碳纤维静、动态加载下拉伸力学性能的试验研究

利用岛津试验机和自行研制的旋转盘式击拉伸试验装置,对Ｔ３００和Ｍ４０Ｊ两种碳纤维实施了应变速率范围为０．００１－１３００ｓ＾－１的静、动态拉伸试验,获得了两种材料在不同应变速率下的完整的应力变曲线。     

Tensile behavior of carbon fiber bundles at different strain rates

Quasi-static and high strain rate tensile tests have been performed on T700 carbon fiber bundles and complete stress-strain curves at the strain rate range of 0.001 s^− 1 to 1300 s^− 1 were obtained. Results show that strain rate has negligible effect on both ultimate strength and failure strain, and T700 carbon fiber can be regarded as strain rate insensitive materials. On the basis of the fiber bundles model and the statistic theory of fiber strength, a damage constitutive model based on Weibull distribution function has been developed to describe tensile behavior of T700 fiber bundles. And the method to determine the statistic parameters of fibers by tensile tests of fiber bundles is established, too.     

Experimental evaluation of the strength distribution of fibers under high strain rates by bimodal Weibull distribution

This paper proposes a bimodal Weibull distribution model for strain- rate- and temperature-dependent fiber strength. The relationships of the mechanical quantities between fiber and fiber bundles at different strain rates and temperatures under tensile impact are established. A method for determining mechanical parameters of fibers by tensile impact tests of fiber bundles is established. Experiments on E-glass bundles have been performed at six strain rates (90, 300, 800, 1100, 1300 and 1700 s⁻¹) at three different temperatures (−70, 14, 80°C). According to the statistical analysis and models, the mechanical parameters for the fiber and their relationships with strain rate and temperature are obtained from the tensile impact experimental results. The emulated stress/strain curves from the model are in good agreement with the test data. The theoretical model and test results show that the shape parameters, β^d₁ and β^d₂, are not only strain rate independent but also temperature independent. The scale parameters σ^d₀₁ and σ^d₀₂, which change with strain rate and temperature, are not constant.     

Statistical Tensile Strength for High Strain Rate of Aramid and UHMWPE Fibers

Technora,madefromaramidfibersandsome whatsimilartothecommonlyknowKevlar,and Ultrahighlyorientedhighmolecularweightpolyeth ylene UHMWPEfibersarealloftenusedinflexible armourapplicationsandhencesubjectedtohighrates ofloading.Theutilizationoftheirreinforcedcom positesarmourincertainballisticapplicationsisin creasinglypreferredoverconventionalrigidmetalar moursystemsbecauseofitssuperiorstrength to weightratioandflexibility.Todate,thedesignand developmentofsuchfabricarmoursystemshave largelybeen…     

Experimental Study on Tensile Behavior of Carbon Fiber and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum at Different Strain Rate

In this study, dynamic and quasi-static tensile behaviors of carbon fiber and unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced aluminum composite have been investigated. The complete stress–strain curves of fiber bundles and the composite at different strain rates were obtained. The experimental results show that carbon fiber is a strain rate insensitive material, but the tensile strength and critical strain of the C_f/Al composite increased with increasing of strain rate because of the strain rate strengthening effect of aluminum matrix. Based on experimental results, a fiber bundles model has been combined with Weibull strength distribution function to establish a one-dimensional damage constitutive equation for the C_f/Al composite.     

Experimental and theoretical study on the strain rate and temperature dependence of mechanical behaviour of Kevlar fibre

The tensile impact experiments on Kevlar 49 fibre bundles were carried out at strain rates 140, 440, 1350 s⁻¹ and at temperatures −60, −20, 15, 50 and 90°C. It was found that the tensile mechanical properties of Kevlar 49 fibre bundles depend both upon the strain rate and the temperature. A bimodal Weibull distribution statistical model of the strain rate and temperature dependence of fibres, and a test method of determining mechanical properties and Weibull parameters of fibres from the fibre bundle test were adopted to characterize the combined effects of strain rate and temperature on Kevlar 49 fibre strength distribution. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which proves that the bimodal Weibull distribution function is suitable to represent the statistical strength distribution of Kevlar 49 fibre which has peculiar ‘skin–core’ physical structure, and that the test method is valid and reliable.     

Effect of strain rate on the mechanical behaviors of SiC fiber

In the present paper, tensile experiments of SiC fiber bundles under different strain rates (quasi-static: 10^–4–10^–3 s^–1, dynamic: 200–1200 s^–1) are carried out and the corresponding stress-strain curves are obtained. It is found that the mechanical properties of SiC fiber bundles are rate-dependent: the elastic modulus E, strength _b and the failure strain _b remain unchanged under quasi-static condition, while they apparently increase with increasing strain rate under dynamic condition. Based on the fiber bundles model and the statistical theory of fiber strength, a bi-modal Weibull statistical model of the strain rate dependence is adopted to describe the strength distribution of SiC fiber, and the Weibull parameters are obtained by the fiber bundles testing method. Consistency between the simulated and experimental results indicates that the model and the method are valid and reliable.     

应变率对T300/Al(L2)复合丝拉伸性能的影响

利用MTS810试验机和自行研制的冲击拉伸试验装置对T300／Al复合丝实施了不同应变率下的拉伸试验,获得了材料从0．001s^-1到1300s^-1应变率范围内完整的应力应变曲线。结果表明：T300／Al是一种应变率敏感复合材料,随着应变率的提高,材料的拉伸强度、失稳应变均相应提高,具有明显的应变率强化效应和动态韧性现象,这主要是由铝基体的应变率强化效应和应变率历史效应引起的。根据材料在不同应变率下的试验结果以及对其不同变形阶段机理的分析,提出了弹塑性复合丝束模型,并由此建立了相应的应变率相关的一维统计损伤本构方程,模型拟合结果与试验结果一致。     

Compression test of a single carbon fiber in a scanning electron microscope and its evaluation via finite element analysis

A longitudinal compression test for a single polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber (T300) was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The compressive stress/strain behavior was initially linear, but subsequently became nonlinear. The longitudinal tangent modulus decreased with increasing compressive strain. A cyclic compression test revealed that the T300 carbon fiber deformed elastically up to ~90% compressive strength. The variability in the compressive strength was evaluated using Weibull analysis. The representative compressive strength of the T300 carbon fiber was nearly the same as the tensile strength. The compressive strength of the T300 carbon fiber was almost same as that of the high-tensile strength T800S carbon fiber. Finite element analysis was performed to investigate the validity of the test method. The results showed that the longitudinal compressive stress on the carbon fiber varied during longitudinal compressive loading. The maximum longitudinal compressive stress in the carbon fiber was slightly higher than the average compressive strength applied at the end. However, the variability in the measured compressive strength was much higher than that in the longitudinal compressive stress on the carbon fiber, which does not affect the former.     

针刺C/C-SiC复合材料剪切非线性本构关系

为研究针刺C/C-SiC复合材料的剪切损伤行为,首先,进行了面内剪切加卸载实验,并利用SEM对复合材料的剪切破坏形貌进行了观测;然后,建立了一种塑性与损伤相结合的非线性本构模型描述复合材料的非线性力学行为,以幂函数描述等效塑性应变与等效应力的关系;最后,基于剪切强度的Weibull分布规律提出了一种指数型损伤变量表征剪切刚度的退化,并通过实验数据拟合得到模型中的参数。结果表明:复合材料在卸载后存在明显的残余应变,卸载模量随载荷的增加不断降低,表现出明显的剪切非线性特征;大量无纬布纤维束和纤维单丝拔出,且易在针刺部位发生破坏;由于针刺部位等缺陷的不规律分布,剪切强度存在一定的分散性,符合指数型Weibull统计分布规律;复合材料的剪切非线性主要由基体开裂和纤维/基体界面脱粘等内部损伤引起,从宏观上可以解释为塑性变形和刚度性能折减。所得结论表明本构模型能够很好地表征C/C-SiC复合材料的面内剪切非线性行为。      

Experimental evaluation of the strength distribution of E-glass fibres at high strain rates

A bimodal Weibull distribution function was applied to analyse the strength distribution of glass fibre bundles under tensile impact. The simulation was performed using a one-dimensional damage constitutive model. The results show that there were two concurrent flaw populations in the fracture process. The regression analysis using the bimodal Weibull distribution function was in good agreement with experiment.     

高聚物纤维材料的高应变率响应行为研究

利用MTS和旋转盘式杆－杆型冲击拉伸试验装置，在高应变率、大应变率范围条件下（Aramid:0.01/s-1000/s;PVA:0.01/s-1500/s），研究了应变率对芳纶纤维和高强PVA纤维束力学性能的影响；同时，利用扫描电子显微镜考察了纤维材料在不同应变率下的微观断裂机理。     

Preparation of C200 green reactive powder concrete and its static–dynamic behaviors

In this paper, a new type of green reactive powder concrete (GRPC) with compressive strength of 200 MPa (C200 GRPC) is prepared by utilizing composite mineral admixtures, natural fine aggregates, short and fine steel fibers. The quasi-static mechanical properties (mechanical strength, fracture energy and fiber–matrix interfacial bonding strength) of GRPC specimens, cured in three different types of regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing), are investigated. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties of the C200 GRPC made with the cementitious materials consisting of 40% of Portland cement, 25% of ultra fine slag, 25% of ultra fine fly ash and 10% of silica fume, 4% volume fraction of steel fiber are higher than the others. The corresponding compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture energy and fiber–matrix interfacial bonding strength are more than 200 MPa, 60 MPa, 30,000 J/m² and 14 MPa, respectively. The dynamic tensile behavior of the C200 GRPC is also investigated through the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) according to the spalling phenomena. The dynamic testing results demonstrate that strain rate has an important effect on the dynamic tensile behavior of C200 GRPC. With an increase of strain rate, the peak stress rapidly increases in the dynamic tensile stress–time curves. The C200 GRPC exhibits an obvious strain rate stiffening effect in the case of high strain rate. Finally, the mechanism of excellent static and dynamic properties gains of C200 GRPC is also discussed.     

在碳化硅基复合材料中碳纤维的就位强度

在对用断裂镜面法(fracture mirror method)评估纤维就位强度(in-situ strength)的方法进行了评述之后,对此方法进行了修正,即采用纤维束试验确定镜面常数, 将标距长度定义为两倍纤维拔出长度与两倍失效长度之和,采用分级平均统计分析方法确定纤维就位强度的Weibull参数和平均强度。采用修正的断裂镜面法,对聚合物先驱体转化法制备的M40JB纤维增强的碳化硅基复合材料中M40JB纤维的就位强度进行了分析,得到了M40JB纤维的Weibull参数和平均强度,并与未修正的断裂镜面法得到的结果进行了比较。      

Existence of a threshold for brittle grains crushing strength: two-versus three-parameter Weibull distribution fitting

Grain crushing plays an important role in the mechanical behavior of granular media, in chemo-hydro-thermo-mechanical couplings, in instabilities related to strain localization such as shear bands and compaction bands, in geophysical and geotechnical processes, in reservoir and petroleum engineering and in many other domains. The strength of brittle particles seems to be quite well described by a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Nevertheless, such a distribution predicts that failure is possible under any level of applied stress. On the contrary a three-parameter Weibull distribution contains a stress threshold under which grain failure is unlikely. Based on existing experiments on crushing of individual grains from various geomaterials and surrogate materials, and on new experiments performed on rock sugar particles, the present paper explores and compares the applicability of a two- versus a three parameter Weibull distribution. It is shown that in most of the cases the three-parameter Weibull distribution better describes the experimental results.     

The effect of high-temperature vapor deposition polymerization of polyimide coating on tensile properties of polyacrylonitrile- and pitch-based carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as a reinforcement in composite materials because of their high-specific strength and modulus. Current trends toward the development of carbon fibers have been driven in two directions; ultrahigh tensile strength fiber with a fairly high strain to failure (~2 %), and ultrahigh modulus fiber with high-thermal conductivity. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6 GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900 GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In the present work, the tensile properties of polyimide-coated PAN-based (T1000GB, T300, and M60JB) and pitch-based (K13D and XN-05) carbon fibers have been investigated using a single-filament tensile test. The pyromellitic dianhydride/4-4′-oxydianiline polyimide coating was deposited on the carbon fiber surface using high-temperature vapor deposition polymerization (VDP_H). The Weibull statistical distributions of the tensile strength were characterized. The results clearly show that the VDP_H polyimide coating improves the tensile strength and the Weibull modulus of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers.     

Modeling of Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior for 3D Needled C/C-SiC Composites Under Tensile Load

This paper established a macroscopic constitutive model to describe the nonlinear stress–strain behavior of 3D needled C/C-SiC composites under tensile load. Extensive on- and off-axis tensile tests were performed to investigate the macroscopic mechanical behavior and damage characteristics of the composites. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of the material was mainly induced by matrix tensile cracking and fiber/matrix debonding. Permanent deformations and secant modulus degradation were observed in cyclic loading-unloading tests. The nonlinear stress–strain relationship of the material could be described macroscopically by plasticity deformation and stiffness degradation. In the proposed model, we employed a plasticity theory with associated plastic flow rule to describe the evolution of plastic strains. A novel damage variable was also introduced to characterize the stiffness degradation of the material. The damage evolution law was derived from the statistical distribution of material strength. Parameters of the proposed model can be determined from off-axis tensile tests. Stress–strain curves predicted by this model showed reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

An experimental study on the in situ strength of SiC fibre in unidirectional SiC/Al composites

In order to investigate the effect of strain rate and high temperature exposure on the mechanical properties of the fibre in the unidirectional fibre reinforced metal-matrix composite, in situ SiC fibre bundles are extracted from two kinds of SiC/Al composite wires, which are heat-treated at two different temperatures (exposed in the air at 400 and 600 °C for 40 min after composition). Tensile tests for these two fibre bundles are performed at different strain rates (quasi-static test: 0.001 s⁻¹, dynamic test: 200, 700, and 1200 s⁻¹) and the stress–strain curves are obtained. The experimental results show that their mechanical properties are rate-dependent, the modulus E, strength σ_b and unstable strain _b (the strain corresponding to σ_b) all increase with increasing strain rate. Compared with the mechanical properties of the original SiC fibre, those of the two in situ fibres degrade to some extent, the degradation of the in situ fibre extracted from the composite wire exposed at 600 °C (hereafter referred to as in situ fibre 2) is more serious than that of the in situ fibre extracted from the composite wire exposed at 400 °C (hereafter referred to as in situ fibre 1). The mechanism of the degradation is investigated. A bi-modal Weibull statistical constitutive equation is established to describe the stress–strain relationship of the two in situ fibre bundles. The simulated stress–strain curves agree well with the experimental results.     

Evaluation of single-fibre strength distribution from fibre bundle strength

A new modified Weibull distribution function has been suggested for analysing the strength of fibres used as reinforcements for advanced composites. The function provides an upper and a lower strength limit and is characterized by two shape and two location parameters. A method for determining the parameters of this distribution from the analysis of the tensile curves of fibre bundles has also been developed. Application of the method to the experimental results on Thornel-300 carbon fibres shows that the shape parameters become modified in the case of bundles.     

Ductility of nanocrystalline materials with a bimodal grain structure

A simple model describing the tensile deformation behavior of a nanostructured material with a combined nano- and microcrystalline grain structure has been developed. The nanocrystalline matrix ensures a high mechanical strength, while the microcrystalline grains provide an increase in the ductility of such materials. The proposed model of tensile straining of the material with bimodal grain structure predicts that the regime of uniform straining until neck formation must depend on the dimensions and volume fractions of the nano- and microcrystalline grains. It is shown that a growth in the ultimate uniform strain is related to an increase in the ratio of the yield stress to the coefficient of strain hardening and in the parameter of plastic strain distribution between the nano- and microcrystalline components.