Modeling subsurface deformation induced by machining of Inconel 718

Traditionally, the development and optimization of the machining process with regards to the subsurface deformation are done through experimental method which is often expensive and time consuming. This article presents the development of a finite element model based on an updated Lagrangian formulation. The numerical model is able to predict the depth of subsurface deformation induced in the high- speed machining of Inconel 718 by use of a whisker-reinforced ceramic tool. The effect that the different cutting parameters and tool microgeometries has on subsurface deformation will be investigated both numerically and experimentally. This research article also addresses the temperature distribution in the workpiece and the connection it could have on the wear of the cutting tool. The correlation of the numerical and experimental investigations for the subsurface deformation has been measured by the use of the coefficient of determination, R². This confirms that the finite element model developed here is able to simulate this type of machining process with sufficient accuracy.     

工件旋转法磨削硅片的磨粒切削深度模型

半导体器件制造中,工件旋转法磨削是大尺寸硅片正面平坦化加工和背面薄化加工最广泛应用的加工方法。磨粒切削深度是反映磨削条件综合作用的磨削参量,其大小直接影响磨削工件的表面/亚表面质量,研究工件旋转法磨削的磨粒切削深度模型对于实现硅片高效率高质量磨削加工具有重要的指导意义。通过分析工件旋转法磨削过程中砂轮、磨粒和硅片之间的相对运动,建立磨粒切削深度模型,得到磨粒切削深度与砂轮直径和齿宽、加工参数以及工件表面作用位置间的数学关系。根据推导的磨粒切削深度公式,进一步研究工件旋转法磨削硅片时产生的亚表面损伤沿工件半径方向的变化趋势以及加工条件对磨削硅片亚表面损伤的影响规律,并进行试验验证。结果表明,工件旋转法磨削硅片的亚表面损伤深度沿硅片半径方向从边缘到中心逐渐减小,随着砂轮磨粒粒径、砂轮进给速度、工件转速的增大和砂轮转速的减小,加工硅片的亚表面损伤也随之变大,试验结果与模型分析结果一致。     

Subsurface deformation of germanium in ultra-precision cutting: characterization of micro<Emphasis Type="Bold">-</Emphasis>Raman spectroscopy

Germanium is widely used for infrared components and high-speed transistors. Ultra-precision single-point diamond turning (SPDT) can be employed to achieve its nanometric surface, while subsurface damage has a significant influence on surface integrity due to its brittle feature. This study investigated its subsurface deformation after SPDT. A characterization model of micro-Raman spectroscopy was established with the aim to characterize the subsurface deformation, including phase transformation and residual stress, where the transformation from single crystal structure to amorphous structure is dominant. A spectral fitting method was utilized to analyze the variation of subsurface deformation in various machining parameters. The degenerated single crystal Raman peak was widened due to anisotropic stress. It was discovered that the turning operation at a moderately low spindle speed and tool feed rate reduces phase transformation and residual stress based on the value of Raman ratio and Raman shift. These findings provided significant basis for the manufacturing process of optical components with good surface integrity.     

基于时间域电磁系统的近地表小目标识别

时间域电磁系统被广泛地用于管线探测、考古和未爆物排查等近地表小目标探测领域,但异常目标的特性反演是一个难点,造成探测的虚警率和排查成本大大提升。提出一种三维正交磁偶极子等效模型和一种目标参数综合方法,通过反演等效磁偶极子的时间衰减特性并由此综合出目标的大小、材料和形状等参数。基于所研制出的便携式时间域电磁系统来验证方法的有效性,实验表明,基于磁偶极子时间衰减特性综合出的目标特征均可以有效地对目标进行识别,为近地表小目标特性识别的应用奠定了基础。     

Prediction of subsurface stress in elastic perfectly plastic rough components

Understanding and anticipating the effects of surface roughness on subsurface stress in the design phase can help ensure that performance and life requirements are satisfied. One approach used to address this problem is to simulate contact between digitized real, machined surfaces, and then analyze the predicted subsurface stress field. Often, elastic-perfectly plastic contact models are used in these simulations because of their relative computational efficiency. Reported here is an analysis of the magnitude and location of maximum stress predicted using an elastic-perfectly plastic model. Trends are identified which then enable estimation of the upper bound of the simulation results based on surface discretization, operating conditions, and material properties. These estimations can be used as an effective and efficient tool for rapid prediction of maximum subsurface stress in real surface contact.     

磨削速度对碳化硅陶瓷磨削损伤影响机制研究

碳化硅陶瓷高速磨削过程中,磨粒对工件材料强力冲击,应变率剧增、复杂显微结构对应力波传送响应转变,材料力学行为发生变化,目前高速磨削对材料去除机制影响的物理本质认识还不清楚。为此,开展磨削速度对SiC陶瓷磨削裂纹损伤影响机制研究。通过单颗磨粒磨削SiC陶瓷试验,分析了磨削速度对SiC陶瓷磨削表面形貌、磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度、磨削力和磨削比能的影响规律。试验结果表明,当SiC陶瓷材料以脆性方式去除时,磨削速度对裂纹损伤影响最为显著,随着磨削速度从20 m/s增加到160 m/s,磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度从12.1μm快速降低到6μm。采用Voronoi法建立了金刚石磨削多晶SiC陶瓷有限元仿真模型,当磨粒切厚为0.3μm,磨削亚表面损伤以微裂纹为主;当磨粒切厚为1μm时,随着磨削速度增加,磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度从14.7μm降低到4.6μm,磨削亚表面宏观沿晶裂纹逐渐变为微观裂纹。基于位错理论和冲击动力学理论,揭示了高速磨削过程中位错密度的增加和晶界反射应力波对应力场削弱作用是高速磨削SiC陶瓷裂纹损伤“趋肤效应”产生的机理。     

蓝宝石衬底双面研磨亚表面损伤分布研究

在前人对硬脆性材料亚表面损伤预测理论研究的基础上,建立了蓝宝石衬底双面研磨亚表面损伤层深度与表面划痕深度之间的理论模型(DNR)。通过对双面研磨后的衬底晶片进行KOH轻度化学腐蚀并结合VK-X100/X200形状测量激光显微系统,得到了晶片表面划痕随深度的分布情况,进而得出了晶片亚表面损伤层随深度的分布情况。研究表明：亚表面损伤层随深度变化的分布规律为随着深度的增大呈递减趋势,集中分布在距离外层碎裂及划痕破坏层下方0～12.9μm深度范围内,所占比例达96.7%左右。研究结果有利于优化双面研磨工艺参数来控制亚表面损伤层的深度。     

乏油工况下斜齿轮热弹流润滑特性研究*

建立斜齿轮的乏油热弹流润滑模型,并讨论供油量、转速和齿面粗糙度对润滑性能的影响。结果表明:乏油工况下增大入口区供油量,润滑区的膜厚增大而摩擦因数、温升和次表面应力幅值降低;随着供油量增大,乏油润滑特性逐步趋于全膜润滑状态下特性;随着转速升高,润滑膜厚增大但幅度有限,相应温度场增大和次表面应力场增大;齿面粗糙度会使油膜压力出现剧烈的波动,在油膜压力峰位置的次表面会出现应力集中。     

三维非牛顿体椭圆接触弹流润滑应力分布及其图示

对机械系统中常见滚滑点接触摩擦润滑问题进行了三维弹性润滑的数值模拟分析,在分析了弹流中的各种流变模型之后,提出了粘塑性四次方型本构关系式。对弹流润滑中热效应和润滑剂的非牛顿体效应的耦合作用进行了分析,得到提示润滑接触区内牵引力机理的三维切应力分布。由数值模拟研究了对疲劳分析有意义的接触体表层内应力场,得到了椭圆接触三维Mises应力分布。     

月壤钻探采样装置中的钻杆结构参数优化设计及模拟试验

对月球次表层钻取采样外螺旋钻杆的输土阻力进行理论分析。基于散体力学中连续介质假设,建立钻杆回转输土阻力矩模型。利用该模型分析钻杆直径、螺旋升角等结构参数与输土阻力矩变化的关系,给出参数选择范围。以钻杆输土所消耗的功率为目标,以钻杆结构参数为变量,对钻杆结构参数进行优化设计,使优化后的钻杆平均输土功率降低了30.5%。对结构优化后的钻杆输土阻力进行测试试验,验证了钻杆输土阻力矩随深度增加而变大的趋势。研究成果能为月球次表层采样钻杆设计提供理论依据。     

轴承钢接触疲劳次表面裂纹萌生过程的三个重要特性

本文在试验观察与理论分析的基础上提出,接触疲劳次表面裂纹的萌生过程存在三个特性：（1）萌生角的随机性;（2）萌生与扩展力条件的可分离性;（3）萌生深度与萌生力学条件的统计性。并指出次表面裂纹的萌生在统计意义上是由最大正交剪应力所引起的。     

自平衡井下安全阀动态平衡响应分析

针对现有自平衡井下安全阀的自平衡时间和中心管下移时间匹配与协调的问题,建立自平衡安全阀振动力学模型,确定其输出的响应函数,推导了自平衡式井下安全阀开阀时自平衡响应时间与平衡阀的几何尺寸及位置之间的函数关系。通过实例分析了FVL型井下安全阀开启时的自平衡响应时间,为自平衡井下安全阀分段加压提供了指导,有效地改善了井下安全阀工作可靠性,也为自平衡井下安全阀的结构优化设计提供了参考。     

A method of microwave visualization with the possibility of recognizing buried objects

A two-parameter microwave visualization method that may allow recognition of subsurface objects is described. This method is based on the evaluation of the wave-phase shift, which corresponds to the direct reflection from an object. The method was tested on model and experimental data.     

焊接缺陷磁光成像动态检测与识别

为了实现焊接缺陷的自动检测,研究一种交变磁场激励下焊缝表面及亚表面缺陷的磁光成像动态无损检测方法。分析了基于法拉第磁致旋光效应的焊接缺陷磁光成像机理,并结合交变磁场原理推导出励磁变化与动态磁光成像的关系。探索低碳钢板的亚表面焊缝磁光成像特征试验,验证了所提方法可用于检测焊缝亚表面的未熔合缺陷。最后对高强钢焊缝特征的动态磁光图像进行分析,采用主成分分析法和支持向量机(PCA-SVM)模式识别方法建立了焊接缺陷分类模型。试验结果表明,所提方法可以识别高强钢焊件中的焊缝特征(未熔透、裂纹、凹坑和无缺陷),缺陷分类模型的整体识别率达到92.6%,能够实现焊缝表面及亚表面缺陷的自动检测。     

Analysis of rough line contacts operating under mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions

Heavily loaded machine elements, such as gears, usually operate in the mixed lubrication regime. Surface roughness has a significant effect on the pressure distribution, the subsurface stress field, and the friction coefficient. Based on the superposition of a dry rough and a fully flooded smooth contact, a mixed lubrication model has been developed. The roughness profile is assumed to be known. Surface deformation is calculated by taking into account the pressure distribution that is built up by asperity contacts, asperity interactions, and lubricant flow. Thermal and sliding effects are incorporated into the analysis. Non‐Newtonian lubricant behaviour is considered by using a power‐law rheological model. The pressure distribution, subsurface stress field, and friction coefficient were calculated from the model at several points along the contact path for an FZG type C gear pair. It was shown that a significant part of the load is carried by the contacting asperities. The position of the maximum shear stress is very close to the surface.     

Optimum carburization in external spur gears

In order to determine the surface durability of case-hardened gears and the optimum design conditions required to prevent spalling fatigue, an analytical model was developed which correlates the subsurface shear stress produced by the transmitted load with the material strength of the gear. Consequently, it was made clear that there is an optimum case depth for the required surface durability and that the crack initiation depth of spalling coincides quite well with the depth where the subsurface shear stress exceeds the material shear strength. The implications of the model for optimizing the carburizing process and preventing gear spalling fatigue are discussed.     

Analysis of elliptical Hertz contact of steel wires of stranded-wire helical spring

A stranded-wire helical spring is formed of a multilayer and coaxial strand of several wires twisted together with the same direction of spiral. Because of the multilayer structure, the wear on the local area of the steel wires’ surface is related to the elliptical contact between adjacent wires during working process. Based on Boussinesq potential functions and elastic half-space model, the contact area and surface pressure of elliptical Hertz contact were investigated. Moreover, these surface contact quantities are used to expand the calculation of subsurface stress relevant to elliptical contact. It is found that the greater contact angle of two contact wires, the smaller contact area and greater maximum contact pressure. Meanwhile, the magnitude of subsurface von Mises stress is much higher when the contact angle increases.     

Analyzing Elastic-Plastic Real Rough Surface Contact in Running-in

A numerical method is presented for evaluating the elastic-elastic contact of real rough surface contacts during running-in. For the surface contact, an elastic-plastic model based on the variational method is applied to analyze the pressure distribution and contact area of worn surfaces during running-in. In conjunction with the classical statistic model of Greenwood and Williamson, the numerical result showed that the plasticity index Ψ was decreased to one in the elastic range as running-in proceeded. In comparison with the Hertzian solution, the influence of the asperities is very significant on the pressure distribution, thereafter causing a higher peak value of contact pressure. For the subsurface, the interior stress from the von Mises criterion was calculated to evaluate the subsurface stress field subject to both normal and tangential forces. In the calculated of the interior stress, the total stress is decomposed into a fluctuating component and a smooth component. The fluctuating part is solved by using FFT from the concept of the convolution theorem while the smooth part is obtained directly by analytical solution. Calculations of contact area and subsurface stress on experimentally produced surfaces whose topography has been determined using an atomic force microscope and friction coefficient front sliding have been carried out. The results showed that asperities and friction coefficient gave rise to stress increase in the near-surface stress field and produced a high stress zone towards the surface. As a result, transverse asperity cracking was produced. The calculations and supporting experimental evidence clearly confirmed that the reduction of peak pressure during running-in decreased the plastic deformation of contact.     

反复印压作用下光学玻璃的微裂纹交互作用研究

对超声振动辅助磨削加工中BK7光学玻璃材料表面及亚表面的微裂纹扩展过程中的交互作用进行研究,使用维氏金刚石压头进行了BK7光学玻璃二次印压实验来模拟超声振动作用影响下单颗磨粒对光学玻璃的反复印压作用,同时采用界面粘结法获得了不同印压载荷及印压距离下产生的压痕及微裂纹形态特征及分布情况。实验结果表明：在相同载荷加载情况下,第二次印压产生的亚表面中位裂纹扩展最大深度受到侧向裂纹影响减小了30μm,同时侧向裂纹闭合后在光学玻璃材料表面及内部产生破碎。基于压痕断裂力学理论,分析了准静态载荷作用下光学玻璃内部应力场的分布及应力场驱动下微裂纹的扩展机制,对超声振动效应影响下微裂纹扩展的交互作用进行研究。结果表明：磨削过程中使用轴向超声振动辅助,能够有效地降低光学玻璃材料亚表面裂纹的深度,改善亚表面及表面加工质量,同时促进了工件材料的去除。