乳化炸药节能型工艺探索

通过对传统乳化炸药生产工艺的分析指出,如果把硝酸铵生产时的中和料液直接用于乳化炸药生产,既可节省硝酸铵生产中料液蒸发时的能耗,又可节省乳化炸药生产中制备硝酸铵溶液时对固体硝酸铵的破碎、溶解所需的热能和动力消耗,并简化工艺.硝酸铵中和料液的获取有三种方式:直接购买硝酸铵中和料液,用保温槽车运输;直接购买中和料液用保温管道传输;购买稀硝酸和液氨为原料直接中和制取硝酸铵料液.新工艺从原料生产开始,关注企业节能降耗,使企业生产既具有良好的经济效益,又具有良好的社会效益.     

硝酸铵膨化技术及应用

硝酸铵膨化技术是一创新技术,创新设计的指导思想是硝酸铵自敏化,硝酸铵自敏化的提出是对国内外传统方法的突破。实施自敏化的技术途径是硝酸铵的膨化,其实质是表面活性技术在粉状炸药中的应用,是一个强制析晶的物理化学过程。文章重点讨论了硝酸铵膨化机理及膨化硝酸铵的技术特征,显示其独特的优点。硝酸铵膨化技术主要应用是岩石膨化硝铵炸药,给出了岩石膨化硝铵炸药的爆炸与物理特征数据,并与其它工业炸药做了比较。同时也推广应用在煤矿许用型炸药中。     

多孔硝铵炸药的生产试验

介绍了以多孔硝酸铵为主要成分的信格达尼特炸药、多孔硝酸铵／柴油炸药和素拉油多孔硝酸铵炸药的主要特性，使用范围和效果。     

一种降低铵梯炸药吸湿性的新技术

粉状铵锑炸药吸湿性很强，且吸湿后易结块，使爆轰感度降低，从而导致起爆困难甚至拒爆，研究采用粗制TNT代替粉状铵梯炸药中的军品TNT，用多孔粒状硝酸铵代替粉状硝酸铵，可使铵梯炸药的吸湿量下降17%左右。     

膨化硝铵炸药生产过程中的安全技术

膨化硝铵炸药是采用膨化硝酸铵替代普通硝酸铵制造的一类新型硝铵炸药.膨化硝酸铵的制造是膨化硝铵炸药生产中独有的工序.对其生产过程进行安全分析,并提出相应的安全技术.     

国外文摘

11.新的廉价的硝酸铵炸药和其采用的可能性简述了硝酸铵的物理、化学和爆炸性能。研究了硝酸铵与柴油和其它非爆炸燃料的可爆混合物(硝酸铵含量达94-98％)并列举了其爆炸性能。比较了梯恩梯、硝酸铵和硝酸铵与梯恩梯50/50的冲击感度、安定性、爆炸冲击感度和威力。硝酸铵、梯恩梯混合物是一种威力大的廉价炸药。这种炸药适用于各种工业用途,还可作辅助的军事炸药。     

影响煤矿膨化硝酸铵炸药因素的讨论

分析了影响煤矿膨化硝酸铵炸药的因素,采取了一些措施以改进冷膨化硝酸铵炸药的使用。     

直接使用硝酸铵溶液生产膨化硝酸铵炸药研究

文章根据可直接使用硝酸铵溶液为原料的膨化硝酸铵炸药的生产工艺特点,研究建立了供直接使用的硝酸铵溶液原料技术标准,提出了适合运输、贮存热硝酸铵溶液的运输车、地面站技术要求。直接使用硝酸铵溶液为原料生产膨化硝酸铵炸药可节能降耗,降低生产成本,减少三废排放。     

膨化硝铵炸药中添加乳化基质的研究

通过表面活生剂对硝酸铵进行处理制得的自敏化膨化硝酸铵,应用这种膨化硝酸铵作氧化剂和敏化剂,再辅助以乳化基质制得的复配型炸药能进一步提高岩石膨化硝铵炸药的爆破效果。试验结果表明,这种炸药具有良好的使用性能。     

乳化炸药氧化剂选择的理论研究

根据炸药爆炸反应的热化学,引入氧化剂的能量贡献量和能量因子,用乳化炸药配方设计的数学模型讨论了不同含量的硝酸铵、硝酸钠对乳化炸药的热化学参数爆热和比容的影响.结果表明,硝酸铵是较好的乳化炸药氧化剂,硝酸铵的含量增加,乳化炸药的爆热和比容提高;硝酸钠的含量增加,乳化炸药的爆热和比容下降,硝酸钠的最佳含量为7%～9%.     

反相微乳液法制备纳米四水羟基硝酸氧铋

用Triton X-100/正己醇/环己烷/盐溶液的四元反相微乳液体系制备了纳米四水羟基硝酸氧铋((Bi6O4(OH)4)(NO3)6(H2O)4),研究了不同比例Triton X-100、正己醇、环己烷对微乳液体系的影响,绘制了反相微乳液体系的拟三元相图,确定了室温下微乳液法制取纳米四水羟基硝酸氧铋的最佳条件,制备出了棒状和片状两种产物,利用TEM、IR、XRD、TG-DSC等手段对产物的结构和性能进行了表征.     

Tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder

This paper investigates the tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder (CMP). The fabrication and testing procedures implemented to characterize strength and wear properties of the composite are discussed. The effect of copper micro‐powder concentration on tensile strength, elongation at break, impact resistance, coefficient of friction, and wear resistance of the composite is investigated. Results show that copper micro‐powder concentration of 1 wt% yields the optimal combination of wear resistance and tensile strength of the composite. A morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the copper micro‐powder‐ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene specimens is also discussed. The presence of ridges and plaques on the specimens, analyzed after the sliding wear tests, is attributed to fatigue and adhesion mechanisms. Investigations performed by using an electron probe micro‐analyzer provide evidence that the detachment of copper micro‐powder particles from the matrix during sliding wear tests creates a lubricating layer that drastically decreases the coefficient of friction of the composite and improves its wear resistance properties.     

高能机械化学法制备微纳米Mo—Si粉体

以Mo粉和Si粉为原料,通过自行设计的高能机械化学球磨机在室温下制备出了微纳米Mo-Si粉体,利用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行物相分析和粒度分析,结果表明,在不同的反应阶段会生成MoSi2和Mo5Si3,并且生成物之间相互有一定的转化,反应生成率接近100％,制备出的微纳米Mo—Si粒度在100nm左右,在Mo和Si的高能机械化学反应中,适当地提高球料比和转速可以加快反应的进程。     

多通道微注灌装控制系统设计

目的研究一种卡式多通道微注灌装机系统,实现从液体及粉末的微量灌装到卡式对象的自动封装。方法设计系统机械结构,包括自动送卡环节、微注灌液环节、微量灌粉环节、封装环节,同时设备基于可编程控制器、人机界面监控,采用闭环控制并结合接近开关、行程开关实现对整个系统的精确控制。结果该设备能够完成卡式对象的微量灌装及自动封膜。结论该系统自动化程度高,整个生产过程稳定,产品规格性能优异,能够解决微量灌注、高效封膜的难题。     

粉末微注射成型的研究进展

粉末微注射成型由于其市场前景广阔而迅速成为当今的研究热点,但由于其流动机理尚不明朗导致产品质量不稳定.介绍了当前研究粉末微注射成型的流动模型,以及在粉末材料、粘结剂与脱脂、注射机与模具、烧结及尺寸控制方面的研究进展.指出研究的关键在于从两相流模型和颗粒模型在微尺寸型腔的流动机理入手,提高微型零件尺寸精度、力学性能及改善微观组织结构.     

Experimental research on wetting behavior of refrigerant–oil mixture on micro/nanostructured surface

The wettability of micro/nanostructured surface is a key property for its application in enhancing the boiling heat transfer of refrigerant–oil mixture. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate the wetting behavior of refrigerant–oil mixture on micro/nanostructured surface. Three types of surfaces including plain copper surface (PS), micro/nanostructured surface (MNS) and micro/nanostructured surface with fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (MNFS) were fabricated; and the wetting behavior of pure R141b as well as R141b-NM56 mixtures with different oil concentrations on three types of surfaces was measured. The experimental results show that the protuberant liquid film is formed during the wetting of refrigerant–oil mixture on MNS or PS, but does not exist on MNFS; the presence of F-SAM or micro/nanostructure modified by F-SAM reduces the surface wettability, while the presence of micro/nanostructure increases the surface wettability; oil increases the wettability of refrigerant on MNS, while it reduces the wettability of refrigerant on MNFS.     

Synthesis of cubic boron nitride with boron nitride powder formed from triammoniadecaborane

Cubic BN was synthesized under high temperature and pressure conditions from BN powder formed by reaction of triammoniadecaborane (TAD) with ammonia. The BN powder formed from TAD and ammonia had a low degree of ordering. The crystal lattice of the BN powder increased in regularity with increasing synthesis temperature and time for the reaction of TAD with ammonia. The conversion yield of cubic BN at 1300 °C and 6.5 GPa in the presence of AIN increased with decreasing of reaction temperature of TAD and ammonia from 1000–700 °C. Cubic BN decreased in yield with increasing reaction time of TAD and ammonia at 800 °C. BN powder pre-heat treated at 1550 °C had a crystallite size,L _c, of 22 nm, and was converted to cubic BN in a 43% yield at 1300 °C and 6.5 GPa for 10 min. The activation energy for cubic BN synthesis from BN powder-20 mol% AIN was 97 kJ mol^–1, when the starting BN was synthesized at 800 °C. The conversion yield of cubic BN from the disordered BN-20 mol% AIN was 100% after heat treatment at 1300 °C and 6.5 GPa for 20 min.     

沉淀-氨解法制备超细高纯氮化铬粉体

以氨水直接沉淀法制备的纳米Cr2O3为前驱体,采用氨解法制备了纯度99%以上的高纯超细CrN粉体。对不同氨解温度、氨解时间和不同前驱体合成的CrN粉体用XRD、SEM和氮/氧分析等方法进行了表征。对CrN粉体合成的原理及其主要影响因素进行了分析,并研究了不同前驱体、不同氮化温度和不同氮化时间对CrN粉体性能的影响。结果表明,将氨水直接沉淀法制备的Cr2O3粉体在800℃下利用氨气氮化12h可得到纯度99.15%高纯超细氮化铬粉体,粒径大小约为0.2μm左右。     

Nitridation characteristics of floating aluminium powder

Experimental parameters for floating nitridation process were examined to study the effect on moving behaviour and direct nitridation characteristics of aluminium powder, which was carried over from a fluidized bed. The conversion increased with increasing reactor temperature and mole ratio of ammonia to aluminium. It was also strongly dependent on the thermal decomposition of ammonia participated in the reaction. Aluminium powder was converted to aluminium nitride as high as 0.90 when the reactor temperature was 1300 °C and the mole ratio was 19.5 The particle size and specific surface area of the powder increased with increasing conversion, which was due to the volumetric and structural change of aluminium particles when nitrided to form fine crystallites with higher porosity.     

Tribologische Modelluntersuchungen an metallischen Werkstoffen für Formeinsätze zum Mikro‐Pulverspritzgießen mit ZrO2‐Formmasse

Tribological studies on metallic materials used as mould inserts in micro powder injection moulding (microPIM) with zirconia feedstock Wear behaviour of steel X38CrMoV5‐1 and C 45E, electroplated nickel and brass Cu63Zn37 used as mould inserts in micro powder injection moulding (microPIM) was studied in two different laboratory tribometers. Using an abrasive wheel test with 220 mesh flint the volumetric wear increased with decreasing hardness from steel to nickel and brass. Experiments using a laboratory tester simulating powder injection moulding with zirconia feedstock at 170 and 190°C showed contrary results. Volumetric wear of the softer materials nickel and brass was significantly lower than that of steel X38CrMoV5‐1 and C 45E. The presented results indicate that in micro powder injection moulding wear behaviour can depend more on microstructural parameters like homogeneity or the ability of work‐hardening and deformation but on hardness of the materials.