An efficient modeling methodology of structural systems containing viscoelastic dampers based on frequency response function substructuring

In this paper it is suggested a modeling methodology of structural systems supported by translational and rotational viscoelastic mounts or joints based on a frequency response function coupling technique. Such strategy enables to predict the dynamic behaviour of the composite systems given a set of frequency response functions of the main structure and a driving point frequency response function of the viscoelastic support. These frequency response functions can be obtained either experimentally or by finite element modeling. Both cases are considered in the study. After presenting the underlying theoretical aspects, the results of numerical simulations of two-dimensional structures are presented, emphasizing the procedure conceived to compute the frequency response functions of the viscoelastic mounts or joints from a detailed finite element model using commercial packages and material properties provided by manufacturers. The dependency of the viscoelastic behaviour on frequency and temperature is accounted for by using the complex modulus approach and the concepts of reduced frequency and shift factor. An investigation using experimentally acquired frequency response functions of a frame structure with a translational viscoelastic damper is presented. Based on the obtained results, the main features of the modeling methodology are highlighted.     

Effect of Time-Domain Reflectometry probe location on soil moisture measurement during wetting and drying processes

In this paper studies on the impact of the location of Time-Domain Reflectometry probes in soil samples on the moisture measurement are presented. In particular, we were interested if the commonly accepted assumption that moisture measurements performed by TDR probes correctly average the value of the soil water content in a soil sample. Soil samples having different physical properties, both undisturbed and disturbed, were used. Our results show that the soil moisture measurement depends on the placement of the TDR probe in the sample, and a TDR probe placed vertically measures the arithmetic mean of soil moisture for the whole sample, for both the wetting and the drying cycles. This result is general and does not depend on the analyzed sample.     

具有粘性阻尼作用的粘弹性直杆的纵向振动

对具有粘性阻尼作用下的 Kelvin模型粘弹性杆的纵向振动问题 ,通过复数理论 ,将复特征方程化为两个联立的非线性特征方程组 ,分析了无量纲粘性阻尼系数、粘性阻尼作用位置及材料的无量纲松弛时间对一端固定一端自由的 Kelvin粘弹性杆复频率的影响。     

Morphological, nanomechanical and cellular structural characterization of human hair and conditioner distribution using torsional resonance mode with an atomic force microscope

Characterization of the cellular structure and chemical and physical properties of hair are essential to develop better cosmetic products and advance the biological and cosmetic sciences. Although the morphology of the fine cellular structure of human hair has traditionally been investigated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy can be used for characterization in ambient conditions without requiring specific sample preparations and surface treatment. In this study, the tapping and torsional resonance modes in an atomic force microscope are compared for measurements of stiffness and viscoelastic properties. The materials were mapped using amplitude and phase angle imaging. The torsional resonance mode showed advantages in resolving the in-plane (lateral) heterogeneity of materials. This mode was used for investigating and characterizing the fine cellular structure of human hair. Various cellular structures (such as the cortex and the cuticle) of human hair and fine sublamellar structures of the cuticle, such as the A-layer, the exocuticle, the endocuticle and the cell membrane complex were easily identified. The distribution and thickness of conditioner on the treated hair surface affects the tribological properties of hair. The thickness of the conditioner was estimated using force distance measurements with an atomic force microscope.     

水中蜂窝夹层结构的隔声性能

将蜂窝夹层结构引入到水下噪声控制方面,基于弹性体和粘弹性体的波传递理论,采用传递矩阵的方法,探讨了垂直入射下蜂窝夹层结构在水中的隔声性能,并与其它结构的隔声性能进行比较。研究表明:蜂窝夹层结构的隔声性能整体要比打孔橡胶夹层结构和均质橡胶结构好;蜂窝面层橡胶材料的性质对蜂窝夹层结构隔声性能影响较大,采用软质橡胶可以取得更好的隔声性能。     

Time domain analysis of a viscoelastic rotor using internal variable models

Damping in the stator of a rotating machine is able to reduce the unbalance response, and increase the speed where the stability limit is reached. However, damping in the rotor is destablising and the analysis of rotors with internal viscous damping is well established. The drive towards composite and laminated rotors mean that the viscous damping model is not always appropriate, and viscoelastic material models whose properties depend on frequency should be used. These properties may be measured experimentally and the analysis of structures containing viscoelastic material materials may be performed in the time domain using the ADF, ATF or GHM methods. This paper extends this analysis to rotors containing viscoelastic materials using the ATF approach. Other internal variable formulations for viscoelastic material may be used following the approach adopted in this paper with only slight modifications. Viscous damping in the rotor produces a skew-symmetric component in the ‘stiffness’ matrix; for viscoelastic models the skew-symmetric term appears in the internal variable equations. This paper gives an example to demonstrate the calculation of the stability limit speed for a machine.     

Nonlinear transient response analysis for double walls with a porous material supported by nonlinear springs using FEM and MSKE method

In this paper, we newly propose a fast computation method for the nonlinear transient responses including coupling between nonlinear springs and sound proof structures having porous materials using FEM. In this method, we extend our numerical method named as Modal Strain and Kinetic Method (i.e. MSKE method proposed previously by Yamaguchi who is one of the authors) from linear damping analysis to nonlinear dynamic analysis. We assume that the restoring force of the spring has cubic nonlinearity and linear hysteresis damping. To calculate damping properties for soundproof structures including elastic body, viscoelastic body and porous body, displacement vectors as common unknown variable are solved under coupled condition. The damped sound fields in the porous materials are defined by complex effective density and complex bulk modulus. The discrete equations in physical coordinate for this system are transformed into nonlinear ordinary coupled differential equations using normal coordinates corresponding to linear natural modes. Further, using MSKE method, modal damping can be derived approximately under coupled conditions between hysteresis damping of viscoelastic materials, damping of the springs and damping due to flow resistance in porous materials. The modal damping is used for the nonlinear differential equation to compute nonlinear transient responses.Moreover, using the proposed method, we demonstrate new vibration phenomena including nonlinear coupling between nonlinear springs and soundproof structures by use of a simplified model. As a typical numerical example of the soundproof structure, we adopt double walls with a porous material. The double walls are supported by nonlinear concentrated springs. We clarify influences of amplitude of the impact force on nonlinear transient responses. We focused on the vibration modes, which magnify the amplitudes of the double walls. In these modes, the internal air of the porous material played a role of a pneumatic spring. Under a very large impact force as a severe condition, there exist the complicated nonlinear couplings between these modes and the super harmonic components of the rigid modes of the whole structure with large deformations in the nonlinear springs.     

矿井提升机钢丝绳的粘弹性研究

以纤维芯钢丝绳为对象，研究其粘弹性力学性能。首先，从理论上推导钢丝绳单向拉伸时的拉力一位移关系，确定钢丝绳变形的时间相依性；然后，在应力松弛试验的基础上，建立钢丝绳的粘弹性力学模型，试验结果和分析表明，该模型能较好地描述钢丝绳在单轴拉伸过程中的应力松弛现象。纤维芯钢丝绳广泛用于矿井提升机中，在考虑钢丝绳的粘弹性性能后，提升机的卷筒所受的周向压力会随时间变化，卷筒的屈曲失效分析应该考虑这种效应。     

Analysis of wave propagation in fluid-filled viscoelastic pipes

This paper describes the investigation of the propagation wave speed and wave attenuation in viscoelastic fluid-filled pipes. Relatively predictable for metal pipes, these are largely unknown for plastic pipes, since they depend on the pipe wall properties. Wave number measurements, encompassing both wave speed and wave attenuation, were carried out on different water-filled plastic pipes using three hydrophones. The frequency-dependent wave speed and attenuation were calculated from the transfer function between three pressure measurements. Experimental results for different pipe wall materials, particularly those with applications in water supply installations, are presented. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of analysis in the frequency domain that can be used to determine the acoustical properties of fluid-filled plastic pipes.     

Using the FIB to characterize nanoparticle materials

In the 1–100‐nm size regime, the properties of materials can differ significantly from those of their bulk counterparts. The present study applies the focused ion beam (FIB) tool to the characterization of nanoscale structures for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The strength of this method is its ability to manufacture samples that cannot be produced using traditional means. The films of nanoparticles examined here are examples of such systems; the films are found to be not fully dense, composed of chemically heterogeneous areas and mechanically different from the substrate. Distinct advantages of the application of the FIB for characterization of nanoscale structures are highlighted for several nanoparticle structures. This successful application of FIB techniques provides a pathway to integrate the study of nanoscale production techniques and their resulting structure–property relationships.     

激光熔覆Inconel718合金涂层与基体界面的组织及力学性能

研究了激光熔覆Inconel718合金涂层与基体界面的微观组织及力学性能,结果表明：由于强化相的溶解,热影响区的硬度及强度降低,典型激光熔覆工艺条件下,扫描速度越快,热影响区越窄;熔覆层底部无平面晶组织,熔合区结合致密,化学成分一致,组织过渡平滑,熔覆层内部为枝晶组织,晶间有较多的Laves相,硬度较热影响区高;时效热处理后,热影响区及熔覆层的强度接近原始基材,界面区域力学性能过渡的平滑性改善。     

Effects of condensing moist air on shock induced oscillation around an airfoil in transonic internal flows

Shock induced oscillation around an airfoil in transonic internal flow fields are often observed due to complex shock wave boundary layer interaction. However, in actual flow where finite amount of water vapor is present in the air, the rapid expansion of the flow may give rise to non-equilibrium condensation. Effects of condensing moist air on unsteady shock induced oscillation were numerically studied for total back pressure to reservoir pressure ratios of 0.73–0.65. Results showed that in case with condensing moist air flows, the root mean square of shock induced pressure oscillation and the oscillation frequency were reduced significantly compared with those without the non-equilibrium condensation. However, there was an increase of total pressure loss for condensing moist air flows.     

Sliding wear of spark plasma sintered CrFeCoNiCu high entropy alloy coatings with MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript> and WC additions

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) specimens manufactured by fused deposition are tested under uniaxial compression in order to judge the effectiveness of printing orientation, density, and filler patterns in terms of stiffness and strength per printing time. The compressive properties of the 3D printed materials along the three orthogonal directions are studied on cylindrical specimens filled with honeycomb and rectangular patterns. In order to achieve different densities, five filler percentages (0, 20, 30, 40, and 100%) are employed for each type of structure. Specimens filled with honeycomb patterns are stiffer and stronger than those with rectangular patterns only when they are oriented along the applied load. However, structures with rectangular patterns only require roughly half of printing time of those filled honeycomb cells, which yields effective rectangular structures with high elastic properties per printing time. Stress–strain curves reveal that compressive strength and stiffness increase with respect to the structure density. Patterns printed along the loading direction present higher strength and stiffness than on the other orthogonal orientations. Local buckling and compressive failure mechanisms are identified for light weight and heavy structures, respectively. A combination of shear and local buckling failure appeared in honeycomb structures printed transversely with relative densities around 20–40%.     

Operative Calibration Methodology of a TDR Sensor for Soil Moisture Monitoring under Irrigated Crops

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is more and more frequently used for soil water content measurements in replacement of other techniques as neutron probe. Such observations that can be continuously collected on dataloggers are convenient for monitoring water fluxes under irrigated crops. Though relationships to calculate volumetric water content from analysis of TDR signal and collected data are published in literature or given by manufacturers for different commercialized devices, the results are not satisfactory for many soils and specific calibrations are required. In replacement of the traditional calibration method, two rapid operative computer assisted methods are proposed. The first one is based on drip moistening of a cylindrical sample of disturbed dry soil in which a TDR sensor is vertically embedded. The second one uses the same cylindrical sample wetted close to saturation in which a TDR sensor is inserted step by step during measurements. The data from the two methods were fitted using second degree models. These results are in good agreement with conventional calibration method or gravimetric field measurements of soil water content. Utilization of short time step TDR measurements for monitoring soil water storage under a furrow irrigated corn shows consistent observations with water applications or uptakes by crop. Field comparison with neutron probe and gravimetric measurements corroborate the need of a specific calibration for the soil studied in this paper though its clay content is about 20%.     

Generalized solution for predicting relaxation from creep in soft tissue: Application to ligament

Creep and relaxation are two viscoelastic phenomena that are easily interrelated for a linearly viscoelastic material, but interrelationships are complex for nonlinearly viscoelastic materials. We use a single-integral nonlinear superposition principle to relate creep and relaxation, where the kernel is assumed to be a nonseparable product of strain and time. Herein, we develop time dependence as general power laws with up to four terms for creep compliance and relaxation modulus. Higher-order formulations give better results for ligament in terms of curve fitting and prediction of relaxation from creep. This is illustrated by a comparison between a two- and a three-term formulation on the experimental data of rabbit medial collateral ligaments. Also, an interrelation between several aspects of creep and relaxation is presented for arbitrarily high order, and the nature of high-order interrelation is discussed. The generality of the method makes it suitable to phenomenologically model many complex materials, to predict complex behaviors and to therefore reduce the amount of testing for robust material characterization.     

粘弹性阻尼安装架结构设计及减振效能分析

粘弹性阻尼材料的最大优点是可以在很宽的频域和温域内对振动进行抑制,特别适用于机载电子设备结构减振问题.文中阐述了在某机载电子设备安装架上敷设粘弹性阻尼材料的方法和典型工艺,并利用有限元仿真方法对安装架敷设阻尼层前后的减振效能进行了对比,结果表明敷设阻尼层后的安装架有更好的减振效能.     

Vibration characteristics of hollow cantilevered beams containing an electro-rheological fluid

Electro-rheological (ER) fluids undergo a phase change when subjected to an external electric field, and this phase change typically manifests itself as a many-order-of-magnitude change in the rheological behavior. This phenomenon permits the global stiffness and energy-dissipation properties of the beam structures to be tuned in order to synthesize the desired vibration characteristics. This paper reports on a proof-of-concept experimental investigation focused on evaluating the vibration properties of hollow cantilevered beams filled with an ER fluid and, consequently, deriving an empirical model for predicting field-dependent vibration characteristics. A hydrous-based ER fluid consisting of corn starch and silicone oil is employed. From the observation of modal characteristics, the beams are considered to be uniform viscoelastic materials and are modeled as a viscously-damped harmonic oscillator. Natural frequency, damping ratio and elastic modulus are evaluated with respect to the electric field and compared among three different beams: two types of different volume fraction of ER fluid and one type of different particle concentration of ER fluid by weight. Transient and forced vibration responses are examined in the time domain to demonstrate the validity of the proposed empirical model.     

基于线阵CCD的水面波松弛率测量方法

松弛率是物理学中的一个重要参数.水面波的松弛率反映了其受扰动后的作用谱恢复到稳态所需的时间长短,因其受到多种海洋学和气象学参数影响很难直接计算.传统的松弛率研究主要是利用波高仪、风压力计、雷达等设备进行数据实测或根据经验值进行参数拟合.文章提出了一种基于线阵CCD的松弛率测量方法.和传统测量松弛率的方法相比,可以稳定工作在不同风浪环境下,并能够同步获得水面波和表面弱流场信息.利用本文所提方法,通过水槽实验对不同风速下的表面波松弛率进行了测量.实验结果与经典模型比较吻合,验证了所提出的方法的有效性.该方法可用于测量风浪环境下波流相互作用理论中表面波受调制情况.     

聚合物熔体跨尺度挤出过程的黏弹性流变特性

在聚合物熔体微尺度动态黏弹特性实验的基础上，基于分子理论建立了跨尺度挤出过程中的熔体黏弹特性微尺度效应流变模型。流变模型反映了流道特征对黏弹性流动过程应力状态的影响。微尺度效应弱化了熔体的黏弹性流变响应，促进了分子链松弛。模型的微尺度效应通过储能模量和耗能模量的微尺度效应系数及二者的比值表征。微尺度效应系数越小，特征尺度对黏弹特性的影响越显著；黏弹性微尺度效应系数比值越小，特征尺度对松弛过程的影响越明显。