轨道交通用铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

通过金相组织观察、断口扫描分析、拉伸试验和显微硬度测试等分别研究了6082-T6和5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,接头断面组织可分为焊核区(WN)、热机影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、母材区(BM)四个区域.焊核区为动态再结晶的细小等轴晶组织;热机影响区为回复晶粒组织,晶粒产生了较大的弯曲变形;在热影响区发生了晶粒粗化现象,晶粒形态与母材相似.两种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的拉伸断口均呈韧性断裂特征,接头断裂位置为热影响区的前进侧,表明热影响区为接头最薄弱的区域.力学性能测试表明,6082和5083铝合金接头的抗拉强度分别为242 MPa和301.6 MPa,分别达到母材本身抗拉强度的76.8％和88.7％;两种接头的显微硬度分布曲线均存在一个最低值,该最低值位于前进侧的热影响区.     

高镁铝合金搅拌摩擦交叉焊接头微观组织与力学性能

为满足大型铝合金船舶壁板的制造需求,对新一代高镁铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦交叉焊接试验. 结果表明,交叉焊接头成形良好,搅拌区晶粒尺寸最小,热力影响区晶粒形态没有明显方向性,与单道搅拌摩擦焊相比,交叉焊接头搅拌区晶粒组织更细. 显微硬度测试结果表明,交叉焊接头显微硬度变化范围较小,前进侧接头软化明显;拉伸试验测试结果表明,交叉焊接头抗拉强度为340 MPa,为母材强度的87%,对比搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度358 MPa略微降低,在热影响区断裂,断裂方式为45°韧性断裂;疲劳裂纹萌生于焊缝底部,在最大应力150 MPa下循环超2 × 106次未断裂,疲劳性能良好,瞬断区断裂方式为韧性断裂.     

5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

采用不同的工艺参数对5083-OT与6005A-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊焊接。通过金相分析、XRD分析、拉伸性能等方法，研究焊接速度、轴肩直径及搅拌头偏移量等参数对5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明：5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊界面无明显脆性金属间化合物生成；焊核区组织发生动态再结晶，形成细小的等轴晶组织；前进侧热机影响区受到的机械搅拌作用力大于后退侧，晶粒变形大于后退侧热机影响区；热影响区组织仅受到热循环的作用，晶粒有粗化现象；随着偏移量的增加，使得焊核区和后退侧热机影响区硬度值降低，最低值出现在6005A侧热影响区，其抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率均逐渐减小，当焊接速度为600 mm/min、轴肩直径为12 mm、偏移量为0 mm时接头性能最好：抗拉强度为245 MPa，屈服强度为165 MPa，延伸率为5.67%。     

35mm厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊双面焊工艺,对35 mm厚板6005A-T6铝合金型材进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得成形良好、表面光滑、无隧道孔和沟槽缺陷的焊接接头.应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪及电子拉伸试验机等对搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能进行研究.结果表明,接头焊核区组织为细小等轴晶;前进侧出现明显的螺旋纹及清晰的结合线,热力影响区晶粒被明显拉长呈条状组织,热影响区受热晶粒粗大;后退侧未见螺旋纹,晶粒比前进侧细小,过渡区较前进侧宽.在搅拌头旋转频率为650 r/min,焊接速度为200 mm/min工艺条件下接头抗拉强度为213 MPa,达到母材强度的84.8%,断裂起始于焊缝前进侧的热影响区,扩展至双面焊接重合区时,沿着焊缝后退侧热影响区直至断裂;接头显微硬度最低值出现在前进侧热影响区,最低值为50 HV.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

使用搅拌摩擦焊对8mm厚的7075-T7351铝合金进行了单道平板对接。结果表明,在工艺参数为搅拌头旋转速度为1180r/min、焊接速度为37.5mm/min时,可获得较好的接头,抗拉强度达到390MPa,是母材强度的78%;7075-T7351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织为典型的搅拌摩擦焊接头组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶,晶粒大小为6~7μm,母材组织中的强化相在此区域消失;接头显微硬度值分布趋势沿焊缝中心两侧基本对称,热机影响区-热影响区过渡区及焊核区硬度低于母材,是焊件的薄弱环节。     

焊接工艺参数对镁铝异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响

为研究焊接参数和搅拌头结构对异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响,分别使用带有和不带搅拌针的搅拌头对AA5754铝合金和AZ31镁合金薄板进行搅拌摩擦焊。结果表明,焊核区的原始晶粒变成了细小的等轴再结晶晶粒,热机影响区的晶粒相比焊核区的要大,热影响区的微观组织较粗大;采用带搅拌针的搅拌头对镁、铝合金异种材料焊接得到的焊缝表面质量较好,ω=1 200 r/min、ν=300 mm/min为最优的焊接参数,两种材料的界面结合良好。     

6061铝合金FSW接头与MIG焊接头对比试验

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊分别对6061铝合金板进行了焊接试验,测试了焊接接头的强度,观察了焊接接头的金相组织,并进行了接头的硬度分布测试.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度高达212.05 MPa,是母材抗拉强度的86％,比MIG焊的接头强度略高.焊接接头软化区宽度比MIG焊接头软化宽度窄.6061铝合金母材为典型的轧制组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,MIG焊接头焊缝为柱状晶组织.     

动车组连接板搅拌摩擦焊及熔化焊接头性能研究

对分别采用搅拌摩擦焊和熔化焊的连接板焊接接头的金相、拉伸、弯曲、硬度及疲劳性能等方面进行对比研究。两种焊接方式金相均合格;采用搅拌摩擦焊的连接板接头抗拉强度为275.67 MPa,比熔化焊(263.8 MPa)高约4.5%;搅拌摩擦焊接头弯曲性能侧弯180°均合格,熔化焊接头侧弯试件在110°左右时由于存在气孔导致裂纹出现;搅拌摩擦焊接头的硬度分布近似W形,中心层焊核区显微硬度值约为79~104 HV,在-18~-6 mm和6~18 mm范围内出现软化现象,最低硬度为69 HV,熔化焊接头的中心层焊缝区显微硬度值约为92~97 HV,在3~9 mm范围内出现软化现象,最低硬度为71 HV;搅拌摩擦焊接头中值疲劳极限为137 MPa,比熔化焊(117 MPa)高约17%。     

焊接参数对5A06铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对10 mm厚的5 A06铝合金板进行焊接,研究了搅拌头转速(150～400 r/min)、焊接速度(50～200 mm/min)对接头显微组织、拉伸性能和硬度的影响.结果表明:在试验参数范围内焊接均可获得无宏观缺陷且成形良好的搅拌摩擦焊接头;接头焊核区晶粒细小、组织均匀,热机影响区晶粒相比焊核区的粗...     

焊接速度对高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

焊接速度对搅拌摩擦焊接头内焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组织和晶界沉淀相均有较大的影响。随着焊接速度的提高,焊核区和热影响区内的晶粒尺寸和沉淀颗粒大小、分布密度变化均较大;热机影响区内组织的变形程度变化明显。组织和力学性能综合分析表明,控制焊接速度。获得优良的焊核区组织有利于提高接头的力学性能。性能测试结果表明,焊接速度v=37．5mm／min时,2Al2CZ铝合金接头强度达到最大值(331MPa)。     

Microstructure and Properties of TIG/FSW Welded Joints of a New Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

A new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with low Sc content was welded by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The microstructure and properties of those two welded joints were investigated by property tests and microstructural observations. The results show that the new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy has desirable welding property. The ultimate tensile strength and welding coefficient of the TIG joint reach 405 MPa and 76.7%, respectively, and in FSW joint those property values reach 490 MPa and 92.6%, respectively. The studied base metal has a deformed fibrous subgrains structure, many nano-scaled Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, and very fine aging precipitates. In the TIG joint, the fusion zone consists of coarsened dendritic grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has fibrous micro-scaled subgrains. The FSW welded joint is characterized by a weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. Due to plastic deformation around the rotating pin and anti-recrystallized effectiveness of Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, the weld nugget zone has a very fine subgrain structure. The TMAZ experiences some dissolution of aging precipitates. Coarsening of aging precipitates was observed in the HAZ. The better mechanical properties of the FSW joint are derived from a fine subgrain structure and homogeneous chemical compositions.     

Tungsten Inert Gas and Friction Stir Welding Characteristics of 4-mm-Thick 2219-T87 Plates at Room Temperature and −196 °C

2219-T87 aluminum alloy is widely used for fabricating liquid rocket propellant storage tank, due to its admirable cryogenic property. Welding is the dominant joining method in the manufacturing process of aerospace components. In this study, the tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding (FSW) characteristics of 4-mm-thick 2219-T87 alloy plate at room temperature (25 °C) and deep cryogenic temperature (?196 °C) were investigated by property measurements and microscopy methods. The studied 2219 base alloy exhibits a low strength plane anisotropy and excellent room temperature and cryogenic mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength values of TIG and FSW welding joints can reach 265 and 353 MPa at room temperature, and 342 and 438 MPa at ?196 °C, respectively. The base metal consists of elongated deformed grains and many nano-scaled θ (Al₂Cu) aging precipitates. Fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the TIG joint are characterized by coarsening dendritic grains and equiaxed recrystallized grains, respectively. The FSW-welded joint consists of the weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. In the weld nugget zone, a micro-scaled sub-grain structure is the main microstructure characteristic. The TMAZ and HAZ are both characterized by coarsened aging precipitates and elongated deformed grains. The excellent FSW welding properties are attributed to the preservation of the working structures and homogenous chemical compositions.     

A6N01-T5合金FSW和MIG焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为的对比

研究了6N01-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和氩弧焊(MIG)接头不同部位的疲劳裂纹扩展性能, 并对疲劳断口和接头组织进行了分析. 结果表明,对于FSW和MIG焊接头, 其裂纹扩展速率从高到低的部位依次为焊缝(核)区、热影响区和母材. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头相同区域的扩展速率无明显差别, 然而裂纹在FSW接头细晶组织中开始扩展所需的门槛值ΔK要比对应的MIG焊接头高, 总体上其裂纹在FSW焊核区的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能要优于对应的MIG焊缝区. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头焊核(缝)区扩展的疲劳断口表现为脆性断裂, 而在热影响区则以规则和光滑的疲劳条纹形式扩展.     

2219-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对8mm厚2219-T87铝合金进行了焊接.对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微硬度及断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明,焊核区为细小的等轴晶粒,晶粒尺寸远小于母材;热机影响区发生了弯曲变形;热影响区组织出现了明显粗化.前进边热机影响区和焊核区形成明显分界线,后退边相对模糊.搅拌摩擦焊对接头各区域沉淀相分布形态有重要影响.接头室温拉伸强度可以达到母材的70%以上.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布显示,硬度最低点位于后退侧热影响区区域,断裂位置位于后退侧热影响区处,接头的断裂形式为韧性断裂.     

焊接参数对7A04铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用不同的焊接参数对3 mm厚7A04铝合金板进行焊接,并对接头的组织、沉淀相、力学性能及断口形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,焊核区组织发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒,热影响区晶粒发生明显粗化. TEM分析结果显示,经搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区部分沉淀相溶解. 焊核区晶粒尺寸随焊接速度增大而减小. 当焊接速度为120 mm/min,旋转速度为800 r/min时,接头强度达到最大值 454.2 MPa,为母材的95%,断后伸长率为3.97%,为母材的70%. 硬度测试显示搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化,焊缝区域硬度低于母材,硬度值最低点出现在热影响区;拉伸断口形貌SEM图像表明接头断裂方式为韧性和脆性混合型断裂.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对3mm厚0Cr18Ni9不锈钢板进行了对接焊接。焊接接头内形成了焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区三个区域。焊核区由动态再结晶组织构成;热力影响区内的组织发生了不同程度的变形;热影响区由不完全再结晶组织构成。焊核区发生了明显的加工硬化现象,其显微硬度(HV)与母材相比提高了22%。在搅拌头旋转速度600r/min、焊接速度70mm/min下,接头的拉伸强度最高,达到412MPa。     

30 mm 7A05铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法利用新型搅拌头对30 mm厚的7A05-T6铝合金进行了单道对接,焊后分析讨论了焊缝接头微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,接头焊核区发生动态再结晶,生成细小的等轴晶粒;焊缝两侧热力影响区受机械和热的双重作用,组织存在较大差异,前进侧为窄条状组织,后退侧为扁平状组织;热影响区晶粒粗化;在焊接30 mm板时,工艺参数范围较窄,旋转频率为360 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm/min时,可获得无缺陷、成形好的焊缝;接头抗拉强度为367.7 MPa、屈服强度为280.8 MPa、断后伸长率为14.4%高于母材,接头抗拉强度可达母材的95%.接头显微硬度的分布呈类似W形分布,热影响区软化趋势比较明显.     

Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金板材搅拌摩擦焊和氩弧焊焊接接头的对比

研究Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金的焊接工艺和焊接接头组织和性能。采用搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）和氩弧焊（TIG）2种焊接工艺对该合金的热轧和冷轧-退火2种使用态板材进行焊接。采用比较研究的方法测定和研究焊接接头的力学性能和显微组织,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究焊缝的显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明,与基材相比,Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金的热轧和冷轧-退火板材的FSW和TIG焊接接头的强度均下降,但FSW焊接系数高于TIG焊接系数。这是因为FSW焊接接头焊核区亚结构强化的丧失和Al3（Sc,Zr）的析出强化作用的极少量丧失,而TIG焊焊接接头的软化主要原因是其形变强化的完全丧失和Al3（Sc,Zr）的析出强化作用的大部分丧失,且搅拌摩擦焊焊核区晶粒比TIG焊的焊缝区晶粒更细小。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.