Survey of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in canned foods.

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether (BADGE) is used in the manufacture of lacquers for coating the inside of food and beverage cans. In June 1996 the EC Scientific Committee for Food temporarily increased the specific migration limit applying to BADGE to 1 mg/kg pending consideration of additional toxicological data. In order to find out if there is migration of BADGE from can coatings into foods, a 'worst case' sampling exercise has been conducted to survey those canned foods where the propensity for migration of BADGE was judged to be highest. The foods surveyed include canned fish in oil, meat and milk and, altogether, BADGE was determined in 181 retail samples. Analysis for BADGE was conducted, in duplicate, by HPLC with fluorescence detection with confirmation of BADGE identity by GC/MS analysis using selected ion monitoring. BADGE was found at levels exceeding 1 mg/kg in seven of the 15 canned anchovy samples and five of the 22 sardine samples purchased during the period September 1995-July 1996. Infrared analysis of the can coatings provided strong evidence that the higher BADGE levels found were associated with use of PVC organosol lacquers, although in some cases cans coated with organosols gave low BADGE results. For canned sardine samples found to contain greater than 0.5 mg/kg BADGE in the total contents, a replicate can was opened and separate analyses performed on the drained fish and the oil. The results clearly showed that BADGE concentrations in the oil were about 20 times higher than in the drained fish. Further samples of canned sardines and anchovies were purchased in June/July 1997 and, in all cases, BADGE levels were found to be below 1 mg/kg. In the other retail canned foods, BADGE was not detectable (DL = 0.02 mg/kg) or detected at concentrations well below the temporary SML of 1 mg/kg.     

A review of dietary exposure and toxicological information on epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) in food-contact applications

ABSTRACT

Plasticisers have a long history of use in the industrial manufacture and processing of polymers for the purpose of increasing the flexibility and strength of the material. Approximately, 80–90% of the plasticiser market is devoted to the production of PVC, a highly versatile thermoplastic used to produce both rigid and flexible articles. Many types of plasticisers, including ortho-phthalate esters (OPE), can be added to PVC to impart flexibility. Recently, alternatives to OPEs, such as epoxy esters and aliphatic adipates, are becoming more prevalent for use in PVC-based food-contact articles. Epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiser in flexible PVC for many food-contact articles, including food packaging and food processing equipment, from which it can potentially migrate into food and become a component of an individual’s daily diet. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the US dietary exposure and toxicological information on ESBO used in PVC-based food-contact articles. The cumulative dietary concentration (CDC) and cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) for ESBO from its use as a plasticiser in PVC-based food-contact articles (i.e. gaskets for glass jar lids and film wraps) was calculated to be 2.6 mg/kg (i.e. ppm) and 0.13 mg/kg bw/d, respectively, for the general population. Some regulatory agencies have reported safety levels for ESBO, and the most conservative no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was identified to be 100 mg/kg bw/d (i.e. 2000 ppm) based on a two-year feeding study in rats. The current CEDI is well below these levels, supporting the safe use of ESBO in food-contact applications.     

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) migrating from packaging material ‘disappears’ in food: reaction with food components

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is widely used as a monomer for coatings and adhesives for food-contact applications. Previous publications indicate that, after migration from packaging into foodstuffs, BADGE undergoes various reactions with unidentified food components. In order to elucidate the fate of BADGE, losses were determined after incubation with different foodstuffs and food components. Food proteins were identified as the main reaction partner with BADGE. Adduct formation was found with nucleophilic side-chains of amino acids. In vitro, cysteine exhibited significant activity. The previously reported occurrence of methylthio-derivatives of BADGE in foodstuffs was shown to originate from the reaction of BADGE with methionine. BADGE-methylthio derivatives can, therefore, be used as marker substances in foodstuffs for protein reactions with BADGE. The reported results offer a new viewpoint on the evaluation of BADGE migration. The hydrolysis and hydrochlorination derivatives subject to European legislation make up only a fraction of the totally migrated BADGE, and a further concern is that the toxic or allergenic potential of the protein adducts are unknown.     

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) migrating from packaging material 'disappears' in food: reaction with food components.

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is widely used as a monomer for coatings and adhesives for food-contact applications. Previous publications indicate that, after migration from packaging into foodstuffs, BADGE undergoes various reactions with unidentified food components. In order to elucidate the fate of BADGE, losses were determined after incubation with different foodstuffs and food components. Food proteins were identified as the main reaction partner with BADGE. Adduct formation was found with nucleophilic side-chains of amino acids. In vitro, cysteine exhibited significant activity. The previously reported occurrence of methylthio-derivatives of BADGE in foodstuffs was shown to originate from the reaction of BADGE with methionine. BADGE-methylthio derivatives can, therefore, be used as marker substances in foodstuffs for protein reactions with BADGE. The reported results offer a new viewpoint on the evaluation of BADGE migration. The hydrolysis and hydrochlorination derivatives subject to European legislation make up only a fraction of the totally migrated BADGE, and a further concern is that the toxic or allergenic potential of the protein adducts are unknown.     

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) migrating from packaging material 'disappears' in food: reaction with food components

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is widely used as a monomer for coatings and adhesives for food-contact applications. Previous publications indicate that, after migration from packaging into foodstuffs, BADGE undergoes various reactions with unidentified food components. In order to elucidate the fate of BADGE, losses were determined after incubation with different foodstuffs and food components. Food proteins were identified as the main reaction partner with BADGE. Adduct formation was found with nucleophilic side-chains of amino acids. In vitro, cysteine exhibited significant activity. The previously reported occurrence of methylthio-derivatives of BADGE in foodstuffs was shown to originate from the reaction of BADGE with methionine. BADGE-methylthio derivatives can, therefore, be used as marker substances in foodstuffs for protein reactions with BADGE. The reported results offer a new viewpoint on the evaluation of BADGE migration. The hydrolysis and hydrochlorination derivatives subject to European legislation make up only a fraction of the totally migrated BADGE, and a further concern is that the toxic or allergenic potential of the protein adducts are unknown.     

Migration of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its reaction products in canned foods

Bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used as an additive or starting agent in coatings for cans. The presence of hydrochloric acid in the organosol (PVC-based) lacquers results in formation of chlorohydroxy compounds of BADGE. These compounds, as well as BADGE itself, are potential migrants into the preserved food and are of toxicological concern. In the present investigation the presence of BADGE and the chlorohydroxy compounds (BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl) in various kinds of canned foods from 30 brands have been determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. BADGE was found in levels up to 5.1mg/kg in the food and only in food from cans containing BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl in the lacquers. BADGE was found both in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce, however, the highest amounts were found in the fatty foodstuffs. BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl were found in concentrations up to 2.4mg/kg and 8.3mg/kg, respectively. Unlike BADGE, BADGE.2HCl was found in similar concentrations in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce. In aqueous and acidic foodstuffs BADGE readily hydrolyses into mono- and dihydrolysed products (BADGE.H₂O and BADGE.2H₂O). In this study BADGE.H₂O was not found in any food sample, whereas BADGE.2H₂O was found in levels up to 2.6mg/kg. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) of the European Commission has proposed that a limit of restriction of 1mg/kg food shall include BADGE itself and BADGE.H₂O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BADGE.HCL.H₂O. The present results indicate that the migration of BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl, compounds with almost no data on toxicity, implies a greater problem than BADGE.H₂O and BADGE.2H₂O.     

Subchronic and Reproductive/Developmental (Screening Level) Toxicity of Complexation Products of Iron Trichloride and Sodium Tartrate (FemTA)

A complexation/reaction product, termed FemTA, of sodium tartrate [D(–)‐ and L(+)‐tartaric acid and mesotartaric acid], sodium hydroxide, and iron trichloride may have use as an anticaking agent in salt preparations. FemTA is composed of about 4% sodium tartrate, approximately 10% mesotartaric acid, approximately 7% chloride, approximately 4% iron, approximately 7% sodium, approximately 0.3% sodium oxalate, and approximately 65% water. FemTA was tested in a 90‐d oral toxicity study, which included a screening level reproductive/developmental toxicity phase, in Harlan Wistar rats. FemTA was administered by oral gavage at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight/d prior to and during mating, or about 20, 40, or 80 mg of iron/kg body weight/d, such that males received 90/91 d of treatment and females 104 to 109 d. Treatment was associated with inflammatory lesions of the lower GI tract at the mid‐ and high‐dose levels, increased liver and kidney weights, increased serum bile acids and blood urea nitrogen, decreased chloride, and changes to hematological parameters consistent with inflammation. The effects were considered the result of iron overload. There were no effects on reproductive/developmental toxicity parameters. The no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL), based on gastrointestinal tract effects was 500 mg/kg body weight/d. The NOAEL for reproductive/developmental toxicity was 2000 mg/kg body weight/d, the highest dose tested.     

Setting of acute reference doses for pesticides based on existing regulatory requirements and regulatory test guidelines.

Reference doses (RfD) for the definition of tolerable food residues have traditionally been based on the lowest no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), which usually comes from chronic toxicity studies. While this is generally agreed to be a safe approach to evaluate the overall significance of expected consumption it is clear that it is not appropriate for evaluation of the toxicological significance of residues in a single meal. Standard acute toxicity tests are not designed to generate an NOAEL, from which an RfD can be derived. They are more appropriate to evaluating risk following accidental high exposure to the product itself rather than to food residues. A typical toxicological database for a pesticide active substance contains studies which may be appropriate, on a case-by-case basis, to evaluate shorter term endpoints of interest for specific molecules, such as developmental or acute neurotoxicity studies. However, their specificity limits their scope of application. General toxicological endpoints are well covered by short-term, 28- or 90-day, guideline studies. However, neither of these studies is ideal for setting of an acute RfD (ARfD) as the treatment period is significantly longer than the duration of consumer exposure. This could be balanced by applying a reduced safety factor to the NOAEL to set the ARfD. Alternatively, a test guideline could be designed to generate a relevant acute NOAEL but the time necessary for development, validation and acceptance of such a guideline means that an interim approach is, in any case, necessary.     

Risk assessments of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in food

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCB) are ubiquitous in food of animal origin and accumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans. The most toxic congener is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The toxic responses include dermal toxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Toxic equivalency factors have been established for the other PCDD, PCDF and dioxin-like PCB relative to TCDD, and the combined toxicity of a sample can be expressed as toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ). The EC Scientific Committee for Food evaluated these compounds in 2001. The assessment used the most sensitive adverse toxicological end-points of TCDD in experimental animals. These were developmental and reproductive effects in the male offspring of rats administered TCDD during pregnancy. Because of the large difference between rats and humans in the biological half-life of TCDD, the assessment used a body burden approach to compare across species and derived a tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg TCDD/kg of body weight (bw), which was extended to include all the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF, and the dioxin-like PCB, and expressed as a group tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) performed a similar assessment whereas the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has paid more attention to human data on carcinogenicity.     

Stability of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether in water-based food simulants

Varnishes used for the inner coatings of food cans are often based on epoxy resins or vinylic organosols. The epoxy resins can be produced from bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol F (BPF), and these also contain bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) as stabilising components. These compounds may break down during storage and also by the influence of food simulants. The stability of BADGE and BFDGE were studied using reverse-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet detection (UV). Three experimental conditions for spiked simulants were compared: (1) the storage at 25 °C (C1), (2) the storage at 40 °C (C2) and (3) the storage at 25 °C after 15 min heating at 120 °C (C3). Distilled water, 3% acetic acid and 10% ethanol were used as food simulants. It was observed that BADGE is more stabile than BFDGE. The loss of BADGE and BFDGE were minimal in 10% ethanol (39 and 46% at 25 °C, 60 and 69% at 40 °C, respectively) and highest in 3% acetic acid (60 and 63% at 25 °C, 76 and 82% at 40 °C, respectively). At experiment (C3), the hardest conditions, significant degradation was not shown in comparison with conditions (C1) and (C2), contrariwise BADGE and BFDGE in 10% ethanol were minimal degradated at conditions (C3) from all these experiments (loss of 5 and 8%, respectively).     

Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F-diglycidyl ether and their hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives in canned foods

A new method for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and their hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives in canned foods is presented. Oily and aqueous food samples were extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether and acetonitrile, respectively. The compounds in both extracts were determined by using reverse-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Optimization of extraction and chromatographic determination is outlined in detail. After validation the method was used to analyze various canned food samples, such as tuna and sardine in oil, vegetables, fruit cocktails, etc. In none of the samples were significant amounts ( >100 μg/kg) of BADGE or BFDGE found, whereas in most samples BADGE/BFDGE chlorohydroxy compounds were detected. These originate most probably from the use of organosol varnishes instead of epoxy resins. Risk assessment and regulations of these compounds by the European Union are urgently needed. Additionally, the syntheses and characterization of the not available standard compounds bisphenol A-p-glycidyl-p′-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE.HCl) and bisphenol A-p-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-p′-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE.HCl.H₂O) are presented. Received: 28 July 1999 / Revised version: 29 October 1999     

香露兜粉对大鼠致畸性研究

目的评价食用香露兜粉对人体的母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸性。方法采用GB 15193.14—2015《食品安全国家标准致畸试验》中的方法,将已受孕的SD大鼠随机分为溶媒对照组、阳性对照组以及香露兜粉样品高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组(分别为2.50、1.25和0.60 g/kg BW),每组16只。于受孕第6天～第15天,采用灌胃方式经口给予受试物,溶媒对照组用等量纯水,阳性对照组腹腔注射环磷酰胺15 mg/kg。受孕第20天处死孕鼠,检查、解剖并记录胎鼠的畸形情况。结果香露兜粉各剂量组均未见母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用,各项指标与溶媒对照组比较,均未发现明显异常,整体分析不具有剂量-反应关系趋势。阳性对照组大鼠有明显的胚胎毒性和致畸毒性。致畸作用的未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL)为2.50 g/kg BW。结论在本研究条件下,未见香露兜粉样品具有母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用。     

Packaged food intake by British children aged 0 to 6 years

The European Union approach to assessing exposure to chemical migrants from plastic food-contact materials has been to assume an intake of 1 kg of food in contact with a particular material, per 60 kg person per day, which equates to 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight. A food packaging surface area–food mass ratio of 6 dm²/1 kg is assumed, equivalent to 0.1 dm² kg^?1 of body weight. Children might be at increased risk to exposure from migrants as they have higher intakes of food per kg body weight compared with adults. In addition, much of the food marketed for/to children is in small portions and therefore the food-contact material area–food mass ratio is relatively high. To determine if, and how, the European Union model might be modified to ensure specific protection against chemical migration into food marketed for children, data on 4-day food intakes of 297 children aged 0–6 years were collected including information on pack size, pack type and food-contact material area–food mass ratio. The 297 children consumed a total of 1646 kg of food and drink (including tap water), of which 978 kg (59%) was packaged with 67% of this packaged in plastics. Mean intakes of food packaged in plastic ranged from 27 g kg^?1 body weight (for the infants under 1 year) to 51 g kg^?1 body weight (for the 1–4-year-olds). This was higher than the 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight derived from the European Union convention. The mean area of packaging in contact with the food consumed daily per kg body weight were 0.65 dm² kg^?1 for the infants under 1 year, 0.81 dm² kg^?1 for the 1–4-year-olds, and 0.66 dm² kg^?1 for the 4–6-year-olds. All 297 children had intakes that exceeded 0.1 dm² of packaging per kg of body weight assumption.     

中国常用食品添加剂毒理学数据库研究

目的建立我国常用的食品添加剂毒理学数据库。方法通过文献检索的方式,收集相关的食品添加剂毒理学资料,利用系统文献综述(SLR)方法整理所研究的食品添加剂毒理学数据。结果数据库收录了20大类共374种食品添加剂,毒理学资料包括代谢、急性毒性、遗传毒性、生殖发育毒性、亚慢性毒性、慢性毒性和致癌、人群资料等7个方面。结论该数据库的建立有利于我国食品添加剂的安全使用、保护消费者健康,并促进对我国特有的食品添加剂的研究和应用。     

Bioassay Guided Analysis of Migrants from Can Coatings

Migrants from can coatings consist of a complex mixture of a variety of substances that mostly are not toxicologically evaluated. 95% ethanolic migrates from a polyester and an epoxy coating were screened in different bioassays on mutagenicity (Ames II-Test), on aquatic toxicity (Fish Embryo Assay) and on cytotoxicity (BrdU-ELISA, WST-1-Assay, Neutral Red Assay (NRA), RNA-Synthesis-Inhibition). No mutagenic effect was detected in the Ames II-Test and no lethal effects were induced in the fish embryo test up to a concentration of 60 dm²/l. Strongly varying cytotoxicity effects have been determined depending on the type of the assay, the cell line in use (Hela-S3, Caco-2, HT-29, Hep-G2) as well as the incubation conditions. The NRA was validated for the investigation of the coating migrates. Legally regulated substances known to migrate from epoxy coatings, BPA, BADGE, BADGE*2H₂O, BADGE*HCl*H₂O and BADGE*2HCl were investigated in the NRA with two different cell lines, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) and a human hepatocellar carcinoma cell line (Hep-G2). The IC_{50, Hep-G2}-values of the regulated epoxy based substances ranged from 7 mg/l for BADGE to 83 mg/l for BADGE*2H₂O. The 95% ethanolic migrate of the epoxy coating revealed a significant effect in the NRA (IC_{50, Hep-G2} =  6.6 ±  0.8 dm²/l) while the polyester coating induced no effect (IC_{50, Hep-G2}  >  30 dm²/l). The amount of the legally regulated substances (BPA, BADGE, BADGE*2H₂O) in the migrate of the epoxy coating was analysed and their part on the cytotoxic effect of the migrate was estimated. Only about 0.5% of the effect of the migrate in the NRA could be traced back to these substances.     

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its source in foods in Japanese markets

The determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and/or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in foods sold in Japanese markets and in water leached from six epoxy resin cans with similar diameters was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (LC/ECD), LC-mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS) and LC-tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS). BPA concentrations were 0-842 ng g^-1 for 48 canned foods, 0-14 ng g^-1 for 23 foods in plastic containers, and 0-1 ng g^-1 for 16 foods in paper containers. No BADGE was detected in three canned foods. There was no difference in leaching concentrations of BPA into glycine buffers at pHs 8 and 11, and water. The amounts of BPA leached into water from six epoxy resin cans held at 121°C for 20 min were almost the same as the cans' contents and were much higher than the amounts leached from cans held at or below 80°C for 60 min. The amount leached depended on the type of can, but not on the amount of BADGE leached from the cans. Considerably more BPA than BADGE leached to water from six cans. Two cans whose contents had high concentrations of BPA showed no BADGE leaching even at 121°C, suggesting the different kinds of epoxy resin can linings from others. The results imply that the main source of human exposure to BPA is food from cans with linings that contain high percentages of BPA as an additive or an unforeseen contaminant.     

Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from can coatings into a fatty-food simulant and tuna fish.

The effect of heat processing, storage time and temperature on the migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from organosol and epoxy can coatings to a fatty-food simulant and tuna was determined. Analyses of BPA were performed by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. Four migration experiments, performed between 2000 and 2003, using cans with organosol, epoxy and a combination of both types of coatings were performed under different processing conditions and storage times. Migration levels as high as 646.5 microg kg(-1) BPA from an organosol coating of tuna fish cans were found using a fatty-food simulant following the heat processing of the simulant-filled cans. Levels ranging from 11.3 to 138.4 microg kg(-1) BPA from tuna cans coated with an epoxy resin migrated to the fatty-food simulant during 1 year at 25 degrees C. Levels of BPA migration into a fatty-food simulant from thermally processed and stored tuna cans coated with a combination of organosol and epoxy resins and from vegetable cans coated with an epoxy resin were below the limit of quantitation of 10.0 microg kg(-1). Migration of BPA to tuna ranged from <7.1 to 105.4 microg kg(-1) during long-term storage at 25 degrees C. BPA levels in tuna cans purchased from three local supermarkets ranged from <7.1 to 102.7 microg kg(-1). The highest migration levels were found following heat processing at temperatures as high as 121 degrees C and at times as long as 90 min. Coatings from different can batches can give different levels of BPA migration. The migration levels of BPA found in this work are below the present European Union migration limit, except the 646.5 microg kg(-1) found after the commercial heating process was applied to the simulant-filled cans coated with the organosol resin.     

甜叶菊苷M的毒理学安全性评价

甜叶菊苷M是在甜叶菊中发现的糖苷类物质,已被确定为一种潜在的甜味剂。本研究依据食品安全国家标准,采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓红细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验和28 d经口毒性试验对甜叶菊苷M进行了安全性评价。结果显示:甜叶菊苷M对雌雄小鼠急性经口MTD值均大于10000 mg/kg·bw,属实际无毒级;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓红细胞微核试验和小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验均为阴性;将样品以2000、1000和500 mg/kg的设计剂量掺入基础饲料中喂养大鼠28 d后,各剂量组雌雄动物的体重、摄食量、食物利用率、血液学、血生化和组织病理学等指标与对照组相比无明显异常。样品对雌、雄大鼠未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL)分别为2650和2421 mg/kg·bw t。研究结果表明,甜叶菊苷M未见急性毒性、遗传毒性和短期毒性,具有较高的食用安全性。     

丙烯酰胺生殖毒性和发育毒性效应性生物标志物研究

目的：研究丙烯酰胺对机体造成的生殖毒性和发育毒性,并找出丙烯酰胺生殖毒性和发育毒性的效应性生物标志物。方法：通过对SD雄鼠灌胃22.5、11.25、5.625mg/（kg·d）的丙烯酰胺溶液,分析对其睾丸和附睾的影响,还对精子畸形率和睾丸内抗氧化酶系统进行评价,通过研究丙烯酰胺在动物模型中产生的效应性生物标志物来评价其生殖毒性。采用饮水给予怀孕第6d的孕鼠20.0、10.0、5.0mg/（kg·d）的丙烯酰胺,在怀孕0、7、12、16、20d称量体重并每天监测其饮水消耗量,观察胎鼠身长、尾长和骨骼发育情况;对断乳后的幼鼠采用直接饮水接触丙烯酰胺,在3—6w每周处死部分幼鼠,对其脏器和血液进行分析,通过研究丙烯酰胺在动物模型中产生的效应性生物标志物来评价其发育毒性。结果：丙烯酰胺显著增加了SD大鼠精子畸形率,显著降低了SD大鼠睾丸内抗氧化酶的活性;同时,丙烯酰胺导致幼鼠尾长的发育异常,幼鼠的肝、肾、脾、甲状腺发生组织病变,骨骼畸形率显著增加。结论：精子畸形率、睾丸内抗氧化物酶能够反应丙烯酰胺的生殖毒性,可作为丙烯酰胺生殖毒性的效应生物标志物;幼鼠尾长、骨骼畸形、组织病理学改变可反应丙烯酰胺的发育毒性,可作为丙烯酰胺的发育毒性的效应生物标志物。     

国内市场上罐装啤酒中双酚类物质迁出量调查

建立并利用固相萃取-高效液相-荧光法对国内市场上31种罐装啤酒中双酚物的含量进行了调查。方法的检测限为0.02～0.09μg/L,在0.02～50.00μg/L的检测范围内相关系数大于0.99,加标回收率和标准差分别为80.67%～101%和1.01%～4.84%。样品中除双酚E(BPE)没有检出外,双酚A(BPA)、双酚A二缩水甘油醚(BADGE)、双酚F二缩水甘油醚(BFDGE)、双酚B(BPB)和双酚F(BPF)的平均检出浓度分别为2.99、0.41、0.18、0.12、0.12μg/L,检出率分别为100%、83.9%、6.4%、12.9%和6.4%。BPA和BADGE是罐装啤酒中存在的最主要的双酚物,其平均每日摄入量分别估计为0.0160、0.0022μg/kg.bw.d,低于欧盟关于BPA50μg/kg.bw.d的规定。样品中BPA没有超过欧盟规定的0.6mg/L,BADGE的迁移也未高于9mg/L,但是BFDGE的检出是不允许的。目前尚无关于BPF、BPE和BPB的迁移限值。