The unlubricated wear of flake graphite cast iron

The wear behaviour of flake graphite cast iron was correlated with the microstructural parameters of graphite volume fraction and flake size using a pin-on-ring specimen configuration. Pin specimens of cast iron were prepared under carefully controlled melting and casting conditions to provide microstructures with variation in either carbon content or flake size but with the same type A graphite structure and pearlitic matrix.Mild and severe modes of equilibrium wear were identified, the predominant effect of both microstructural parameters being in the severe wear regime. Decrease in flake size and increase in carbon content are detrimental to the wear behaviour resulting in a marked increase in the severe wear rate and a decrease in the mild-to-severe transition load.     

Hardness as a guide to the wear characteristics of tin-containing nodular cast iron

It is well known that the presence of ferrite in cast iron results in more rapid wear and greater tendency toward the severe mode of wear. The formation of ferrite, however, can be suppressed by the addition of a pearlite-promoting element such as tin¹. Additions of about 0.1% tin to the melt will ordinarily insure fully pearlitic structures in normal flake or nodular iron. The tin makes the iron insensitive to heat treatment and rate of cooling of the casting. Absence of ferrite is reflected in the greater hardnesses of irons receiving the same heat treatment. This study was carried out in order to determine if hardnesses of tin-containing irons are an adequate guide to their wear characteristics.     

Wear behavior of alloyed hypereutectic gray cast iron

Alloyed gray cast iron of varying compositions was studied for their wear behavior. In general, the alloyed gray irons studied have higher graphite volume fraction (∼20%) with Type-A graphite flake morphology. Base cast iron showed two to three times higher wear rates than the alloyed gray irons. Tensile strength and wear rates show decreasing trend with increase in graphite and carbide volume fraction. Wear track analysis shows three body abrasive wear mode resulting in debris generation and smudging along the wear tracks. The graphite gets released during sliding to form films along the wear tracks and then forms irregular debris.     

Effect of structural features on erosion resistance of cast irons

Erosion resistance of four types of cast iron of different microstructures and graphite morphologies (viz., grey cast iron, compacted graphite iron, spheroidal graphite iron and austempered ductile iron) was evaluated in three different erosive media. Results indicate that austempered ductile iron has the highest erosion resistance in all three media, followed by spheroidal graphite iron, compacted graphite iron and grey cast iron, in that order. Graphite morphology has a significant effect on the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-water and iron oxide-oil slurry. However, the matrix microstructure determines the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-oil slurry. The parameter H/E (which is the ratio of the Brinell hardness number to Young's modulus of the material) has been found to be a good indicator of erosive wear in quartz-oil slurry.     

Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron

The effects of sliding velocity, heat-treatment and graphite shape on sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron were studied. Two types of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons having flaky or spheroidal and another type of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron were prepared for this study. The effect of sliding velocity on wear resistance was studied by the Okoshi type and pin-on-disk type wear tests on materials which have experienced “as cast” and “heat-treated” conditions. The Okoshi type wear test results are divided into two relationships depending on sliding velocity or distance. Two regimes, initial wear and steady-state wear, existed for wear loss and sliding distance. A characteristic form of wear curve with a peak and a minimum was obtained when correlating wear loss and sliding velocity. The wear resistance of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons were superior to that of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron. In the results of pin-on-disk tests, there was no clear difference in the reported wear loss and friction coefficient among the alloys. However, an opposite tendency has appeared in the wear loss and friction coefficient: the wear loss value reached a peak in the wear curve at 0.52 m/s, while the friction coefficient reached a minimum at 0.52 m/s.     

微米／纳米复合Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷刀具切削铸铁的性能研究

利用热压烧结法制备了微米／纳米复合Ti（C,N）／Al2O3金属陶瓷刀具,对研制的三种金属陶瓷刀具（材料编号JT1-JT3）和YG8硬质合金刀具切削铸铁时的切削性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,研制的金属陶瓷刀具适合切削铸铁,其切削性能优于YG8,尤其是JT2刀具不但磨损较小,且加工表面质量较好。分析了刀具的磨损形貌和磨损机理,得出了Ti（C,N）金属陶瓷刀具的主要磨损机理为后刀面磨粒磨损的结论。     

新型陶瓷刀具材料的磨损性能研究

研究了Al2O3/SiC/（W，Ti）C新型陶瓷刀具材料在切削铸铁时的耐磨性能。结果表明：在低速发削铸铁时，该陶瓷刀具表现出良好的耐磨性能，其磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损；在高速切削铸铁时，由于化学反应和溶解磨损的共同作用，导致粘结磨损加剧，从而降低了该陶瓷刀具材料的耐磨性能。     

High-Speed Machining of Malleable Cast Iron by Various Cutting Tools Coated by Physical Vapor Deposition

The coating material of a tool directly affects the efficiency and cost of machining malleable cast iron.However,the machining adaptability of various coating materials to malleable cast iron has been insufficiently researched.In this paper,turning tests were conducted on cemented carbide tools with different coatings(a thick TiN/TiAlN coating,a thin TiN/TiAlN coating,and a nanocomposite(nc)TiAlSiN coating).All coatings were applied by physical vapor deposi-tion.In a comparative study of chip morphology,cutting force,cutting temperature,specific cutting energy,tool wear,and surface roughness,this study analyzed the cutting characteristics of the tools coated with various materials,and established the relationship between the cutting parameters and machining objectives.The results showed that in malleable cast iron machining,the coating material significantly affects the cutting performance of the tool.Among the three tools,the nc-TiAlSiN-coated carbide tool achieved the minimum cutting force,the lowest cutting tempera-ture,least tool wear,longest tool life,and best surface quality.Moreover,in comparisons between cemented-carbide and compacted-graphite cast iron machined under the same conditions,the wear mechanism of the coated tools was found to depend on the cast iron being machined.Therefore,the performance requirements of a tool depend on multiple factors,and selecting an appropriately coated tool for a particular cast iron material is essential.     

Influence of graphite nodules on the particles erosion of spheroidal graphite cast irons

The influence of graphite nodules on the normal angle erosion of the spheroidal graphite cast irons with four different matrices, namely ferrite, upper bainite, lower bainite and martensite, was investigated. The results indicate that, in the range investigated (10-15 area pet), graphite nodules (with variations in area percent and size) did not exert any influence in the irons with ferrite or upper bainite matrix. However, in the case of the spheroidal graphite cast iron with martensitic matrix, both increasing area percent and decreasing diameter of graphite nodules did in fact raise the erosion rate; moreover, those cast in metal molds consistently experienced higher erosion rate than those cast in sand molds. For the irons with a lower bainite matrix, increasing the amount of graphite nodules raises the erosion rate for those cast in sand molds, but did not affect the erosion rate for those cast in metal molds; furthermore, the erosion rate of the sanded-molded irons was consistently higher than their metal molded counterparts. The different roles of graphite nodules on the erosion rates of the spheroidal graphite cast irons are discussed.     

Comparative research on wear characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast iron and carbon steel

Wear characteristics of a spheroidal graphite cast iron and a carbon steel were studied under atmospheric conditions at 25–400 °C. The spheroidal graphite cast iron presented obviously different wear behaviors from the carbon steel, which may be attributed to the presence of graphite. With an increase of ambient temperature, tribo-oxides of carbon steel substantially increased and its substrate softened, thus severe wear, oxidative mild wear, oxidative wear and extrusive wear took turns to prevail. However, compared with carbon steel in the same case, tribo-oxides were markedly reduced in the spheroidal graphite cast iron, thus oxidative mild wear and oxidative wear did not appear due to the lack of oxides. It is suggested that less tribo-oxides in the spheroidal graphite cast iron may be attributed to the reduction of graphite to tribo-oxides during sliding.     

铸铁中石墨形态和石墨结构的研究

采用扫描电子显微镜,通过深腐蚀和热腐蚀方法,研究了铸铁中各种典型石墨（片状石墨、蠕虫状石墨和球状石墨）的立体形貌和内部结构特征。对于片状石墨来说,A、C、D型均属同一种石墨形态,它们都是由分枝而又互相联系的石墨片组成,它们主要是沿着[1010]方向长大。对于球状石墨来说,用纯镁、纯钇、纯铈和工业球化剂均能得到球状石墨。热腐蚀结果表明,石墨球呈年轮状结构,它是由许多角锥体组成的多面体。这说明,石墨球的外表是（0001）面,石墨球的长大是由中心沿[0001]方向进行。蠕虫状石墨是介于片状和球状石墨之间的中间石墨形态。它的长大方式也介于片状和球状石墨之间。就石墨片的互相联系和彼此分枝情况来看,它与片状石墨相似,但就每个石墨片局部的长大方式来看,它又与球状石墨有某种程度的相似,即沿着[0001]方向长大较充分。     

Al_2O_3-TiB_2 刀具的磨损特性

对ＴｉＢ２颗粒增强Ａｌ２Ｏ３刀具在车削正火态、调质态４５＃钢和球墨铸铁齿轮坯时的刀具磨损性能、磨损机理进行了研究，并与硬质合金刀具的耐磨性能进行了对比。结果表明：Ａｌ２Ｏ３┐ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具具有良好的耐磨性能。刀具磨损主要以脆性剥离为主，同时存在着犁耕和塑性流变过程，陶瓷刀具表面形成的粘结层结构疏松，与基体结合力较弱，较易脱落，不易形成粘结磨损。     

新型陶瓷刀具材料的耐磨损性能

研究了近几年来所研制成功的几种新型陶瓷刀具材料切削加上高强钢、高温镍基合金、淬硬钢与铸铁时的耐磨性能。结果表明:加工不同材料时刀具的耐磨损能力不同,在实际应用时可根据需要选用合适的刀具材料。     

Effect of bulk heat treatment and plasma surface hardening on the microstructure and erosion wear resistance of complex-alloyed cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides

The results of an investigation of the effect of bulk quenching from temperature in the range of 760–1050°C, cryogenic treatment (–196°C) and surface plasma hardening on the abrasive-erosion wear of frugally alloyed V–Cr–Mn–Ni cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides have been presented in this article. It has been found that cast irons containing 5.0–7.5% V, 4.5–9.0% Cr, and 5.5–5.7% (total) of Mn and Ni after heat treatment have a 2–3-fold advantage in wear resistance compared to the prototype high-vanadium cast iron (11.9% V, 12.9% Mn). The maximum wear resistance of cast irons studied is achieved by quenching at 760°C followed by plasma surface hardening, as well as quenching at 840°C, followed by cryogenic treatment. These treatments result in the formation of an optimum microstructure that consists of spheroidal vanadium carbides, eutectic carbides M₇C₃, and a martensite-austenite matrix reinforced by secondary carbides. The increase in quenching temperature leads to an increase in the amount of residual austenite and decrease in the erosive wear resistance of cast irons.     

Tool life and wear mechanism of coated and uncoated Al2O3/TiCN mixed ceramic tools in turning hardened alloy steel

The focus of this paper is the continuous turning of hardened AISI 52100 (～63HRc) using coated and uncoated ceramic Al₂O₃–TiCN mixed inserts, which are cheaper than cubic boron nitride (CBN) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN). The machinability of hardened steel was evaluated by measurements of tool wear, tool life, and surface finish of the workpiece. Wear mechanisms and patterns of ceramic inserts in hard turning of hardened AISI 52100 are discussed. According to the results obtained, fracture and chipping type damages occur more frequently in uncoated tools, whereas crater wear is the more common type of damage in TiN coated tools. Most important result obtained from the study is that TiN coating and crater wear affect chip flow direction. In uncoated ceramic tool, the crater formation results in decrease of chip up-curl radius. Besides, uncoated cutting tool results in an increase in the temperature at the tool chip interface. This causes a thermal bi-metallic effect between the upper and lower sides of the chip that forces the chip to curl a smaller radius. Chips accumulate in front of the tool and stick to the workpiece depending on the length of the cutting time. This causes the surface quality to deteriorate. TiN coating not only ensures that the cutting tool is tougher, but also ensures that the surface quality is maintained during cutting processes.     

陶瓷刀具干式车削淬硬钢试验研究

通过切削试验。得到了陶瓷刀具CC650干式车削渗碳淬硬钢20CrMnTi的磨损曲线。并利用扫描电子显微镜。观察了刀具的磨破损形貌，对刀具磨损区进行了元素含量的能谱分析。得出了刀具的磨损机理。     

Abrasive wear resistance of spheroidal vanadium carbide cast irons

The effect of the chemical composition and heat treatment on the microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of V-Mn, V-Ni-Cr, and V-Mo spheroidal vanadium carbide cast irons (18–23 vol %) has been studied. The wear resistance has been determined under conditions of wear by abrasives with various hardnesses, i.e., corundum and quartz and compared to that of high-chromium cast iron with 13% Cr. It has been found that the advisability of using high-vanadium cast irons is governed by the hardness of the abrasive. When a hard abrasive, i.e., corundum was used, V-Mo cast iron with the maximum concentration of spheroidal VC carbides, which were uniformly distributed in the martensitic matrix, had the highest wear resistance. When a soft abrasive, i.e., quartz, was applied, high-chromium cast iron with a hardness of 68 HRC, which contained the largest amount of M₇C₃ carbides, was more wear-resistant. In the course of isothermal exposure at 300–1000°C, V-Ni-Cr and V-Mo cast irons with an austenitic structure had high resistance to phase and structural transformations. However, the properties and microstructure of V-Mo cast irons with a martensitic matrix depended strongly on the temperature of exposure during heat treatment.     

涂层Si_3N_4陶瓷刀具切削性能研究

研究了不同切削参数对TiN+Al2O3涂层氮化硅陶瓷刀具切削灰铸铁的切削性能的影响,使用工具显微镜、SEM/EDS手段分析了涂层氮化硅刀具的磨损机理,实验还采用相同基体氮化硅陶瓷刀具做了对比分析。研究结果显示TiN+Al2O3涂层氮化硅刀具可以承受比较大的切削用量,对提高加工效率有重大意义;还发现涂层氮化硅陶瓷刀具主要失效形式为磨粒磨损,粘结磨损,在较高切削速度条件下前刀面还会出现因化学磨损形成的月牙洼。     

蠕虫状石墨铸铁的结构

本文对蠕墨铸铁进行深腐蚀和热氧腐蚀,并用扫描电子显微镜进行观察研究,揭示了蠕虫状石墨的三维立体形貌和内部晶面取向特征。通过共晶团腐蚀,观察了这种铸铁的共晶团数量和结构特点。结果表明,用各种含有稀土元素的变质剂处理均可得到蠕虫状石墨,其端部具有球状石墨的生长特征,在同一共晶团内部,各蠕虫石墨片间互相联系,这又类似于片状石墨。热氧腐蚀试验表明,蠕虫状石墨端部（0001）面沿圆周方向分布,呈年轮状排列。在枝干分部,则（0001）面沿着枝干方向分布,但其方向变化频繁,呈多晶体。据此,作者提出了蠕虫状石墨晶面取向的模型。蠕墨铸铁的共晶团数量介于灰铸铁和球墨铸铁之间,共晶团的结构也兼有片状石墨和球状石墨两者共晶团的特征。为此,作者也提出了相应的模型。     

连铸球墨铸铁扭转缺口强度的研究

研究了一种用水平连铸技术生产的球墨铸铁型材的扭转强度和缺口扭转强度。实验发现光滑扭转试样是沿４５°方向开裂,开裂面是最大拉应力面,表现为典型的脆性断裂。缺口试样的断裂模式分两种情况：当为钝缺口时（即（ρ≥０．７５ｍｍ,Ｋｔ≤１．６）,其断裂特征与光滑试件相同;而当为尖锐缺口时（即ρ＜０．３７５ｍｍ,Ｋｔ＞２．１）的开裂出现在缺口根部,并且开裂面垂直于轴线方向,是剪应力作用。实验结果还表现出扭转缺口强度与应力集中系数的关系,即应力集中系数越大,扭转缺口强度反而越高。该球墨铸铁的缺口敏感性（ＮＳＲ）大于１,故缺口完全不敏感。