分子生物学在废水系统硝化细菌群落特征分析中的应用进展

较系统地介绍了与环境微生物相关的分子生物学研究方法,如克隆文库分析法、分子杂交技术、遗传指纹技术等,及其这些相关技术在硝化细菌群落结构与分布、多样性、动态性分析中的应用进展。结果表明,分子生物学技术在研究硝化细菌群落特征中发挥了重要的作用。     

活性炭净水工艺微生物安全性研究

采用基于16SrDNA的焦磷酸测序法对北京某水厂活性炭净水工艺各单元的细菌群落结构进行分析。结果显示,砂滤对细菌多样性影响较小,活性炭工艺使菌群多样性升高。活性炭颗粒上的细菌群落结构与各工艺出水差异明显。α,β和γ变形菌纲是工艺出水和活性炭上的优势菌,活性炭池可以有效去除α变形菌纲和γ变形菌,但加氯消毒后的出厂水中α变形菌纲比例很高。出厂水中的第一优势菌为嗜氢菌属,含量高达86.2%。出厂水和活性炭颗粒上发现了9种潜在致病菌,如短波单胞菌、黄色单胞菌和鞘氨醇单胞菌等,但相对丰度较低,对饮用水安全影响较小。     

淡水湖泊微生物硝化反硝化过程与影响因素研究

简述了参与硝化反硝化过程的微生物类型及其影响因素,指出湖泊中底栖动物提高了沉积物中氨氧化菌的丰度,加快了沉积物和上覆水反硝化过程,同时底栖动物的肠道也是反硝化场所并释放N2O。研究淡水湖泊中硝化反硝化微生物群落结构组成及多样性,阐述硝化反硝化的分子生物学机制,探索底栖动物对参与氮循环微生物群落结构与功能影响。     

短程反硝化除磷工艺培养过程的群落结构分析

应用PCR-DGGE方法,对以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷系统的培养驯化过程的微生物群落结构和多样性进行研究。试验结果表明:随着驯化的过程,工艺内部的微生物种群是在不断变化的;系统中稳定运行后,系统内微生物的群落结构差别不大,形成了较为稳定的微生物群落结构。     

碳纤维生物接触氧化法处理黑臭水体过程中的微生物多样性演变特征

为了探讨碳纤维生物接触氧化法处理黑臭水体过程中,生长环境对细菌群落结构多样性特征演变的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对接种污泥以及设备内不同处理阶段的活性污泥、碳纤维膜上的细菌群落特征进行了研究。结果表明,随着挂膜的进行,设备内活性污泥的微生物种类逐渐减少,与接种污泥的细菌群落结构差异性越来越大,但是碳纤维膜E样品与稳定期D样品的细菌群落结构差异性较小。优势细菌菌群分析结果表明,在门类水平上达到20门以上,优势细菌种群以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门的细菌为主,相对丰度约为75%～95%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要以α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲为主。设备内活性污泥和碳纤维上的α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲均高于接种污泥,梭菌纲含量低于接种污泥,说明采用活性污泥进行接种挂膜,细菌群落结构发生了较大变化。     

再生水补水对河道底泥细菌群落结构的影响

为探明再生水补水对河道底泥细菌群落结构的影响,以深圳市西乡河再生水补水为研究对象,在分析河道8处底泥样品理化指标的基础上,运用Illumina高通量测序技术探究河道再生水补水后底泥细菌群落结构的空间差异特征以及对环境因子所产生的影响,并借助冗余分析方法分析河道底泥细菌群落结构空间差异特征的形成原因。分析结果表明:西乡河中下游底泥含有多种污染物,且中游重金属污染较为严重;河道底泥中的细菌群落结构与多样性在空间上存在显著的差异,补水口附近底泥的微生物具有较高的多样性;河道底泥中优势菌主要有硫杆菌(Thiobacillus)、拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、脱硫菌属(Desulfatiglans、Desulfococcus、Desulfuromonas)、脱磷菌属(Desulfomicrobicum)以及反硝化菌属(Dechloromonas、Ferritrophicum),占克隆文库的70%以上;再生水中的氮、磷、有机物和Cu和Fe重金属等物质对补水口附近的底泥反硝化菌属和脱硫菌属的多样性及其丰度具有显著的影响,而对距离较远的珠江口底泥微生物影响较小。     

原水管道藻类浓度对水质及管壁微生物的影响

蓝藻水华暴发时原水管道可能混入大量藻细胞,威胁饮用水安全.研究采用BAR模拟管道装置,对比探究105 cell/mL、106 cell/mL两种不同浓度含藻原水在长距离输送过程中的水质变化.以无藻原水作为对照,采用高通量测序研究管壁生物膜群落结构多样性,以探究原水管道中藻类浓度对水质及管壁生物膜的影响.结果表明,两种藻...     

生物活性滤池特性研究与改造工程

以浙江平湖地面水厂原水为研究对象 ,较全面系统地研究了如何改造一个原水受到微污染的水厂。根据试验结果 ,将重点放在生物活性滤池的特性研究 ,特别是在原水预加氯的情况下 (原水预加氯是我国目前许多水厂都采用的工艺 ) ,生物活性滤池对水中污染物的去除规律 ,并将该工艺付诸工程实际。主要结论如下 :(1)通过对原水的可氧化性、可生化性、可吸附性及有机物分子量分布等特性的研究 ,可为原水受到微污染的水厂提出一套经济有效的改造方法 ;(2 )当进水中含有余氯时 ,依靠滤料的正确选择 ,加之微生物的一些特性 ,可使生物活性滤池仍具有较强…     

向家坝工程扰动边坡微生物群落功能多样性分析

为揭示不同修复类型土壤的微生物群落特征和生态功能,选取金沙江流域向家坝工程扰动区框格梁覆土、厚层基材、弃渣地3种不同修复模式的边坡,通过Biolog方法分析微生物功能多样性、代谢活性以及群落结构。结果表明:厚层基材边坡土样平均光密度值(AWCD)最高,框格梁覆土边坡次之,而弃渣地边坡土壤最低。厚层基材边坡微生物对6类碳源的利用能力均较强,框格梁覆土边坡微生物对糖类、羧酸、脂肪酸以及胺类碳源的利用效率较好,弃渣地边坡微生物仅对羧酸类的碳源具有较好的利用能力;不同修复类型边坡微生物群落Shannon指数、碳源利用丰富度指数、均匀度指数及Simpson指数变化趋势整体表现为厚层基材边坡框格梁覆土边坡弃渣地边坡;厚层基材边坡土壤微生物群落多样性、生理功能多样性以及代谢活性均优于其他修复类型边坡土壤,而弃渣地边坡土壤为最差。     

多种修复技术对城市内河水质及微生物群落的影响

采集城市内河水样,分别采用曝气增氧、碳源添加、生物投菌和综合修复等技术,在实验室进行水质修复模拟实验,并以水质参数、微生物多样性及丰度为鉴定指标,分析不同修复技术对城市河流水质的修复效果及其对河流微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,曝气、生物投菌和综合修复技术可以提高河流微生物群落结构多样性,水体微生物群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为主;而使用碳源添加技术的水样,河流微生物的多样性下降明显,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度达到了93%;水质修复方面,曝气增氧技术和生物投菌技术都仅能降低水体COD质量浓度,无法降低水体TN及NH+4-N质量浓度;碳源添加和综合修复技术,对水体TN和NH+4-N的去除效果明显,但投加碳源的河流水体中的COD质量浓度显著上升;相关性分析结果表明,影响水体微生物群落结构的主要环境因子为COD和DO。     

Ecological engineering of bioaugmentation from side-stream nitrification

Wastewater treatment relies on careful integration of environmental engineering with microbial ecology. This would seem to be particularly the case when attempting to enhance survivability of organisms introduced from outside the main-stream reactor, i.e. bioaugmentation. Molecular biology tools were utilised in this study to assist in understanding the mechanisms of successful bioaugmentation. Molecular fingerprinting showed that side-stream reactor configuration strongly influenced ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) community structure. In both lab-scale and full-scale systems, AOB communities in the side-stream and main-stream were very similar. The experimental systems revealed that a PFR side-stream produced greater diversity of AOB than a CSTR side-stream in a PFR main-stream system, whereas the full-scale side-stream resulted in essentially an AOB monoculture. Phylogenetic analysis revealed less diversity than molecular fingerprinting perhaps due to biases in the cloning/transformation procedure.     

Analysis of effect of nicotine on microbial community structure in sediment using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting

Solid or liquid waste containing a high concentration of nicotine can pollute sediment in rivers and lakes, and may destroy the ecological balance if it is directly discharged into the environment without any treatment. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) method was used to analyze the variation of the microbial community structure in the control and nicotinecontaminated sediment samples with nicotine concentration and time of exposure. The results demonstrated that the growth of some bacterial species in the nicotine-contaminated sediment samples was inhibited during the exposure. Some bacteria decreased in species diversity and in quantity with the increase of nicotine concentration or time of exposure, while other bacteria were enriched under the effect of nicotine, and their DGGE bands changed from undertones to deep colors. The microbial community structure, however, showed a wide variation in the nicotinecontaminated sediment samples, especially in the sediment samples treated with high-concentration nicotine. The Jaccard index was only 35.1%between the initial sediment sample and the sediment sample with a nicotine concentration of 0.030 mg/g after 28 d of exposure. Diversity indices showed that the contaminated groups had a similar trend over time. The diversity indices of contaminated groups all decreased in the first7 d after exposure, then increased until day 42. It has been found that nicotine decreased the diversity of the microbial community in the sediment.     

Variations in microbial community during nitrogen removal by in situ oxygen-enhanced indigenous nitrogen-removal bacteria

In this study, the enclosure system exhibited perfect nitrogen removal performance with in situ oxygen-enhanced indigenous aerobic denitrifying bacteria in an enclosure experiment. We explored changes in the microbial community during the nitrogen removal process using the MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results revealed a total of 7974 and 33653 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for water and sediment systems, respectively, with 97% similarity. The OTUs were found to be affiliated with eight main phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria). The diversity of the enhanced system was found to be higher than that of the control system. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that significant spatial and temporal differences were exhibited in the microbial community during nitrogen removal in the enclosure experiment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that physical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH), nitrogen (total nitrogen and nitrate), functional genes (nirK and nirS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were the most important factors affecting bacterial community function and composition. Lastly, the results suggested that the variation in the microbial community could be analyzed through the MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology, which may provide technical support for future field tests.     

Influence of dye type and salinity on aerobic decolorization of azo dyes by microbial consortium and the community dynamics

In this research, aerobic decolorization of different azo dyes by a microbial community was studied. The results showed that more than 80% of four azo dyes (100 mg/L) could be aerobically decolorized by the microbial consortium, however, the time needed was obviously different. Kinetic data indicated that the processes were well described by zero-order kinetics, and the chemical structures of dyes had obvious influence on decolorization rates. On the other hand, effects of salinity on decolorization were also investigated. There was still 40% dye removal for Acid Brilliant Red GR when the salinity increased to 250 g/L. And the microbial community structures with different salinity were detected by PCR-DGGE. It was shown that the same two bacteria were dominant in all decolorization systems, and some typical halophilic microorganisms were found under higher-salt conditions.     

北大港水库微生物群落的空间分布特征

天津北大港水库水质存在咸化问题，水质咸化可能会导致微生物群落组成和多样性发生显著变化。为探究 水质咸化条件下水库微生物群落组成的空间分布特征，于 2021 年 12 月在北大港水库采集表层、中层和底层的水 样，利用高通量测序技术，对北大港水库不同深度及上下游的微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析，并探究溶解性 总固体与微生物群落的关系。结果表明：北大港水库的溶解性总固体（total?dissolved?solids,?TDS）质量浓度在表层、 中层和底层存在差异，下游高于上游。微生物的主要优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门，变形菌门的相 对丰度均超过 50%。优势菌属是 Clade_III 未定属（相对丰度 1.10％～72.72?％）和黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium?相对丰 度 0.32％～20.09?％），Clade_III 未定属的相对丰度上游高于下游，黄杆菌属的相对丰度表层高于中层和底层。上 游水体表层的微生物群落组成与中层、底层的微生物群落组成存在显著差异，下游在不同深度微生物群落组成差 异不显著，中层和底层的微生物群落组成存在相似性。Chao1 和 Shannon 指数表现出表层<中层<底层，下游略高 于上游，微生物 Alpha 多样性指数随 TDS 质量浓度的增大而减小。在科水平上，Clade_Ⅲ能够耐受较高的盐度，但 当 TDS 质量浓度>3?000?mg/L 时其丰度降低。     

Study of a three-stage fluidized bed process treating acrylic synthetic-fiber manufacturing wastewater containing high-strength nitrogenous compounds.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is one of the major synthetic fibers commonly used in the mass production of clothing. The chemical synthesis of PAN is carried out by polymerization of the acrylonitrile (AN) monomers with co-monomers such as vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate and cyclohexyl acrylate. Using water quality analysis of the PAN wastewater, high concentration of organic nitrogen was found and the TKN/COD ratios achieved were 0.15-0.26, indicating the complicated biodegradation characteristics for the PAN wastewater. In order to enhance biodegradation of nitrogenous compounds in PAN wastewater, a combined three-stage process of thermophilic anaerobic/anoxic denitrification/aerobic nitrification fluidized bed reactors was employed. The results indicated that the concentration of effluent in the three-stage process of OD and organic nitrogen was 175 mg/L and 13 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, molecular biotechnology was applied to study the microbial population in the thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor. From the results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, the diversity of PAN-degrading bacteria would change in different volumetric loading. Furthermore, the bacteria communities in the thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor were also studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Alpha and delta-Proteobacteria were dominant in the bacteria population, and some high G+C content bacteria and Clostridium could be characterized in this system.