进行降维,并对降维后的信号使用Fisher线性判别方法进行分类。最后,利用VerilogHDL硬件编程语言设计实现了Mallat分解算法、PCA算法和LDA算法模块,并在FPGA应用板上实现了脑电分类功能。系统对2008年BCI大赛的数据进行了测试,分类准确率达到92.31%,表明该方法对开发便携式脑机接口系统具有良好的应用价值。     

Decision Fusion With Confidence-Based Weight Assignment for Hyperspectral Target Recognition

Conventional hyperspectral image-based automatic target recognition (ATR) systems project high-dimensional reflectance signatures onto a lower dimensional subspace using techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA), Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and stepwise LDA. Typically, these feature space projections are suboptimal. In a typical hyperspectral ATR setup, the number of training signatures (ground truth) is often less than the dimensionality of the signatures. Standard dimensionality reduction tools such as LDA and PCA cannot be applied in such situations. In this paper, we present a divide-and-conquer approach that addresses this problem for robust ATR. We partition the hyperspectral space into contiguous subspaces based on the optimization of a performance metric. We then make local classification decisions in every subspace using a multiclassifier system and employ a decision fusion system for making the final decision on the class label. In this work, we propose a metric that incorporates higher order statistical information for accurate partitioning of the hyperspectral space. We also propose an adaptive weight assignment method in the decision fusion process based on the strengths (as measured by the training accuracies) of individual classifiers that made the local decisions. The proposed methods are tested using hyperspectral data with known ground truth, such that the efficacy can be quantitatively measured in terms of target recognition accuracies. The proposed system was found to significantly outperform conventional approaches. For example, under moderate pixel mixing, the proposed approach resulted in classification accuracies around 90%, where traditional feature fusion resulted in accuracies around 65%.     

A Filter Bank Based Approach for Rotation Invariant Fingerprint Recognition

This paper presents a systematic approach for image-based fingerprint recognition. The proposed method first enhances an input fingerprint image using a contextual filtering based method in the frequency domain. Complex filters are used for the detection of the core point, and a region of interest (ROI) of a predefined size centered at the detected core point is extracted. The resulting ROI is rotated based on the angle of the detected core point to ensure rotation invariance. Subsequently, the proposed system extracts the average absolute deviation (AAD) from the outputs of a Gabor filter bank. To reduce the dimensionality of the extracted features whilst generating more discriminatory representation, this paper compares the unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the supervised Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) methods for dimensionality reduction. User-specific thresholding schemes are investigated to improve the verification performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through extensive experimentation on the FVC2002 set_a public database, in both identification and verification scenarios.     

乐山茶叶的近红外光谱分类识别

以乐山产正品竹叶青、劣质竹叶青和峨眉山毛峰为研究对象,提出了一种基于近红外光谱的不同茶叶品种分类识别算法.该算法采用多元散射校正(Multiplicative Scatter Correction,MSC)对3种茶叶的近红外光谱数据进行预处理,最大限度地扣除光谱数据中的随机变异;再采用主成分分析算法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)对预处理后的光谱数据进行降维,去除冗余;接下来进行线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA),进一步提取特征;最后采用K_近邻算法(K_Nearest Neighbor,KNN)对LDA结果的前两个特征进行分类,从而达到对茶叶进行定性分类的目的.实验结果表明,该算法能有效地对3种茶叶进行分类,正确识别率达到100％.本研究为不同品种茶叶的分类识别提供了一种新思路.     

Sparse matrix transform-based linear discriminant analysis for hyperspectral image classification

Due to the high dimensionality of hyperspectral image (HSI), dimension reduction or feature extraction is usually needed before the HSI classification. Traditional linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method for feature extraction usually encounters difficulty because the available training samples in HSI classification are limited, which causes the singularity of data scatter matrix. In this paper, we propose a sparse matrix transform-based LDA (SMT-LDA) algorithm for the HSI classification. By using SMT, the total scatter matrix used in LDA can be constrained to have an eigen-decomposition where the eigenvectors can be sparsely parametrized by a limited number of Givens rotations. In this way, the estimated scatter matrix is always positive definite and well conditioned even in the case of limited training samples. The proposed SMT-LDA method is compared with regularized LDA and PCA-LDA methods on two benchmark hyperspectral data sets. Experimental results indicate that the performance of the proposed method is overall superior to these methods, especially for small-sample-size classification.     

A real-time EMG pattern recognition system based on linear-nonlinear feature projection for a multifunction myoelectric hand

This paper proposes a novel real-time electromyogram (EMG) pattern recognition for the control of a multifunction myoelectric hand from four channel EMG signals. To extract a feature vector from the EMG signal, we use a wavelet packet transform that is a generalized version of wavelet transform. For dimensionality reduction and nonlinear mapping of the features, we also propose a linear-nonlinear feature projection composed of principal components analysis (PCA) and a self-organizing feature map (SOFM). The dimensionality reduction by PCA simplifies the structure of the classifier and reduces processing time for the pattern recognition. The nonlinear mapping by SOFM transforms the PCA-reduced features into a new feature space with high class separability. Finally, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is used as the classifier. Using an analysis of class separability by feature projections, we show that the recognition accuracy depends more on the class separability of the projected features than on the MLP's class separation ability. Consequently, the proposed linear-nonlinear projection method improves class separability and recognition accuracy. We implement a real-time control system for a multifunction virtual hand. Our experimental results show that all processes, including virtual hand control, are completed within 125 ms, and the proposed method is applicable to real-time myoelectric hand control without an operational time delay.     

基于PCA特征提取和距离哈希K近邻分类的人脸表情识别

使用PCA降维,提取人脸表情特征,并结合基于距离的哈希K近邻分类算法进行人脸表情识别。首先使用类Haar特征和AdaBoost算法进行人脸检测,并对人脸图像进行预处理;接着使用PCA提取人脸表情特征,并将特征加入到哈希表;最后使用K近邻分类算法进行人脸表情的识别。将特征库重构为哈希表后,很大地提高了识别效率。     

一种基于动态反馈的人脸识别融合方法

提出了一种基于动态反馈的融合加权主成分分析（WPCA）和加权线性判别分析（WLDA）的人脸识别方法 （DFWPCA＋WLDA）。该方法首先进行主成分分析（PCA）降维得到投影矩阵,然后通过不断的反馈信息得到权值,从而加权协方差矩阵,优化投影矩阵,最后采用加权线性鉴别分析（LDA）进一步提取分类特征。动态反馈能很好地利用样本的有用信息,加权LDA还能做到更好的分类。在ORL和YALE人脸库上的实验表明,该方法有效且性能优于PCA＋LDA和WPCA＋WLDA。     

Gabor feature-based face recognition using supervised locality preserving projection

This paper introduces a novel Gabor-based supervised locality preserving projection (GSLPP) method for face recognition. Locality preserving projection (LPP) is a recently proposed method for unsupervised linear dimensionality reduction. LPP seeks to preserve the local structure which is usually more significant than the global structure preserved by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In this paper, we investigate its extension, called supervised locality preserving projection (SLPP), using class labels of data points to enhance its discriminant power in their mapping into a low-dimensional space. The GSLPP method, which is robust to variations of illumination and facial expression, applies the SLPP to an augmented Gabor feature vector derived from the Gabor wavelet representation of face images. We performed comparative experiments of various face recognition schemes, including the proposed GSLPP method, PCA method, LDA method, LPP method, the combination of Gabor and PCA method (GPCA) and the combination of Gabor and LDA method (GLDA). Experimental results on AR database and CMU PIE database show superior of the novel GSLPP method.     

A Supervised Feature-Projection-Based Real-Time EMG Pattern Recognition for Multifunction Myoelectric Hand Control

Electromyographic (EMG) pattern recognition is essential for the control of a multifunction myoelectric hand. The main goal of this study was to develop an efficient feature- projection method for EMG pattern recognition. To this end, a linear supervised feature projection is proposed that utilizes a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). First, a wavelet packet transform (WPT) is performed to extract a feature vector from four-channel EMG signals. To dimensionally reduce and cluster the WPT features, an LDA, then, incorporates class information into the learning procedure, and identifies a linear matrix to maximize the class separability for the projected features. Finally, a multilayer perceptron classifies the LDA-reduced features into nine hand motions. To evaluate the performance of the LDA for WPT features, the LDA is compared with three other feature-projection methods. From a visualization and quantitative comparison, it is shown that the LDA produces a better performance for the class separability, plus the LDA-projected features improve the classification accuracy with a short processing time. A real-time pattern-recognition system is then implemented for a multifunction myoelectric hand. Experiments show that the proposed method achieves a 97.4% recognition accuracy, and all processes, including the generation of control commands for the myoelectric hand, are completed within 97 ms. Consequently, these results confirm that the proposed method is applicable to real-time EMG pattern recognition for multifunction myoelectric hand control.     

一种M2DPCA和NFA相结合的人脸识别方法

针对非参数特征分析(nonparametric feature analysis,NFA)方法需将图像矩阵转化为向量后进行特征提取,导致数据维数很大,计算复杂等缺点,提出M2DPCA+NFA相结合的方法。新方法对图像矩阵进行分块,再采用2DPCA进行特征提取,再实行NFA。该方法能有效提取图像的局部特征,而由于考虑到类内、类间的差异,可弥补PCA的缺陷。在ORL人脸库和XM2VTS人脸库上对LDA方法、NFA方法以及本方法分别进行了评价和测试,结果显示,所提方法在识别效果上优于LDA方法和NFA方法。     

加权联合降维的深度特征提取与分类识别算法

为了降低卷积神经网络计算的复杂度,改善特征提取过程中的过拟合现象,解决经典网络模型不能有效处理大尺寸图片的问题,采用了加权联合降维的特征融合与分类识别算法,根据两特征的识别贡献率对主成分分析法（PCA）降维处理和随机投影（RP）处理结果进行加权融合,然后将结果提供给卷积神经网络进行处理,提取图像分类的高层特征,使用欧氏距离分类器对识别对象进行分类,并进行了理论分析和实验验证。结果表明,经过加权联合降维对数据进行预处理,PCA矩阵与RP降维矩阵之比重达到6:4,识别率高达96%以上。该算法有效提高了准确率,使大尺寸图片在深度学习网络中有良好的识别效果,改善了网络的适应性。     

全局与局部特征融合在人脸识别中的应用研究

摘　要 主成分分析（PCA）和线性判别分析（LDA）是基于全局结构的特征提取方法,局部保持投影（LPP）和正交拉普拉斯脸（OLF）是基于局部结构的特征提取方法,全局结构特征的弱点是忽略了局部结构特征,局部结构特征的弱点是忽略了整体结构。基于此,本文提出了一种全局与局部结构特征融合（GLSF）的提取方法,将PCA和LDA的提取结果融合到LPP中,既描述了全局结构,又考虑了局部结构。在ORL及Yale上的实验结果表明,GLSF方法比PCA、LDA、LPP、OLF等方法具有更高的识别率。     

基于线性和非线性算法的高效人脸识别系统

文中提出了一种基于外观的线性和非线性人脸识别方法,所用的线性算法有主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)。两种非线性方法分别是核主成分分析(KPCA)及核费希尔分析(KFA),线性降维投影方法基于二阶相依性编码模式信息,非线性方法用于处理三个或更多像素之间的关系。首先通过Gabor对图片进行预处理,然后采用线性、非线性分析进行降维。通过马哈利诺比斯-余弦(Mahcos)度量用于定义两幅图像通过相应的降维技术后的相似性度量。实验表明,当与Gabor小波一同使用时,LDA和KFA的性能最高,分别为CMC和ROC结果的93.33%。通过对AT&T数据库400幅图像的综合分析,发现线性和非线性算法的性能受图像分类数目、图像预处理及识别测试集的人脸图像数目的影响。     

基于局部二元模式的快速红外人脸识别系统

红外人脸成像具有对光照、人脸皮肤、表情、姿态等因素变化不敏感的特点,可以在一定程度上弥补这些因素对可见光人脸识别影响的不足。为了充分提取红外人的局部鉴别特征,文中提出了一个基于局部二元模式的快速红外人脸识别系统。该系统首先通过thermoVision A40型红外热像仪获分辨率为320240的红外人脸图像,并通过人脸检测和归一化方法提取大小为6080的标准红外人脸图像。其次,基于人脸图像的对称性,将红外人脸图像分块。通过局部二元模式直方图提取每一分块所包含的纹理模式特征。最后,采用Kruskal-Wallis（KW）特征选择算法,进一步抽取对识别有贡献的局部纹理特征用于分类识别。实验结果表明:提出的热红外人脸系统识别率明显优于基于主成分分析（PCA）和线性鉴别分析（LDA）的传统红外人脸识别系统,可以达到98.6%的识别率。与此同时,提出的红外人脸识别系统识别速度也快于传统基于PCA和LDA系统,可以广泛应用于实时人脸识别中。     

A weighted feature reduction method for power spectra of radar HRRPs

Feature reduction is a key process in pattern recognition. This paper deals with the feature reduction methods for a time-shift invariant feature, power spectrum, in Radar Automatic Target Recognition （RATR） using High-Resolution Range Profiles （HRRPs）. Several existing feature reduction methods in pattern recognition are analyzed, and a weighted feature reduction method based on Fisher＇s Discriminant Ratio （FDR） is proposed in this paper. According to the characteristics of radar HRRP target recognition, this proposed method searches the optimal weight vector for power spectra of HRRPs by means of an iterative algorithm, and thus reduces feature dimensionality. Compared with the method of using raw power spectra and some existing feature reduction methods, the weighted feature reduction method can not only reduce feature dimen- sionality, but also improve recognition performance with low computation complexity. In the recognition experiments based on measured data, the proposed method is robust to different test data and achieves good recognition results.     

一种面向交通标志识别系统的图像识别算法

目前各类面向交通标志识别系统的机器算法大多存在计算复杂度高、实时性差等问题,文中基于ELM模型,加入改进的PCA方法,提出了一种面向交通标志识别系统的PCA-ELM图像识别算法。该算法依次通过HOG特征的提取、改进的PCA方法降维、ELM模型的特征训练,实现交通标志图像的识别。经过实验测试,发现该算法能够较好地兼顾识别率和计算复杂度,符合交通标志识别系统图像识别的准确性与实时性要求,具有一定的实用价值。     

支持向量鉴别分析及在人脸表情识别中的应用

模式识别一般首先要对数据进行降维,PCA和LDA及其对应的核化算法是其中应用广泛的方法,但这些算法的应用前提是假设样本数据为高斯分布,在少样本训练时它们的推广性能有很大局限.本文提出了一种基于支持向量机的鉴别分析算法,该算法首先寻找有限样本情况下最优分类面,以其法线方向为投影轴对数据进行投影降维,在多类情况下提供了极其丰富的方案选择投影轴.该算法体现了支持向量机的内在优良推广性能,克服了PCA和LDA等算法的局限性.本文将所提算法应用于人脸表情特征提取,并与PCA、LDA、KPCA、GDA等算法进行了比较,结果表明该算法的有效性.     

Discriminant Independent Component Analysis as a subspace representation

Subspace modeling plays an important role in face recognition. Independent Component Analysis （ICA）, a multivariable statistical analysis technique, can be seen as an extension of traditional Principal Com- ponent Analysis （PCA） technique, which addresses high order statistics as well as second order statistics. In this paper, a new scheme of subspace-based representation called Discriminant Independent Component Analysis （DICA） is proposed, which combines the strength＂ of unsupervised learning of ICA and supcrvised learning of Linear Discriminant Analysis （LDA）, and efficiently enhances the generalization ability of ICA-based representation method. Based on DICA subspace analysis, a set of optimal vectors called ＂discriminant independent faces＂ are learned from face samples. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated by performance comparisons with some popular methods such as ICA, PCA, and PCA＋LDA. On the large scale database of IIS, significant improvements are observed when there are fewer training samples per person available.     

线性判别分析和支持向量机的音乐分类方法

提出了一种新的音乐分类方法,该方法使用线性判别分析(LDA)和支持向量机(SVMs)对音乐数据进行分类。在实现音乐分类中,先使用傅里叶变换等方法从每一段音乐中提取音频特征,包括Mel倒谱系数及基音频率等,并将它们按比例组成一个高维向量;再使用LDA对这些高维向量进行降维,使得各类音乐的类间离散度与类内离散度的比值最大;最后使用SVM等4种分类器对降维后的特征进行分类。实验证明LDA及SVM使得音乐分类的精确度有了较大的提高。