Slurry erosion of polyphenylene sulfide-glass fiber composites

The erosive wear of glass-fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide in a sand slurry has been investigated as a function of sand particle velocity and sand particle size. The morphology of slurry erosion failure has been examined by scanning electron microscopy and a possible equation for slurry erosion has been derived.     

Slurry Erosion–Corrosion of Carburized AISI 5117 Steel

The erosion–corrosion of carburized and untreated low alloy steel (AISI 5117) has been investigated using slurry whirling-arm test rig. Erosion–corrosion tests were carried out in slurries composed of sand particles and either tap water or 3 % NaCl solution. The tests were carried out with particles concentration of 1 wt% and slurry stream impact velocity of 15 m/s. Silica sand having a nominal size range of 250–355 μm was used as an erodent. It has been shown that the erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance of AISI 5117 low alloy steel can be effectively improved by carburizing for all impact angles. However, the effectiveness of carburizing was the highest for an impact angle of 45°, where the erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance were increased by 60–40 %, respectively, compared with that of the untreated material. The results showed that the treated and untreated specimens behaved as ductile materials under erosion and erosion–corrosion tests, and the maximum mass loss occurred at an impact angle of 45°. SEM analysis showed that the erosion tracks developed on the untreated specimens were wider and deeper than that formed on the carburized specimens for erosion and erosion–corrosion tests.     

冲击形式产生的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验研究

舰船等海洋运输装备在海水中行驶时,船体表面受到含沙海水的冲蚀磨损,舰船行驶速度变化引起的空蚀磨损,以及海水的腐蚀磨损,因此舰船表面材料的破坏形式是冲击式的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损。为了研究联合磨损的影响因素,研制冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验台,并实验研究沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度以及冲蚀速度对45钢试件的联合磨损影响规律。实验结果表明:冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损程度强于冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损或单纯腐蚀磨损,在较低的沙粒浓度和较低的含盐浓度条件下,金属材料联合磨损质量损失与沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度和冲蚀速度均成正比关系。磨损面形貌分析表明:随着沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度、冲蚀速度的增加,试件表面的冲蚀沟和空蚀孔的磨痕深度和面积增大,而在人造海水中,试件表面不仅存在冲蚀沟和空蚀孔,还产生了腐蚀坑。     

Assessment of the erosion resistance of steels used for slurry handling and transport in mineral processing applications

The wear environment of steels used for containing, transporting and processing erosive mineral slurries is often such that fluid borne particles form a layer moving at high speed across the wearing surface. Information on the performance ranking of such materials is limited, particularly with respect to the influence of steel hardness and microstructure on the resistance to erosion. This is particularly important for the oil sands industry of Northern Alberta where handling and processing of essentially silica-based solids results in extremely severe wear conditions. This paper presents slurry erosion data obtained on 11 commercially available wear resistant plate and pipeline steels with hardness values up to 750 HV. These data were obtained using a Coriolis erosion tester operated at 5000 rpm with an aqueous slurry containing 10 wt.% of 200–300 μm silica sand particles.

The Coriolis erosion tester was selected because it provides a low-angle scouring action that simulates the erosive conditions encountered in oil sands and tailings pipeline transport and in some related processing operations. Results show that this test method is able to discriminate clearly between the erosion resistance of these steels, expressed in terms of specific energy (the energy necessary to remove unit volume of test material), with the most erosion resistant steel being more than five times superior to the least resistant. A graphical relation between steel hardness and erosion resistance is given. A comparison is also made between slurry erosion data and the performance of the materials in the ASTM G65 dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) sliding abrasion test. Comments on the influence of the macro- and microstructures of the steels on their wear behaviour are included.     

Corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of 13Cr24Mn0.44N stainless steel in saline–sand slurry

The corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of austenitic stainless steels, 316L and 13Cr24Mn0.44N, were investigated in water–sand slurry and saline–sand slurry, respectively. The corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss was measured to evaluate the influence of medium and materials. The worn surface and corrosion–erosion wear mechanism were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy and a non-contact optical profilometer. Results show that the corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is lower than that of 316L in both the slurries. The relative wear resistance increases with the increasing of the impingement velocity and arrives at maximum of 1.6. The dominant wear mechanism of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is abrasive wear in the water–sand slurry, whereas it becomes abrasive wear associated with little corrosive pitting in the saline–sand slurry. As the impingement velocity increased all the synergism ratios exhibit a tendency of increase, among which the synergism ratio of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is always lower than that of 316L at any given velocity. The results indicate that 13Cr24Mn0.44N possesses a predominant anti-corrosion–erosion wear property.     

Erosion of steels in coal-solvent slurries

The erosion of several commercial piping steels by coal-solvent slurries was investigated at room and elevated temperatures. The liquid solvents used (kerosene, creosote oil and anthracene oil) had different viscosities that resulted in marked differences in the erosivity of the slurries. The effects of the mechanical properties and compositions of the steel alloys were related to their erosion behavior. The effect on the erosion of steel alloys of the impingement angle of the slurry was determined and related to the viscosity and boundary lubrication of the slurry carrier liquids. The effect of heat treatment of low alloy steels on their erosion behavior was determined.     

砂浆冲蚀磨损特性研究

用自制的砂浆冲磨损试验机在水－石英砂浆冲蚀条件下，对纯铝、27SiMn钢和高铬铸铁等金属材料的磨损行为进行了试验，研究了不同材料的砂浆冲蚀磨损率与冲蚀速度及冲蚀角度的关系，分析了砂浆冲蚀磨损的特性和机理，提出了一种砂浆冲蚀磨损的刺入机制。     

Correlation between surface-hardness degradation and erosion resistance of carbon steel—Effects of slurry chemistry

The paper studied the effects of slurry chemistry on erosion of carbon steel. According to experimental measurements, the erosion rate in corroding slurries was a linear function of logarithm of anodic current density. In near-neutral or alkaline slurries, the erosion rates are independent of solution chemistry while the erosion rates in the acidic slurries were sensitive to slurry chemistry. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the in-situ surface hardness in corroding environments was measured with the nano-indentation technique under galvanostatic control. The results indicated that the surface hardness would decrease as anodic current was applied. The surface hardness degradation in near-neutral or alkaline electrolytes were almost unaffected by solution chemistry but that in acidic electrolyte depended heavily on solution chemistry. A linear correlation between the accelerated erosion and surface hardness degradation indicated that corrosion-induced surface-hardness degradation would be the dominant mechanism of corrosion-enhanced erosion.     

Slurry Erosion Behaviour of Detonation Gun Spray Al2O3 and Al2O3–13TiO2-Coated CF8M Steel Under Hydro Accelerated Conditions

Slurry erosion performance of detonation gun (D-gun) spray ceramic coatings (Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃–13TiO₂) on CF8M steel has been investigated. Slurry collected from an actual hydro power plant was used as the abrasive media in a high speed erosion test rig. Attempt has been made to study the effect of concentration (ppm), average particle size and rotational speed on the slurry erosion behaviour of these ceramic-coated steels under different experimental conditions. The analysis of eroded samples was done using SEM, XRD and stylus profilometry. The slurry erosion performance of the D-gun spray Al₂O₃–13TiO₂-coated steel has been found to be superior to that of Al₂O₃-coated steel. Both the coatings showed brittle fracture mechanism of material removal during the slurry erosion exposure.     

Wear mechanisms in ball-cratering tests with large abrasive particles

Three-body abrasive wear resistance of mild steel and 27%Cr white cast iron was investigated using a ball-cratering test. Glass beads, silica sand, quartz and alumina abrasive particles with sizes larger than 200 μm were used to make slurries. It was found that the wear rates of mild steel increased with sliding time for all abrasive particles tested, while the wear rates of 27%Cr white cast iron were almost constant with sliding time. This increase in the wear rates of mild steel was mainly due to the gradual increase in ball surface roughness with testing time. Abrasive particles with higher angularity caused higher ball surface roughness. Soft mild steel was more affected by this ball surface roughness changes than the hard white cast iron. Generally, three-body rolling wear dominated. The contribution of two-body grooving wear increased when the ball roughness was significant. The morphological features of the wear scars depended on the shape of the abrasive particles and also on the hardness and microstructure of the wear material. Angular particles generated rough surfaces similar to those usually observed in high angle erosion tests. Rounded particles generated smoother surfaces with the middle area of the wear craters having similar morphology to those observed in low angle erosion.     

浆液冲击角度对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响

在模拟湿法脱硫浆液流动环境中,研究了NaCl溶液+石英砂酸性浆液冲击角度(与试样冲击表面夹角)对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响.结果表明:在浆液以60°和30°角度冲击铸铁后,在腐蚀与磨损的交互作用下铸铁的质量损失较大;浆液垂直冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质量损失较小,质量损失的主要原因是冲击磨损;浆液平行冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质...     

Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy

The cavitation and slurry erosion resistances of Stellite 6 coatings and 13-4 stainless steel were compared in laboratory. The Cavitation Resistance (CR) was measured according to ASTM G32 standard and the Slurry Erosion Resistance (SER) was tested in a high-velocity erosion tester under several impact angles. The results showed that the coatings improved the CR 15 times when compared to bare stainless steel. The SER of the coatings was also higher for all the impingement angles tested, the highest erosion rate being observed at 45°. The main wear mechanisms were micro-cracking (cavitation tests), and micro-cutting and micro-ploughing (slurry erosion tests).     

Characterization of erosion of gas pipelines by dry sand

In oil and gas industry, the economic considerations determine the selection of low cost materials, in general, carbon steel, for pipelines. However, another type of deformation that is not well understood is its erosion resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the erosion of carbon steel in a dry sand stream. In this work, a laboratory built test rig was used to erode representative carbon steel plates with accelerated sand streams. The results revealed that the normal incidence sand stream of larger particles and higher impact velocities causes more erosion of the carbon steel. The highest erosion rate of 6.75 ± 0.16 was predicted at an impact angle of 90°, which was three times higher than the erosion rate at impact angle of 30°. Similarly, the erosion caused by the smaller particles was not as severe as the larger particles. The cross-section profiles revealed that the crater depth was increased from 7° to 32.8° with an increase in sand size from 200 µm to 600 µm. The deepest crater of 32.8° was induced by the largest sand size of 600 µm.     

Erosion–corrosion behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glass in saline-sand slurry

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) is supposed to have a good erosion–corrosion (E–C) resistance due to its high hardness and good corrosion resistance. To reveal the E–C behavior, Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Ni₁₀Al₅·BMG is investigated using a slurry pot erosion tester. Experimental results show the volume loss rate of BMG increases with an increase in the particle size, sand concentration or impact velocity. The corrosion current density and the synergism rate increase with the increasing impact velocity. During E–C process, the surface microstructure transforms gradually from pure amorphous to composite mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases. The E–C resistance of BMG is better than that of 304 stainless steel, but not as expected as its high hardness.     

Corrosion and erosion performance of HVOF/TiAlN PVD coatings and candidate materials for high pressure gate valve application

The main objective of this paper is to study the slurry erosion and corrosion behavior of WC10Co4Cr, Armcore ‘M’ Stellite 6 and 12 HVOF coatings, TiAlN PVD coating, selected steels, such as X20Cr13, 17Cr–4Ni pH steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy alongwith conventional hard weld deposits of Stellite 6 and 21. The slurry erosion studies were carried out at 60° angle of impingement for the velocities in the range of 15–20 m/s using mineral sand of −40 to +80 mesh. The corrosion studies were carried out as per ASTM B 117-73 for 100 h. During slurry erosion testing, WC10Co4Cr HVOF along with TiAlN PVD coating are found out, to be the best coating materials followed by HVOF coating of Armcore ‘M’ material. However, for corrosion, Ti6Al4V, Stellite 6 and 21 hard weld deposits and 17Cr–4Ni pH steel turned out to be the best materials followed by HVOF coating of Stellite 6 and 12. HVOF coatings of WC10Co4Cr and Armcore ‘M’ materials corroded significantly, however, TiAlN PVD coating corroded very badly even after 24 h of testing.     

Effect of composition and microstructure on slurry abrasion response of hardfaced martensitic stainless steel

Hardfaced martensitic stainless steel alloy was deposited on mild steel substrate by flux cored arc welding method. The slurry abrasion studies of weld-deposited hardfaced steel were performed using slurry abrasion test rig with 250–300 μm silica sand particles. The effect of weld compositional gradation on the abrasive wear resistance of hardfaced stainless steel at a distance of 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 3.0 and 3.6 mm from the top surface was studied. The observed abrasion rates were rationalized in terms of mass loss, hardness and distance from the top surface i.e. diluted surfaces beneath the top surface. The abrasive wear mass loss increased with increasing distance beneath the top surface, which was attributed to the coarsening and morphology change in martensite phase. The results of the present work indicated change in morphology of martensite with increase in the distance beneath the top surface. The operating abrasive wear mechanisms involved ploughing, microcutting and indentation.     

Erosion damage of polymeric material by slurry

An attempt was made to reveal the erosion mechanism of a plastic material in slurry containing glass beads of approximately 176 μm in diameter. The experimental observations were interpreted in terms of parameters such as the impact velocity V_p, the impact angle α of the beads and the striking efficiency η. A theoretical flow analysis for a solid-liquid two-phase flow was made and it was found that the trajectories of the particles curved as they approached the specimen, indicating that the actual surface onto which the particles were impinging was much narrower than that which would be expected for sand erosion in an air stream. In the slurry erosion the impact velocity and impact angle differed greatly at different positions of the specimen. This is possibly due to the differences in the density and viscosity of liquid and air. Two distinctly different types of erosion were observed: a typical brittle behaviour occurred near a stagnant point, after an initial incubation period, whereas at a distance from the stagnant point only a slight surface roughness was produced. These two different types of erosion produced a clear boundary. Erosion rates depended on the positions of the specimen and were found to be proportional to (V_p sin α)^2.6. This suggested that the normal component of the impact velocity of the particle determined the erosion rate of the plastic material due to slurry.     

Wear resistance of steels under wet-abrasive erosion conditions

The wear resistance of 22 different steels with various heat treatments in a silica sand slurry was studied. Two types of slurry were used, a fresh sharp grain slurry, and a worn dull grain slurry.In the sharp grain slurry the wear resistance increased with the hardness of the steel. In the dull grain slurry the wear resistance was divided into two major groups. For the steels containing little or no chromium the wear resistance decreased slightly with an increase in the hardness of the steel. For steels with a higher chromium content the wear resistance was three times that of the steels with a low chromium content. The latter behaviour was thought to be the result of the abrasives removing only the products of corrosion and not the steel substrate.The role of corrosion was confirmed by testing three steels in the two types of slurry test, with and without a corrosion inhibitor.Hadfield manganese steel has poor wear resistance in both the sharp and the dull grain slurry. It is actually slightly worse in the dull grain slurry.     

40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以45^#钢为对比材料,对40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究,结果显示40Cr的冲蚀磨损规律与45^#钢基本相似,而耐冲蚀磨损性能比45^#钢稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对40Cr和45^#钢冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察,分析表明：40Cr和45^#钢的冲蚀磨损机制都是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用。     

A comparison of the erosion rate of casing steels by sand-oil suspensions

The erosion rates (expressed as grams per square millimeter per minute) of three casing steels (P110, N80 and K55) and hot-rolled 1020 steel in quartz sand-oil suspensions, GFN 140, solids loading 0.5–4 wt.%, at speeds from 9.35 to 18.7 m s⁻¹ have been measured in a slurry pot tester. The velocity exponent was determined as 2.4 and the relationship of erosion rate to solids loading and particle size (for the particle size range 53–180 μm) determined. The erosion rates for all the steels were found to lie within a scatter band of ±15% and could not be related predictively with the measured tensile properties. Results are discussed in terms of the rate of particle impact on the eroding target and the need to control flow conditions through appropriate design to minimize erosion.