Chemical analysis of solid residue from liquid and solid fuel combustion: Method development and validation

This paper deals with the development and validation of methods for identifying the composition of solid residue after liquid and solid fuel combustion in thermal power plant furnaces. The methods were developed for energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer analysis. Due to the fuels used, the different composition and the location of creation of solid residue, it was necessary to develop two methods. The first method is used for identifying solid residue composition after fuel oil combustion (Method 1), while the second method is used for identifying solid residue composition after the combustion of solid fuels, i. e. coal (Method 2). Method calibration was performed on sets of 12 (Method 1) and 6 (Method 2) certified reference materials (CRM). CRMs and analysis test samples were prepared in pellet form using hydraulic press. For the purpose of method validation the linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity were determined, and the measurement uncertainty of methods for each analyte separately was assessed. The methods were applied in the analysis of real furnace residue samples.     

基于ARM平台的声呐换能器绝缘自动测试仪

针对声呐换能器绝缘检查中存在的自动化程度低、检查效率低和检查有一定危险性的问题，研制了一款声呐换能器绝缘自动测试仪。该测试仪采用ARM作为主控，用电压比较法和全桥法进行组合测试，通过高压电路产生测量所需的高压，利用选通控制和串口实现测量通路的自动化和远程控制，实现了测量自动化，提高了装备维修保障效率。     

Metrological problems in automatic production

Conclusions In order to ensure the successful development and application of automatic systems and, in the first place, high quality for their production, it is necessary to carry out a large amount of metrological work which has not been previously performed by the State Committee's system in working out theoretical foundations and methods of normalizing metrological characteristics of measuring instruments for automatic control, regulating and monitoring systems; in developing methods and equipment for testing and checking measuring devices of automatic system; and in carrying out state testing of automatic measuring systems.The State Committee and its agencies should in future provide metrological evaluations of control, regulation and monitoring systems as a whole.     

New hygrothermal balanced moisture meters for sheet materials

Conclusions The investigations carried out have shown that the static characteristic of hygrothermal moisture meters for sheet materials depends strongly on the temperature of the surrounding medium, i.e., on the temperature of the investigated material. In order to eliminate the temperature error in such moisture meters it is possible to recommend a method based on use of two identical sensitive elements-resistance thermometers the first of which is in hygrothermal balance and the second of which is only in thermal balance with the investigated material.Analysis of the static and transient characteristics of hygrothermal balanced moisture meters for cellulose, paper linen, and leather shows that the moisture meters developed can be used for other sheet materials up to their maximum hygroscopic moisture contents.The hygrothermal method can be the basis for creating instruments for automatic monitoring and control of the moisture of solid and friable materials for which the electrical and other measurement methods for moisture measurement are unsuitable for a number of reasons.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 65–67, December, 1971.     

粮食水分含量的在线自动检测

本文介绍了一种用电容测量法快速测量粮食水分的试验装置．在干燥粮食的过程中，利用含有两个放大器的非变压器桥路自动测量粮食水分并进行反馈控制．此装置的测量分辨率可达１０－１４Ｆ．     

不同微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布与土壤湿度的反演

论述了主动、被动和主动被动相结合的3种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度的方法和特点。为了采用人工神经网络方法反演出土壤湿度，在随机粗糙面双谱散射模型的基础上计算了裸土壤表面的散射系数和发射率，分析了3种不同的微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布的特点，从而确定了适合于各个微波遥感模态的输入数据组合。反演结果表明，只要选择适当的人工神经网络输入数据组合，采用3种模态中的任何一种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度都是可行的，并具有较好的反演精度，结果对于微波遥感反演土壤湿度方案的选取具有指导意义。     

粉粒农业物料水分测量方法探讨

综述国内外物料水分测量的研究,系统地比较研究了物料水分的测量方法及其原理,分析并介绍了粉粒农业物料的水分特性和测量方法,对常用的粉粒农业物料水分测量方法(中子测定法、红外线测定法、电导测定法和电容测定法)进行了评述.通过比较,提出了基于电容湿度传感器的粉粒农业物料的自动化水分测量系统的研发要求及虚用前景.     

动液面远程自动连续测量装置实现

为实现油井动液面的自动连续测量,设计了一套液面远程自动测量装置．装置根据回声测距原理实现动液面深度测量,测量声源则是根据大气压差原理,利用电控式气爆方式产生,和传统人工测量所用声源相比,具有经济、体积小、安全可靠、测量时无需人工干预、能够自动连续测量等优点．利用SIM300DZ无线模块完成远程控制,实现了数据远程收发、监测、控制,智能化程度高,达到了油井动液面自动连续测量的目的,降低了传统人工测试所需劳动成本,具有很高的经济效益．     

The assessment of enviromental safety problems in hydrogen energy systems

Numerous suggestions have been made regarding the use of hydrogen as a portable or transportable fuel. To effect safely an increased use of hydrogen requires fundamental knowledge of the appropriate safety problems as well as methods to ensure proper design of the equipment and techniques used in its storage, shipment, and use. The most likely methods of shipment consist of an extension of existing technology; namely, gas transmission by pipeline and bulk transportation of hydrogen as a cryogenic liquid. While these are well developed, safety and technological problems still exist and include such issues as dispersion of hydrogen releases, behaviour of hydrogen upon combustion and hydrogen embrittlement. Safe transportation and handling of hydrogen. Safe enhanced by uniformity of codes and regulations. Hydrogen use of a fuel is not totally benign from an environmental standpoint; however, the combination of production and end use us generally more acceptable for hydrogen than for alternative fuels.     

Probes to monitor in-plant material degradation

Abstract

Fireside corrosion in coal fired boilers has been well-investigated. The main causes of water wall fireside corrosion are: (1) impurities in the fuel, such as sulphur alkali metals and chlorine; (2) the lack of control of the combustion process resulting in a reducing gaseous environment at the tube surface; (3) flame impingement; and (4) overtemperature of tube metal.

Co-firing secondary fuels in coal fired boilers is becoming common practice in many power stations in Europe. Secondary fuels like wood, refuse derived fuels, meat and bone meal, straw, poultry litter or mixtures of several secondary fuels are co-fired up to 20-wt%.

Most of these biomass fuels contain high concentrations of alkali chlorides. Considering the composition of these fuels, limitations on the maximum amount of secondary fuels to be co-fired in coal fired boilers are expected.

In addition to the environmental benefits from biomass fired power plants, co-firing can result in “green” power labelling and governmental subsidy. Also savings on fuel costs may be a driving force for an increase of the amount of biomass or secondary fuels to be co-fired.

However, without corrosion monitoring, short-term policies concerning co-firing secondary fuels in large volumes can lead to high costs in the medium or long term. These costs can be due to corrosion damage both in the furnace and superheater sections and penalties due to unplanned outages in a highly competitive electricity market.

This paper summarizes practical experiences from corrosion monitoring programs with KEMA corrosion probes. The first prototype was successfully tested in 1997 at the Hemweg Unit 8 coal fired power plant of Reliant Energy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Other corrosion monitoring programs were carried out at coal fired power plants and at a waste incineration plant.

At present a large-scale corrosion monitoring and material testing program is in progress at the Maasvlakte power station Unit 1 near Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In this 520 MWe power plant of E.on Benelux more than 10-wt% of mixtures of secondary fuels are directly co-fired.

In addition to aspects such as emissions, fuel handling and fuel cost savings, co-firing secondary fuels requires corrosion monitoring to check the tolerance to different fuel types of coal fired boilers.     

几何量数字化测量方法与装备的现状及发展趋势

几何量数字化测量方法与测量装备的发展对制造业影响深远,随着测量任务的多样化与复杂化,对几何量数字化测量方法与测量装备的要求越来越高.本文以现有的典型测量系统为例,根据传感单元工作原理的不同对这些测量系统进行了分类,分别介绍了激光跟踪仪、激光雷达、激光跟踪干涉仪、移动空间坐标测量系统、室内GPS、数字摄影测量系统的数学模...     

A procedure to study thermo- and electrophysical properties of materials

We describe a measurement procedure and the construction of an automatic measuring complex to study thermal conductivity by an absolute stationary method and also electrical conductivity and thermal EMF of materials in a temperature range from −60 to +4400 ° C. The use of a specialized microprocessor system to perform stationary measurements and to control parameter measurement processes in combination with highgrade measuring devices and equipment developed for this procedure enables high accuracy of measurements. Test studies performed on reference samples show that the thermal conductivity measurement error does not exceed 4 and 3% for electrical conductivity and thermal EMF, respectively. In the development of devices and equipment for this measuring complex, unconventional engineering, schematic, and programming solutions are implemented. The application of a microprocessor control system together with the software developed allows the measurements to be performed automatically.     

机械设备造型设计的结构性分析

目的针对机械装备造型设计而言,产品的结构方式促成产品造型设计,产品的结构性直接影响产品的品牌形象。方法以机械装备造型设计流程为基础,分析了影响造型外观的若干因素之间的关系,产品的功能因素、人机因素、技术因素直接影响产品的结构因素,产品的结构因素影响产品形态。并结合影响机械装备造型设计的典型结构,分别对机械装备的壳体结构、连接结构和运动结构的形式和安装性形成的造型特点进行了分析和总结。结合实例,建立纺织机械装备VCRO-E型自动络筒机的评价体系,并对自动络筒机造型的视觉特征进行了分解,通过对自动络筒机造型设计中的形态因素、人机因素和功能因素进行结构性分析和应用,以验证以上方法的可行性。结论产品的结构形式是机械设备造型设计过程中的关键因素,合理的结构方式是决定机械装备造型的重要特征。     

Anodes for Direct Oxidation of Dry Hydrocarbons in a Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cell

The manufacture of fuel cells that can operate directly on various hydrocarbon fuels, without the need for reforming, has the potential of greatly speeding the application of fuel cells for transportation and distributed‐power applications. This paper will briefly review the literature in this area and describe recent developments in solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that demonstrate that direct‐oxidation fuel cells are possible with Cu‐based anodes. A new method for synthesizing thin‐electrolyte, anode‐supported cells is described that is based on tape casting with graphite pore formers (see Figure), followed by impregnation with aqueous solutions of Cu(NO₃)₂ and Ce(NO₃)₃. The performance of model SOFCs for direct conversion of n‐butane and methane is shown. Finally, future developments that are needed for this technology to be commercialized are discussed.     

Thin Electrolyte Layers for SOFC via Wet Powder Spraying (WPS)

The potential of the wet powder spraying (WPS) process for the depositon of thin dense films for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes is demonstrated. In contrast to many other production methods the process allows high deposition rates. Economical aspects such as good up‐scaling, low investment costs for the equipment and short sintering times for the layers make the WPS process an interesting alternative to other deposition techniques.     

A measurement laboratory on geographic network for remote testexperiments

A remote laboratory for teaching purposes in the field of measuring experiments was activated. Students can access automatic measuring setups and instruments via a geographic network and directly carry out real experiments. This laboratory has been devised on the basis of de-facto networking standards so that students are required to use only a simple commercial Internet Web browser. Moreover, a concurrence of more users on the same measuring setup is allowed. The remote laboratory concept allows measuring resources located at different geographically remote sites to be utilized by a wide distribution of students. In this way, a more complete educational proposal can be economically offered by several geographically remote laboratories specialized in different measuring fields     

Fuel detonation stability and authenticity and a method for measuring them

A new index is proposed in order to estimate the detonation stability of fuels, i.e., a combined detonation index depending on their electrophysical parameters. The real part of the index determines fuel detonation stability, and the imaginary part determines authenticity (corresponding to the standard). Relationships are studied between fuel octane and cetane numbers with the proposed indices. A block diagram of an instrument is provided for measuring these properties.     

卡尔·费休库仑法水分测量技术及其应用研究

运用卡尔·费休库仑法,对日本三菱公司的CA-06水分测定仪不能直接检测的固体、油品和气体中水分含量进行检测技术研究.组建了固体、油品及气体水分检测系统,试验验证检测结果准确、可信,使CA-06水分测定仪应用范围得以拓宽.将建立的检测技术应用到泡沫材料、气相白碳黑、桂树脂及高纯氢气中的水分含量检测,均获得了较好的检测结果.     

装备维修器材防潮包装干燥剂使用研究

对干燥剂的特点、使用要求、使用方法、包装用量等进行了研究,通过实例进行了说明,同时针对防潮包装实践,对防潮包装设计环节如何提高装备维修器材防潮包装的可靠性进行了研究。     

In situ high-temperature powder diffraction studies of solid oxide electrolyte direct carbon fuel cell materials in the presence of brown coal

Direct carbon fuel cells are an attractive alternative for conventional power generation; however, there is almost no information on the stability of conventional fuel cell materials in direct carbon fuel cell environments, in particular when exposed to realistic fuels and the contaminants contained within these fuels. Similarly, there is little information on the structure and phase assemblage of solid fuels exposed to typical environments found in direct carbon fuel cells. In this paper, we use in situ high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction on conventional high-temperature fuel cell materials and untreated brown coal to assess the stability and reactivity of these materials at various temperatures up to 850 °C. Materials investigated include nickel metal (Ni), gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) and yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ). The phase stability, crystallite size, lattice parameters and associated linear coefficient of thermal expansion were determined. The phase stability of all fuel cell materials was found to be good with no additional phase formation noted either during heating or after prolonged periods at temperature. An increase in the crystallite size was observed for both GDC and Ni. Non-linear thermal expansion observed in these materials was related to partial reduction of cerium ions (GDC) and due to a Curie point transition (Ni). A wide range of mineral phases were observed in the coal samples and these phases were found to change significantly with temperature. Mineral phases consistent with the ash composition and existing literature on Victorian brown coal were assigned to phases observed.