Ripening tomato fruit after chilling storage alters protein turnover

BACKGROUND: Tomato fruit is of prime importance owing to its qualities for human nutrition and its economic value. In order to extend its commercial life, it is harvested at mature but unripe stages and stored at low temperatures. The goal of this work was to study the influence of harvest and chilling storage of mature green tomato fruit (cv. Micro‐Tom) on the protein pattern, amino acid content and protease activity during fruit ripening. RESULTS: Fruits were sampled during ripening in three different conditions: 1, on the vine; 2, off the vine; 3, off the vine after 4 weeks at 4 °C. During all fruit ripening conditions, protein level decreased while amino acid content increased. Chilling storage of mature green fruit led to a reduction in protein content. Ripening off the vine (conditions 2 and 3) resulted in a threefold increase in red fruit amino acid levels when compared with red fruit on the vine. Protease activities (autoproteolytic, azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic) were detected in all fruits evaluated and were differently affected by ripening stage, ripening conditions and the presence of specific inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Harvest and chilling storage increased endogenous substrate proteolysis, azocaseinolytic activity and free amino acid levels, which could be related to fruit quality. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variation in the composition of Cretan avocado cultivars during ripening

The effect of ripening on the chemical characteristics of fruits of the avocado (Persea americana) cultivars Ettinger, Fuerte and Hass was investigated. A study of some quality parameters of these main avocado cultivars grown on the island of Crete was performed. As the fruit ripened, a decrease in the moisture content was observed, with a high degree of correlation for all the cultivars. At the same time an increase in the fat and protein contents was measured. The content of total sugars was high in the unripe fruit but decreased during ripening. The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the fruit pulp was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The oil of the edible portion of the fruit was rich in oleic, palmitic, linoleic and palmitoleic acids, while stearic acid was present in small quantities. During the ripening process the amount of palmitic acid decreased and that of oleic acid increased in all the cultivars. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, which is considered as an indicator of the nutritional value of the fruit, was also calculated. No significant differences were observed between the cultivars. Principal component analysis was also performed to examine the relationship among the quality variables of the cultivars. From these data, Fuerte was considered to be the cultivar with the best characteristics. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening of León raw cow's milk cheese, a Spanish traditional variety

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes were studied throughout ripening of five batches of León cow's milk cheese, a traditional variety made in the north of Spain. Total soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, oligopeptides nitrogen, amino nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen fractions increased slightly during the ripening process. The final values of these nitrogen fractions indicate that this cheese undergoes a very slight proteolysis as much in extent as in depth. This weak protein degradation is corroborated when the caseins and their degradation products were quantified by electrophoresis. β-Casein stayed practically intact throughout the ripening process and only 10% of α_s-casein became degraded. The content of total free amino acids increased progressively but in a slightly increased way during ripening, reaching final average values of 592 mg (100 g)⁻¹ of total solids. The most abundant free amino acid at the end of ripening was lysine, followed by leucine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, valine and phenylalanine. The acidity index of the fat values increased during ripening by a factor of 4.39. The final values of this parameter are in the range of those observed in other cow's milk cheeses ripened by bacteria. The content in total free fatty acids underwent an increase throughout ripening reaching final average values of 6669 ppm. The most abundant free fatty acid at the end of ripening was oleic acid followed by butyric and palmitic acids. The high content of short-chain fatty acids is outstanding, specially that of butyric acid.     

新疆特色酸凝奶酪成熟过程中产生的非挥发性风味物质研究

非挥发性风味物质对奶酪的口味有重要影响,文中对酸凝奶酪成熟过程中非挥发性风味物质含量的变化进行了研究,结果表明:随着奶酪成熟时间的延长有机酸总量和各种有机酸含量变化差异极显著(P<0.01),主要有机酸乳酸含量最高达到10.75 mg/g;各种游离氨基酸含量处于动态变化过程,总游离氨基酸含量变化显著(P<0.05),缬氨酸和亮氨酸是优势氨基酸,最大含量为35.19 mg/100 g和27.06 mg/100 g;游离脂肪酸总量变化差异极显著(P<0.01)。随着成熟时间的延长,奶酪的营养价值更高,口味更浓郁。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量分析橄榄果实氨基酸组分

为探索橄榄果实成熟过程氨基酸含量变化与营养价值及风味品质的相关性,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量分析普通橄榄‘长营’与清橄榄‘清榄1号’果实水解和游离氨基酸成分。结果表明：在水解氨基酸中,2?个品种果实均含有16?种氨基酸,其中7?种必需氨基酸和9?种非必需氨基酸,氨基酸种类丰富;但是,二者水解氨基酸总含量变化规律存在差异,‘长营’果实氨基酸总量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,‘清榄1号’为降-升-降-升;二者营养指标氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数、氨基酸比值系数分均不理想,为营养不均衡类型。在游离氨基酸中,‘长营’果实氨基酸含量变化呈升-降-升-降,‘清榄1号’相反,为降-升-降-升;2?个品种果实均含有19?种氨基酸,甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸占比较高,‘清榄1号’鲜味（谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺）和甜味氨基酸（谷氨酰胺）贡献值高于‘长营’,使得‘清榄1号’鲜甜口感优于‘长营’,鲜食品质更佳,为橄榄果实风味判断提供依据。     

豆豉成熟过程中基本成分及蛋白质体外消化率变化的研究

在实验室模拟工业化生产条件的基础上制作豆豉,并对其在45～48℃成熟42d 的过程中基本成分、蛋白质体外消化率、可滴定酸以及褐变指数的变化进行了研究。结果发现,在豆豉成熟的过程中灰分逐步增长,而膳食纤维于碳水化合物的量明显减少。可滴定酸在成熟前期(0～8d)急剧升高而在后期(32～42d)有缓慢回落的趋势。豆豉成熟的过程中,虽然总氮一直保持恒定,但非蛋白质氮、氨基酸态氮、氮溶解指数、水溶性氮、游离氨基酸以及蛋白质体外消化率都有明显的提升。因此,豆豉的成熟对产品营养价值的提升作用非常明显,同时本研究结果可为建立豆豉产品成熟指标判断体系提供理论依据。     

CHANGES IN NONPROTEIN NITROGEN COMPOUNDS DURING DRY SAUSAGE RIPENING

Concentration changes for ammonia, total and individual free amino acids, total peptides, nucleotides, nucleosides and some individual amines were followed during ripening of dry sausage, with and without "starter culture." A decrease was observed for peptides, nucleotides, glutamic acid, histidine, tyrosine and ornithine, an increase for all other compounds, being most intense for total free amino acids during the first days of ripening. The rate of free amino acid production exceeded the rate of ammonia production. The presence of a starter culture intensified free amino acid production and peptide disappearance. A tenfold increase in the concentrations of histamine, tyramine and putrescine was observed in the presence of a starter culture.     

Effects of benzylaminopurine on mango fruit ripening

The total and reducing sugars, organic acid and free amino acid contents of the edible portions of mango (cv. Boribo) were determined in unripe and ripe fruits, both treated and untreated with benzylaminopurine (BA).Total and reducing sugar contents were increased and organic acids and free amino acid contents were decreased after ripening in both cases. Benzylaminopurine delayed ripening and the composition of the ripe fruit was different from that of the untreated control.     

栽培基质对杏鲍菇子实体蛋白质营养价值的影响

分析不同配方瓶栽杏鲍菇培养基栽培所产子实体的基本成分和氨基酸组成,采用国际通用的评价方法对其蛋白质营养价值进行评价比较。结果表明：各配方栽培获得的杏鲍菇子实体中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例为46.4%～49.5%;单一木屑碳源的基质配方（配方7）栽培的子实体中蛋白质含量及营养指数最高,分别为20.62%和18.5;玉米芯与木屑复合碳源（碳源物质的质量分数为55%）配方（配方4、5）栽培子实体的蛋白质获得最高的氨基酸评分、化学评分及氨基酸比值系数分,分别为95.0,62.5及41.94;氮源物质的质量分数为22%且未添加豆粕及玉米粉配方（配方1）栽培的子实体中蛋白质有较高的必需氨基酸指数和生物价,分别为92.5和89.1;玉米粉或豆粕作为氮源物质能一定程度改善产品蛋白质营养价值。本研究为生产优质、高产的瓶栽杏鲍菇提供了理论依据。     

Influence of microflora on texture and contents of amino acids, organic acids, and volatiles in semi-hard cheese made with DL-starter and propionibacteria

The microflora of semi-hard cheese made with DL-starter and propionic acid bacteria (PAB) is quite complex, and we investigated the influence of its variation on texture and contents of organic acids, free amino acids, and volatile compounds. Variation in the microflora within the normal range for the cheese variety Grevé was obtained by using a PAB culture in combination with different DL-starters and making the cheeses at 2 dairy plants with different time and temperature profiles during ripening. Propionic acid bacteria dominated the microflora during ripening after a warm room period at levels of log 8 to log 9 cfu/g, which was about 1 log unit higher than the total number of starter bacteria and about 2 log units higher than the number of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria. Eye formation was observed during the warm room period and further ripening (at 8 to 10°C). The amounts of acetate, propionate, total content of free amino acids, 2-propanol, and ethyl propionate in the ripened cheeses were related to the number of PAB. A decrease in the relative content of Asp and Lys and increase of Phe over the ripening time were different from what is observed in semi-hard cheese without PAB. The occurrence of cracks was higher in cheeses with more hydrolyzed α_S1- and β-casein, higher content of free amino acids, lower strain at fracture (shorter texture), and a greater number of PAB.     

不同品种桑葚与桑叶中氨基酸含量差异研究

目的比较不同品种果桑中游离氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸及药用氨基酸含量差异。方法以6个品种果桑(中葚1号、红果3号、831A、四季果桑、大白葚、江米果桑)的桑葚果实和桑叶为检测样品,利用全自动氨基酸分析仪分别测定成熟期桑葚和桑叶中游离氨基酸含量。结果 6个供试品种桑葚和桑叶均含有19种游离氨基酸,桑叶中氨基酸含量明显高于桑葚中氨基酸含量,紫色果实品种的叶片中氨基酸总量高于白色果实品种,紫色果实品种果实中的氨基酸总量又都低于白色果实品种,两者呈相反趋势。结论不同品种桑葚与桑叶中氨基酸存在较大差异。     

Effects of heating milk and accelerating ripening of low fat Ras cheese on biogenic amines and free amino acids development

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of heating milk and, consequently, incorporation of whey proteins into cheese curd, fat content, accelerating cheese ripening by attenuated lactobacilli, species of bacteria and method of attenuation on formation of biogenic amines and liberation of free amino acids. Total biogenic amines and total free amino acids increased as ripening period progressed in all cheese treatments. Total biogenic amines and total free amino acids decreased as the fat content was decreased. Heating of 3% fat milk up to 70°C caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in total biogenic amines and total free amino acid concentrations, while raising the temperature of heat treatment up to 75 and 80°C decreased them. However, heating of 2% fat milk up to 75°C caused a definite (p<0.05) increase in total biogenic arnines and total free amino acids; conversely raising heat treatment temperature to 80°C decreased them. These results indicate that there is a positive correlation between total biogenic amines and total free amino acids; moisture and salt contents affected the formation of biogenic amines, while incorporation of whey proteins had no significant effect on biogenic amines development. In a second experiment, addition of attenuated lactobacilli as adjunct bacteria caused a pronounced (p<0.05) increase in free amino acids and biogenic amines. Addition of either freeze- or heat-shocked Lactobacillus helviticus was more effective in promoting the build-up of biogenic amines and free amino acids in the resultant cheeses than in cheeses made with addition of freeze- or heat-shocked Lactobacillus casei, respectively. There was a positive correlation between free amino acids and biogenic amine contents. The type of bacteria and prolongation of ripening period significantly affected the development of biogenic amines. Tyramine was the highest biogenic amine followed by histamine, while spermidine was the lowest.     

Correlation between the amino acid content in rice wine and protein content in glutinous rice

Chinese rice wine is a fermentation product of glutinous rice that contains high levels of protein and amino acids. The turnover and catabolism of amino acids by fermentative microorganisms plays an important role in wine quality. The fermentation of Chinese rice wine, using 34 different varieties of glutinous rice, and the analysis of the protein and amino acid content of the resultant rice wine using precolumn derivatization via high‐performance liquid chromatography, are reported. A model of correlation and regression analysis of the protein content in the glutinous rice and the amino acids in rice wine was established. Results showed that the correlation coefficient between the total protein in glutinous rice and the total free amino acids in rice wine was 0.557, indicating a significant relevance. The population correlation coefficient between the total protein in the glutinous rice and the amino acids in the rice wine was high, i.e. R= 0.928. The correlation between the soluble protein content in the glutinous rice and the total free amino acids in the rice wine (or individual amino acids) was negligible. The total protein content in the rice variety was positively related to the sensory performance and free amino acid content of the resultant Chinese rice wine. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Microstructure and chemical changes in Twarog cheese made from ultrafiltrated milk and from lactose-hydrolysed milk

Twarog cheese was manufactured from fresh milk, lactose-hydrolysed milk and retentate. Microstructure, chemical composition, protein breakdown, amino acid distribution and organoleptic properties were studied during ripening.Inoculation of the milk with β-galactosidase, before cheese processing, reduced the clotting time, enhanced the protein breakdown and enhanced amino acid accumulation during ripening. Concentrating the milk, by ultrafiltration, prolonged the coagulation time and resulted in a cheese with greater amounts of moisture, fat, total nitrogen and higher pH than other cheeses.Essential free amino acids are considered to constitute more than half of the total free amino acids of Twarog cheese and glutamic acid, leucine and phenylalanine are the major free amino acids in the ripened cheese.Quality of the cheese was improved either by ultrafiltration or by lactose hydrolysis and the acceptable flavour was more pronounced in β-galactosidase-treated cheese.Microstructure of the protein in young cheeses does not differ in all treatments. The disintegration and fusion of casein advanced during ripening in the outer protein matrix more than internally. The appearance of the cheese matrix was similar in both control and ultrafiltrated cheeses while the casein in β-galactosidase-treated cheese fused faster than in other treatments.     

金丝小枣在生长成熟过程中理化特性的变化规律

本文研究了6个不同生长成熟期(S1~S6)金丝小枣果实的色泽、叶绿素、可溶性糖及其代谢酶活性、有机酸及氨基酸的动态变化,以明确其代谢规律。研究结果表明:枣果生长成熟过程中,叶绿素含量降低,枣果由绿变红;葡萄糖、果糖均逐步积累,而山梨醇含量逐渐降低,蔗糖则在生长发育初期未被检出,其积累主要发生在枣果成熟后期,且其含量最高,金丝小枣为蔗糖积累型果实,蔗糖磷酸合成酶是蔗糖积累的关键酶;金丝小枣为苹果酸型果实,苹果酸随枣果的成熟而积累,而柠檬酸含量先上升后降低;Pro和Asp在枣果成熟过程中被大量合成,是成熟枣果中最主要的两种氨基酸。全红枣的可溶性总糖、糖酸比以及游离氨基酸总量最高,可作为金丝小枣鲜食的最佳采收时期。     

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening of a Spanish craft goat cheese (Armada variety)

The proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening process were investigated in four batches of Armada goat's milk cheese (an artisanal variety produced in the North of Spain), by determining the classical nitrogen fractions, caseins and their degradation products, free amino acids, as well as the acidity of the fat, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and free fatty acids. Values obtained for the nitrogen fractions and for caseins and their degradation products show that this cheese undergoes very little protein degradation. A low free amino acids content was observed throughout the ripening process with a predominance of Pro followed by Leu+Ile, Glu acid, Phe, His+Lys and Val. The lipid degrada-tion was very intense from the second month of ripening, only comparable to that reported for cheeses ripened by moulds. The average free fatty acids content increased 20-fold during ripening, reaching final values of 44·5 g kg⁻¹. All the free fatty acids increased considerably during ripening, resulting in a predominance of saturated and unsaturated long-chain acids, followed by medium-chain acids, C₁₀ principally. Short-chain fatty acid content by the end of ripening was higher than that presented in other cheese varieties with a similar high degree of lipolysis. © 1997 SCI.     

Free amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography and peptides by gel electrophoresis in Mahon cheese during ripening

The free amino acids and peptides contents of Mahon cheese during four months of ripening were studied using high performance liquid chromatography and gel electrophoresis, respectively. The total content of free amino acids generally increased throughout the ripening period, except in one batch. Phenylalanine, valine, proline, glutamic acid and isoleucine were the most abundant free amino acids in all the tests throughout the four month period. They accounted for between 67 and 80% of the free amino acids. No difference was found between the pattern of traditionally made and industrially made Mahon cheeses. Electrophoresis of soluble nitrogen showed the main whey proteins as well as other bands corresponding to peptides.     

香蕉MaWRKY31转录因子的特性及对MaACS1、MaACO1和MaSAG1的调控

从香蕉果实中克隆得到1个WRKY转录因子,命名为Ma WRKY31。氨基酸序列比对及进化树分析发现Ma WRKY31具有一个典型的WRKY结构域,与拟南芥WRKY31和番茄Sl WRKY6同源性较高,且同属于第Ⅱ类b亚族。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应表明外源乙烯处理诱导了Ma WRKY31的表达,并且随着香蕉果实的成熟衰老,其表达明显增强。亚细胞定位和转录活性分析显示Ma WRKY31定位于细胞核,是一种核蛋白,并且具有转录激活活性。双荧光素酶瞬时表达分析显示,Ma WRKY31可以激活乙烯合成基因Ma ACS1和Ma ACO1,以及成熟衰老相关基因Ma SAG1的启动子活性。这些结果表明Ma WRKY31可能通过调控乙烯合成和成熟衰老相关基因的表达来参与香蕉果实成熟衰老过程,加深了对香蕉果实成熟衰老转录调控机制的认识。     

不同采收期坛紫菜感官品质及蛋白组成分析

为探究不同采收期对坛紫菜感官及蛋白组成的影响,分别以头水、一水和二水坛紫菜为原料,考察其色泽、质构、蛋白质、总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,不同采收期坛紫菜L*值、a*值和b*值均有所变化,随采收期延后,坛紫菜的L*值显著增加,a*值变化不显著,二水和三水坛紫菜的b*值显著高于头水。采收期对坛紫菜的韧性影响不显著,但硬度和弹性随采收期延后而增加。游离氨基酸对坛紫菜的鲜味起主要贡献作用,头水、二水和三水坛紫菜的游离氨基酸含量依次降低,分别为1629.80、1450.18和1155.13 mg/100 g。坛紫菜蛋白质含量丰富,头水坛紫菜的蛋白含量为39.38%,显著高于二水和三水坛紫菜。随着采收期延后,坛紫菜的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量和非必需氨基酸含量均逐渐减少,存在显著差异。综上所述,坛紫菜具有较高的营养价值,收割前期的坛紫菜品质更好,呈鲜味氨基酸更丰富。本研究结果可为坛紫菜质量分级及其开发利用提供依据。     

采后黄金百香果失水规律及其与品质劣变的关系

采后失水是百香果果实在贮运流通和销售环节最显著的品质劣变特征之一,严重影响其商品价值。本文利用低场核磁共振技术（Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR）研究采后黄金百香果果实在贮藏过程中的失水过程,并解析失水规律与品质劣变的关系。LF-NMR结果显示,黄金百香果在贮藏过程中,果浆和果皮的质子密度大幅下降,与外观严重失水表现一致;此外,果实失水以自由水为主,其含量下降了14.98%,结合水在贮藏后期显著减少,失水程度与果实采后成熟和衰老进程有关。进一步研究表明,黄金百香果采后成熟期有两个呼吸高峰,此时失水及其引起的失重较小,果皮叶绿素减少和类胡萝卜素增加促进了亮度和色调升高,果浆可溶性固形物保持在较高含量,可滴定酸含量和果实硬度均下降,果实正常完成后熟,极少出现腐烂;而在果实衰老期,呼吸速率下降,失水和失重加剧,果皮类胡萝卜素的迅速减少降低了表面亮度和色泽,果浆可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量以及果实硬度下降,腐烂率迅速升高。因此认为,黄金百香果完熟后严重失水,不仅造成果实失重、失鲜,还可加剧其生理代谢以及细胞和组织结构变化,降低果实耐贮性,加快品质劣变。本研究可为百香果采后失水劣变机制和相应保鲜控制技术研究提供参考,并为果蔬采后水分状态的无损检测提供借鉴。