AZ91D镁合金表面熔盐置换扩散涂层组织及耐腐蚀性能研究

采用AlCl3-NaCl熔盐自发置换扩散工艺在AZ91D镁合金表面制备镁铝金属间化合物涂层,并利用开路电位、电化学阻抗方法对镁合金及熔盐置换扩散改性处理试样在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行比较研究。结果表明:熔盐自发置换扩散铝涂层在温度为400℃,保温8h的工艺条件下呈现出了明显的分层结构特征。根据组织结构不同,可将其分为:颗粒状形貌的外层和具有网状结构的内层;经表面熔盐自发置换扩散处理后的镁合金试样,腐蚀电位比未改性的AZ91D镁合金大幅提高,膜层阻抗约为未改性的AZ91D镁合金的10倍。     

铝锌合金在镁合金AZ91D中的扩渗机理及腐蚀性能研究

采用包埋铝和锌的方法在镁合金AZ91D表面制备了铝-锌合金化涂层,并且利用x射线衍射、能谱分析研究了该涂层的组织和耐腐蚀性能。该涂层外层为AlMg2Zn, Mg7Zn3 和Mg17Al12 金属间化合物层;内层为Mg17Al12金属间化合物分布于α-Mg晶界。研究表明,与镁合金基体相比较在质量分数为3.5wt.% NaCl扩渗层显示出较好的耐腐蚀性能。盐雾腐蚀说明,Al-Mg-Zn合金化扩渗层对于降低腐蚀速率起到有效作用。此外,合金化扩渗层与基体的结合是冶金结合,且涂层的显微硬度显著提高。     

镁铝异种金属TIG焊接头性能的研究

采用TIG焊对镁和铝分别以铝焊丝和锌焊丝作为填充金属进行异种焊接,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及显微硬度计等设备对其组织和性能进行分析和比较.结果表明:铝丝焊接时,Mg侧过渡区清晰可见,宽度约为300μm,镁铝元素相互扩散在过渡区形成Mg17Al12和Al3Mg2,此金属间化合物的生成使接头容易发生断裂.采用锌丝焊接时,镁锌界面清晰,锌铝过渡区为宽度约2μm的固溶体层,Zn元素的存在可有效阻止镁铝元素的相互扩散,减小过渡层的厚度,阻止金属间化合物的形成.     

镁合金表面真空热扩渗铝层的微观组织与性能

目前,在镁合金表面以固态铝粉包埋镁合金基体,采用真空热扩渗方法制备合金化涂层的研究不多。采用真空热扩渗技术在镁合金表面成功制备了改性涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了涂层的微观组织形貌,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱(EDS)、显微硬度和电化学腐蚀试验考察了涂层的形貌、成分及耐蚀性能。结果表明:所得涂层与基体呈冶金结合,结合界面光滑平整,局部存在一定的微裂纹。改性层由镁-铝共晶反应产物α-Mg、Al12Mg_17和Al_3Mg_2金属间化合物组成,改性层显微硬度及耐氯离子腐蚀性能较基体得到明显提升。     

化学镀锡层对镁铝异种金属超声波焊接的影响

为提高镁铝异种金属超声波焊接接头强度,预先在铝合金表面镀锡后进行镁铝异种金属超声波点焊,并对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行分析.研究表明:无镀锡层的镁铝超声波焊接接头界面出现了大量的Mg_3Al_2和Mg_(12)Al_(17)相,其接头的最大拉伸剪切强度为27.5 MPa;含镀锡层的铝镁超声波焊接结合区由镁锡反应扩散层、残余锡层和铝锡反应扩散层组成,其中,铝锡反应层是固溶体层,镁锡反应层主要是过饱和的固溶体基体及弥散析出的中间相Mg_2Sn,其接头的最大拉伸剪切强度为32.9 MPa.镀锡层的加入有效阻止了镁铝的相互扩散,抑制了硬脆的Mg-Al系金属间化合物的生成,提高了镁铝超声波焊接接头强度,与镁铝超声波焊接相比最大拉伸剪切强度提高了19.6%.     

搅拌摩擦焊辅助Al/Zn/Mg接头扩散连接

对2mm厚的AZ31B镁合金和6061铝合金平板进行添加夹层Zn的搅拌摩擦诱导扩散连接实验。通过SEM,EPMA,XRD,拉伸实验和维氏硬度测试研究Al/Zn/Mg搭接接头显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:当旋转速率合适时,扩散层存在Al富集区,Al5Mg11Zn4层及Mg-Zn共晶区;而旋转速率较低时,扩散层存在残留的Zn层;旋转速率过大时,扩散层出现Al-Mg系金属间化合物。由于扩散层主要为金属间化合物,其显微硬度明显高于母材。Zn箔的加入提高了Al/Mg搭接接头的力学性能。断口观察分析表明,接头失效发生在靠近Al侧的扩散层上。     

纯镁材表面Zn，Al混合粉合金扩渗层形成的机制

根据纯镁材在扩渗温度不变的条件下,扩渗合金层形成特征随着扩渗时间的变化.研究了纯镁表面扩渗(Zn,Al)合金层的形成机制.结果表明:扩渗温度在390℃时,表面合金化过程中反应扩渗机理是镁表面合金化过程的关键阶段;扩渗时间由4 h延长至8 h,开始形成Al6Mg10Zn金属间化合物反应层,随后进一步发展为更加稳定的Al5Mg11Zn4金属间化合物.Zn元素的扩渗量对Al6Mg10Zn和Al5Mg11Zn4的转换起主控作用,并建立了相应的扩渗合金化模型.     

镁合金在轨道交通装备中的应用和展望

正一、镁合金基本特性镁合金是将其他元素加入金属镁基而形成的合金。镁(Mg)的密度为1.8g/cm~3,是铝(Al)的2/3,只有铁(Fe)的1/4,是使用金属中密度最小的。同时,Mg具有较高的比强度、弹性模量,并且导热性好,制成镁合金后,相比铝合金等,镁合金能够承载更高的冲击载荷。目前,镁铝合金应用最为广泛,已经普遍应用在航空航天、轨道交通、化工等领域。镁合金与铝合金     

AlSi合金中间层对铝/镁扩散连接界面组织性能的影响

以Al-10Si合金粉末和纯Al粉混合(质量比为1∶1)粉末为中间层,在450℃下保温1 h,对工业纯铝和工业纯镁进行了扩散连接。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)分析了界面区域的微观组织和元素分布。结果表明,在450℃下保温1 h,混合粉末与铝、镁两侧基体间发生元素扩散,形成梯度结构的反应层,反应层从铝侧向镁侧依次为Al_3Mg_2层(Ⅰ)、Al_(12)Mg_(17)层(Ⅱ)、富硅相层(Ⅲ)和Al_(12)Mg_(17)+δ-Mg(Ⅳ)共晶层。反应层总厚度约为520μm,且富硅相层的厚度大于其它3层。硬度测试结果显示,Al和Mg两侧基体的平均硬度(HV)分别为242和478 MPa,靠近Al侧的Al_3Mg_2化合物层硬度最高,硬度值为2520 MPa; Al_(12)Mg_(17)+δ-Mg共晶区域的平均硬度为2100 MPa,而富硅相层区域的平均硬度为1980 MPa。拉伸剪切试验结果显示,增加AlSi合金中间层后,Al/Mg异种金属扩散连接界面结合强度达到23 MPa;拉伸剪切断口XRD分析表明,断裂位置位于硬度值最高的Al_3Mg_2化合物层,拉伸断口呈现典型的脆性断裂特征。     

Ti/Al异种材料真空扩散焊及界面结构研究

采用钛板表面渗铝工艺成功地实现了Ti/Al的扩散连接,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度、X射线衍射等,对Ti/Al扩散焊接头区的组织结构进行了分析.试验结果表明:Ti/Al扩散焊接头区由钛侧界面、扩散过渡区、铝侧界面组成;在Ti/Al扩散焊界面附近的过渡区中可能形成Ti3Al、TiAl和TiAl3金属间化合物.控制工艺参数能够减小生成的金属间化合物层的厚度.距扩散焊界面较远铝基体一侧的显微硬度为30～40HM,钛基体和过渡区界面附近没有明显的脆性相.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from