DP-TIG焊接方法工艺研究

深熔氩弧焊接方法(DP-TIG,Deep Penetration Tungsten Inert Gas Welding)是通过对钨极的高效冷却,压缩电弧,获得能量密度大、挺度高的电弧,可以实现穿孔形式的焊接,达到增大焊接熔深的目的。试验针对低碳钢和不锈钢两种焊接母材,通过调整相关的工艺参数,实现稳定的穿孔型焊接,最终实现低碳钢10 mm以下板厚,不开坡口平板对接焊的单面焊双面成形及不锈钢12 mm以下板厚,不开破口平板对接焊的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺,极大地提高TIG焊的焊接效率。     

10Ni5CrMoV钢旋转电弧窄间隙GMAW研究

采用旋转电弧窄间隙GMAW焊接方法对40mm厚10Ni5CrMoV钢进行了焊接。对焊接接头形貌、接头组织、硬度、低温冲击韧性及抗拉强度分别进行了观察和测量。结果表明:焊缝成形较好,没有缺陷,焊缝组织由粒状贝氏体和铁素体组成,焊缝内硬度比较均匀,低温冲击韧性和抗拉强度均符合使用要求,成功实现了大厚板10Ni5CrMoV钢旋转电弧窄间隙焊接。     

GMAW工艺参数对倾斜位置的穿孔塞焊焊缝成形的影响研究

为实现某三代核电站屏蔽厂房钢筋穿孔塞焊在一定倾斜角度下的GMAW自动化焊接,提出了一种针对倾斜位置的穿孔塞焊焊缝成形的焊接路径和工艺控制策略。通过试验研究了焊接路径、焊接姿态、焊接气体成分等GMAW工艺因素对穿孔塞焊接头在倾斜位置下的焊缝成形的影响。结果表明,采用360°顺逆交替和细化层道可以有效控制熔池下淌,保证表面余高在2 mm以内;当焊枪工作角θ调整为15°且焊接方向角φ为6°～10°时,电弧力可有效抵消重力的切向分量的影响,有效避免侧壁和层间未熔合缺陷;相较于φ(Ar)98%Ar+φ(O_2)2%混合气体,φ(Ar)80%+φ(CO_2)20%配比能明显提高熔池金属的表面张力,有助于穿孔塞焊表面及根部焊道成形。     

穿孔型等离子弧焊接热-力耦合模型优化

K-PAW的焊接过程是等离子电弧对被焊工件热与力的耦合作用.文中基于FLUENT软件,依据流体动力学理论,对穿孔型等离子弧焊接过程熔池、流场和小孔进行了热-力耦合模型分析,提出了随穿孔深度增加,能量和电弧压力二次变化的计算优化模型,使维持小孔壁面稳定的力同时作用在小孔内部和物理边界上,初步实现了穿孔型等离子弧焊接从开始到穿透工件及穿孔后焊接过程的数值模拟.计算结果表明,焊接时间为0.25 s时,熔池已开始熔化并出现下凹变形,穿孔型等离子弧焊接穿孔时间为2.15 s,焊接3.00 s后小孔和熔池达到稳定状态,与试验测得的穿孔时间吻合良好,在穿孔动态过程中穿孔形态吻合良好,熔合线走势基本相同.另外,在平行于焊缝的截面上观察,熔池内部易出现逆时针环流.     

低碳钢等离子-TIG耦合电弧高效复合焊接工艺性能分析

针对低碳钢材料焊接效率低的问题，提出了等离子-TIG耦合电弧焊接方法，通过设计集约化枪体结构促使等离子和TIG电弧在电磁力作用下实现稳定耦合，优化复合焊接热源特征，并研究了电弧形态、焊缝成形和力学性能.结果表明，等离子-TIG耦合电弧具有优异的深熔焊接特性，相对于等离子和TIG焊接方法具有更加合理的深宽比，且对熔滴、熔池有震荡搅拌效果，促使晶粒细化，并降低熔合区联生结晶倾向.使用5 mm厚Q235B钢板进行对接试验，实现了稳定的单面焊接双面成形，焊缝美观无缺陷且抗拉强度优于母材.     

焊接工艺参数对不锈钢A-TIG焊焊缝熔深的影响

利用自制的活性剂,考察了焊接工艺参数对奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊焊缝熔深的影响.结果表明:活性剂能使电弧收缩,穿透力增强,使焊缝熔深增加.在其它焊接参数不变的情况下,随着焊接电流的增加熔深增大;随着焊接速度的增加熔深减小;焊接电弧长度由2mm增加到3mm,焊缝熔深增大;由3mm增加到4mm,焊缝熔深减小.电弧收缩理论可以较好地解释试验结果.     

激光-电弧复合焊接过程中高频干扰的消除

激光-电弧复合焊接过程中,由于引孤产生的高频干扰了激光器的控制系统,造成了激光和电弧不能实现复合焊接.通过分析研究高频引弧对焊接电源和激光器的干扰途径,采取相应的措施,有效地消除了高频干扰问题,成功实现了激光和电弧之间的复合焊接.     

高效双丝MIG/MAG脉冲焊系统及工艺

高效焊接方法是实际生产的迫切要求,据此本文提出了推挽式双丝脉冲焊工艺,介绍了以单片机为核心的双丝脉冲焊控制器的原理及功能,建立了双丝气保护脉冲焊系统。采用熔化极氩弧焊进行双丝脉冲焊工艺实验,研究了双丝脉冲焊两路参数对焊接过程的影响,对电弧进行了高速摄影。试验结果表明：所设计的推挽式脉冲双丝焊系统是成功的;高速摄像也证实实现了一脉一滴的熔滴过渡。     

中厚板脉冲双丝高速打底焊自由成形及稳定性分析

采用不同直流脉冲匹配的tandem焊枪实现了12 mm厚Q235钢共熔池打底焊接,并利用高速图像(HSI)和实时电信号对焊接过程进行实时动态检测,研究了焊接速度对焊缝成形、焊接电弧形态和焊接过程稳定性的影响.结果表明,焊接速度主要对焊缝成形和焊接过程稳定性造成影响,对电弧形态的影响不大.随着焊接速度的增加,电弧稳定性先增大后减小,在焊接速度为40 mm/s时,背部自由成形最佳.不同焊接速度下,主丝电弧都保持较高的挺度,几乎不发生偏移,从丝电弧形态在单个脉冲周期内通过产生9°～15°的规律性摆动,促进熔池中部金属向侧壁流动,减小熔池后端金属的累积,从而消除焊缝表面的驼峰和起脊缺陷,提升了整体光洁度.主丝的焊接稳定性整体高于从丝,当焊接速度为40 mm/s时,两电弧稳定性最好.     

三丝间接电弧焊电弧形态及焊缝成形分析

气体保护三丝间接电弧焊是一种新型的焊接方法，电弧建立在主丝与边丝之间，工件不连接电源.文中建立了稳定的三丝间接电弧，针对焊缝侧壁熔合问题，分析了不同焊丝分布方式产生的电弧形态对侧壁熔合的影响；针对焊缝层间熔合问题，采用后置钨极的方法实现了焊缝层间熔合.结果表明，主丝与边丝送丝速度与熔化速度相匹配，可建立稳定的三丝间接电弧；焊丝分布Ⅳ沿焊接方向的电弧偏向两侧壁，垂直于焊接方向的电弧形态集中，电弧稳定性好，可实现焊缝侧壁均匀熔合，熔合深度为1~1.2 mm；施加后置钨极，可实现焊缝层间熔合，焊缝抗拉强度为420 MPa，断裂位置发生在母材.     

Closed-loop control of weld penetration in keyhole plasma arc welding

To improve the penetrating ability and the welding quality of keyhole plasma arc welding, a novel penetration closed-loop control system was established. In the system, welding current and plasma gas flow rate were selected as adjusting variables. The wavelet method was used to detect penetration status from welding arc voltage in real-time. The control strategy of one-keyhole-per-pulse was adapted to fulfill stable and high quality welding process. Experimental results show that the developed system can apparently increase the penetrating force of plasma arc and keyhole plasma arc welding is realized successfully in stainless steel with 10 mm in thickness. Moreover,the disturbances of gradual change and break change from 3mm to 6mm in thickness are come over due to the good response property of the developed system.     

Experimental study on welding characteristics of CO2 laser TIG hybrid welding process

Abstract

The experiments of CO₂ laser TIG paraxial hybrid welding with 4 mm thick AISI 321 stainless steel sheet have been performed. The arc images and welding characteristics have been investigated with different energy ratios between laser and arc. The experimental results indicate that the hybrid welding is similar to laser welding and has also two welding mechanisms: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. Because of the effect of keyhole induced by laser, the arc root can be stabilised and compressed, and the current density and the penetration depth are all increased significantly, which show the characteristics of deep penetration welding. However, when the current is increased to a critical value, the laser induced keyhole disappears and the arc expands obviously, which decreases the penetration depth, so that the welding mechanism has been changed from deep penetration welding to heat conduction welding. Furthermore, the effects of distance between laser beam and electrode, pulsed laser and hybrid manners on hybrid welding characteristics have also been studied.     

等离子弧焊小孔行为的反翘电压检测

在穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中,小孔稳定性对焊接过程的稳定和优质的焊缝成形是非常关键的。文中采用无源探针对由等离子弧梯度电压和等离子鞘层电压构成的等离子反翘(等离子云)电压进行检测。根据等离子鞘层理论,随等离子反翘长度和角度变化的反翘电压可以反映小孔的状态信息及其形成、坍塌过程。文中讨论了检测信号的特征,以及材料、探针位置、焊接电流,等离子气流等因素对检测信号的影响。试验证明,该方法可以有效的预测小孔信息和焊缝熔透情况。     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.     

气流辅助增强匙孔激光焊熔深增加机理

采用直径为0.8 mm的气流喷嘴直吹匙孔,开展了不同吹气方向、气流入射点位置及流量下的激光焊试验,为获得增强的匙孔效应和增加的熔深.通过等值线图分析获得了优化的气流参数,最大熔深较传统激光焊增加了约38%.合适入射点位置和流量的增强匙孔气流,不仅压制了等离子体,还将匙孔口部的液态金属向下压,使得匙孔口部明显扩大、熔深增加、焊缝成形良好,匙孔内等离子体的流向发生了改变,因而熔池内液态金属的流向也发生了变化;入射点位置偏后时,其作用区域为匙孔后方熔池,将液态金属向熔池后方推,会导致驼峰焊道的产生.     

Detecting and tracking of welding line in visual plasma robotic welding

The formation of stable back beads in joining of the thick materials is important in order to achieve high-quality welded metal joints. Plasma welding uses the high welding current density, which is suitable for thick materials. The keyhole in the plasma welding depends on the pilot gas and the welding current. The voltage behaviour depends on the keyhole situation. If the torch is moved away from the welding line in conventional GMA welding, the welding voltage and the welding current are changed due to variations of the arc length. But the welding voltage does not change with the arc length in plasma welding, because the welding voltage depends on the situation of the keyhole. The authors tried to observe the weld pool on the top side by using a CCD camera. The timing of the shutter in the CCD camera is investigated to take clear images of the weld pool. As a result, the clear images of the weld pool were taken when the welding current was reduced to 30 A and an interference filter of 950 nm was attached to the CCD camera. The weld pool shape was changed with the torch position in the groove. The image-processing method was developed to detect the top of the weld pool. The torch position was estimated by processing the weld pool images. The digital control was designed to trace the welding line. The performance of the controller was verified by carrying out tracking experiments.     

小孔型等离子弧焊接条形气孔形成机理

等离子弧焊接中厚钢板时,常存在焊接工艺窗口窄问题. 在中厚不锈钢板小孔型等离子弧焊(keyhole plasma arc welding,K-PAW )中发现,离子气体流量较弱而使匙孔未打开,形成盲孔时,会在焊缝内产生平行于焊接方向的长条形气孔,形成条形气孔时,等离子弧形态发生明显变化,电弧面积增加且波动更为剧烈,出现向后的反射. 使用高速摄影装置研究了条形气孔的形成过程.结果表明,中厚板等离子弧焊中,条形气孔是在一定的焊接速度和较低的电弧能量下,熔池前壁倾角较大,等离子弧受熔池前壁反射作用冲击熔池后壁,使熔池后壁发生弯曲,并在一定的凝固条件下保留,产生平行长气孔. 对条形气孔的研究有助于为匙孔等离子弧焊接中匙孔形成条件及机制提供新认识.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

基于反翘电压的脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊熔透控制系统

采用无源探针检测系统从脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊的反翘电压信号中实时、准确、便捷地提取了熔池熔透信息.并以此作为反馈信号,以每个脉冲周期小孔存在时间作为被控制量,脉冲峰值电流作为控制量,采用MATLAB模糊逻辑工具箱进行熔透控制器的设计与仿真,以查表法完成了模糊控制系统的开发.结果表明,该系统可以在脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接中实现"一脉一孔"过程,不仅保证了连续、稳定、可靠的穿孔焊接过程,而且可以得到良好的焊缝成形.     

铝合金交流脉冲双面弧焊工艺试验及特点分析

通过工艺试验,详细分析了LYl2CZ铝合金板交流脉冲等离子弧（PA）-钨极氩弧（GTA）双面弧焊（DSAW）的工艺特点。通过与常规钨极氩弧焊和等离子弧焊工艺比较,发现该工艺可以显著增加熔深,减小焊后热变形,提高焊接生产效率。分别采用多孔喷嘴和单孔喷嘴进行了对比试验,其中采用多孔喷嘴能够有效防止双弧的产生,采用单孔喷嘴能够获得较大熔深。当采用小孔型交流脉冲双面弧焊工艺焊接铝合金时,由于小孔的存在,焊接过程中阴极雾化效果降低,影响焊缝成形及质量。