Toxic metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fishery products imported into Italy: suitability for human consumption

Mercury, cadmium, and lead concentrations were determined in various fishery products (fishes, cephalopod molluscs, and crustaceans) imported into Italy from many European and non-European coastal countries. Considerable differences were found in the concentrations of these metals among the products tested. The highest mean Hg concentration was found in fishes (0.21 μg g(-1) wet weight), whereas cephalopods had the highest mean Cd concentration (0.35 μg g(-1) wet weight). Swordfish (0.80 μg g(-1) wet weight), longtail tuna (0.53 μg g(-1) wet weight), and thornback ray (0.52 μg g(-1) wet weight) had the highest concentrations of Hg, whereas maximum Cd concentrations were found in samples of common cuttlefish (0.85 μg g(-1) wet weight) and common octopus (0.64 μg g(-1) wet weight). The majority of the samples analyzed were in compliance with European Union legislation, except for a few cases. The calculated mean weekly intakes of Hg, Cd, and Pb through consumption of the fishery products tested were all below the legislated respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes. In general, the samples analyzed were considered safe to eat with regard to the metal concentrations found and the allowable intakes based on legislation. Nevertheless, the consumption of some species may be of significant importance for consumer health.     

The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziele, unsere Kenntnisse über den gegenwärtigen Grad der Schwermetallspeicherung in Fischen zu erweitern, wurde der Gehalt an den metallischen Spurenelementen Mangan, Eisen, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Zink, Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber in bestimmten Fischarten (Kabeljau und Scholle) aus küstennahen und küstenfernen Fanggebieten der Deutschen Bucht bestimmt. Als Meßverfahren wurde die Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie eingesetzt: Bei der Bestimmung der Elemente Mn, Fe, Cu und Zn wurde die herkömmliche Flammentechnik (Laminarbrenner, Luft-Acetylen-Flamme) verwendet. Die flammenlose Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie unter Verwendung der Graphitrohrküvette diente der Bestimmung von Cd, Pb, Co und Ni. Der Gehalt an Gesamt-Quecksilber wurde mit der sogenannten Kaltdampf-Methode ermittelt. Zur Vermeidung von Fehlinterpretationen der Meßwerte von Kobalt und Nickel, die sich insbesondere bei diesen Elementen als Folge von Matrixeffekten ergeben, wurde eine spezielle Aufarbeitungstechnik entwickelt, die auf einer selektiven Abtrennung und Anreicherung durch Chelataustauscher-Chromatographie über Chelex 100 beruht.Die ermittelten analytischen Daten werden in einem Diagramm mit doppelt logarithmischem Maßstab dargestellt. Auf der Abscisse ist der Gehalt (Mittelwert von Mehrfachbestimmungen) aufgetragen, auf der Ordinate die zugehörige Reproduzierbarkeit (als Variationskoeffizient) des jeweiligen Meßverfahrens. Allen untersuchten Elementen lassen sich gut umrissene Gehaltsbereiche zuordnen.Das Spektrum der Gehalte an den Übergangsmetallen Mangan, Eisen, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer und Zink zeigt bei einem Vergleich von Fischen gleicher Art, aber verschiedener Herkunft nur geringe Unterschiede. Ebenso entsprechen einander die Gehalte, welche an Hand der Untersuchungen verschiedener Fischarten (Kabeljau, Scholle) gleicher Herkunft gewonnen wurden. Die ermittelten Werte für Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber lassen erkennen, daß Schollen, die sich in der unmittelbaren Küstenzone aufhalten, erhöhte Gehalte aufweisen.

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The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight

Summary With the intention of increasing our knowledge about the actual degree of heavy metal accumulation in fish, the contents of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury in certain fish species (cod and plaice) from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight have been determined. The measurements have been performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Flame AAS was used as investigating procedure for the determination of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. A non-flame atomization system with a heated graphite tube was used for the determination of Cd, Pb, Co, and Ni. The concentration of total Hg was estimated according to the so-called cold vapour atomic absorption method. In order to avoid errors in interpretation of measured values of Co and Ni, which occured as a result of matrix effects, a special technique has been developed. This based upon an selective separation and enrichment by chelate exchanger chromatography (Chelex 100).The analytical data obtained are plotted in a diagram with log.-log. scale. The content is shown on thex-axis, and the corresponding relative reproducibility (variation coefficient) of the method used is shown on the y-axis. For all elements investigated certain levels have been found out.From an examination of the results it appeared that there were comparatively small differences in the prevailing concentrations of transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn between samples of the same species from different areas. Likewise, the levels estimated for plaice did not differ from those estimated for cod. There is some evidence of elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in plaice from areas along the coastline.

     

Occurrence of dioxins (PCDDs,PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild,farmed and processed fish,and shellfish

Forty-eight composite samples of the most commonly consumed fish and shellfish species were prepared from up to 60 individual subsamples of each species and analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These included 24 species of fresh wild fish, seven of farmed fish, seven of fresh shellfish, and ten processed fish and shellfish products. The ISO 17025-accredited analytical methodology used is consistent with the requirements given in European Commission Directive 2002/69/EC. Concentrations ranged from 0.03 ng kg^–1 PCDD/F plus PCB World Health Organization-toxic equivalent quantity (WHO-TEQ) for a sample of surimi, to approximately 6 ng kg^–1 for wild pilchards/sardines. The corresponding range for the ΣICES-6 PCBs was 0.04 μg kg^–1 to approximately 47 μg kg^–1. None of the samples showed concentrations above the European Union maximum permitted limits. Averaged PCDD/F and PCB concentrations for the two groups of farmed and wild fish show that there is little difference between the two categories, although individual species may show variations depending on factors such as the sampling location.     

海产品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb对人体健康的潜在风险评价

测定几种海产品(软体类、甲壳类、鱼类)中重金属Hg、Cd 、Pb 的含量,并运用危害商数(target hazard quotients,THQs)评价食用海产品对人体健康的潜在风险。结果发现：Hg 在软体类生物中的含量范围为0.06～1.23mg/kg,其次为鱼类(0.024～1.03mg/kg),甲壳类生物最低(未检出～0.25mg/kg);Cd 在软体类生物中的含量为 0.18～4.02mg/kg,高于甲壳类(未检出～0.05mg/kg)和鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg);Pb含量较低,软体类(0.04～0.23mg/kg)、甲壳类(未检出0.03mg/kg)、鱼类(未检出～0.07mg/kg)。Cd 和Pb 的危害商数说明该市场的海产品中这两种金属对人体健康不具有潜在风险,相比之下,重金属汞在某一种鱼中的危害商数可能对人体健康有潜在风险。     

The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German bight.

With the intention of increasing our knowledge about the actual degree of heavy metal accumulation in fish, the contents of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury in certain fish species (cod and plaice) from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight have been determined. The measurements have been performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Flame AAS was used as investigating procedure for the determination of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. A non-flame atomization system with a heated graphite tube was used for the determination of Cd, Pb, Co, and Ni. The concentration of total Hg was estimated according to the so-called "cold vapour atomic absorption method". In order to avoid errors in interpretation of measured values of Co and Ni, which occured as a result of matrix effects, a special technique has been developed. This based upon an selective separation and enrichment by chelate exchanger chromatography ("Chelex 100"). The analytical data obtained are plotted in a diagram with log.-log. scale. The content is shown on the x-axis, and the corresponding relative reproducibility (variation coefficient) of the method used is shown on the y-axis. For all elements investigated certain levels have been found out. From an examination of the results it appeared that there were comparatively small differences in the prevailing concentrations of transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn between samples of the same species from different areas. Likewise, the levels estimated for plaice did not differ from those estimated for cod. There is some evidence of elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in plaice from areas along the coastline.     

SDS-PAGE of salted anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus L) during the ripening process

 Changes in the muscle proteins during the ripening of salted anchovies have been examined using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The chemical changes occurring in the muscle proteins of anchovy during the ripening process were related to the degradation of the myofibrillar structure of the muscle. In spite of a considerable protein degradation the ripened salted anchovy maintained its structure and was easily cut into fillets. Hydrolysis of muscle proteins was significant during the first 6 weeks. Proteins of molecular weight higher than 35 kDa were more likely to be hydrolysed. Myosin heavy chains were the most sensitive myofibrillar protein. α-Actinin, actin and tropomyosin were more resistant to enzymatic degradation. Due to protein build-up of peptides resulting from the breakdown of the higher molecular proteins, it was difficult to measure changes in the myosin light chains and troponin sub-units. Received: 28 December 1999 / Revised version: 9 March 2000     

The levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in brook trouts from the River Leine in the area of G?ttingen (West Germany) (author's transl)]

In order to evaluate the load of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) imposed on the River Leine by the city of G?ttingen (medium-sized town) the content of heavy metals in fish samples (which had been collected at two points on the River Leine, upstream, respectively downstream of G?ttingen--Fig. 1) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Analysis of heavy metals in brook trout (total fish, flesh, and liver) showed a statistically significant definite increase in some heavy metals, caused by the sewage from the city of G?ttingen. In the flesh only Cd in the liver Cd, Hg and Zn and in the total fish Cd, Cu and Zn had been increased significantly. All the values of heavy metals in the flesh were lower than the suggested maximum allowable concentrations.     

Effect of dietary patterns on the blood/urine concentration of the selected toxic metals (Cd,Hg, Pb) in Korean children

Food Science and Biotechnology - This study was aimed to examine the association the blood/urinary concentration of toxic metal (Hg, Pb, and Cd) with children’s dietary patterns. This...     

Predatory bird species show different patterns of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) have previously been associated with endocrine disrupting effects. Since metabolic capacity may differ among species, we investigated the levels and profiles of HO-PCBs and PCBs in livers of four predatory bird species from Belgium. Maximum concentrations for sum HO-PCBs were found in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) up to 13 700 pg/g wet weight (ww). The most prominent HO-PCB congener in all bird species was 4-HO-CB 187 (up to 6420 pg/g ww in buzzard liver), followed by 4-HO-CB148 in the buzzard (up to 1820 pg/g ww), sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), and grey heron (Ardea cinerea), and by 3'-HO-CB138 in long eared owl (Asio otus) and in one grey heron (up to 985 pg/g ww and 3450 pg/g ww, respectively). The mean profile of the grey heron differed from the other species with 3'-HO-CB138 and 4-HO-CB163 contributing more to the sum HO-PCBs. This indicates that aquatic and terrestrial predatory bird species may show differences in their HO-PCBs profiles. Variation in the diet and species-specific accumulation and metabolism of PCBs are probably the most important causes for these differences. Correlations between HO-PCBs and their parent PCBs were only found significant for buzzards.     

Retention of three heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cd) in a calcareous soil controlled by the modification of flow with geotextiles

Although geotextiles are increasingly employed in stormwater infiltration basins, their influence on the flow and transfer of contaminants, such as heavy metals, has not been fully investigated. Leaching column experiments were conducted to characterize the flow and transfer of three heavy metals (zinc, lead, and cadmium) in a calcareous soil with and without geotextiles under steady-state flow and close to saturation forthe soil. The influence of geotextiles was characterized for two types of geotextiles (needlepunched and thermosealed) and for two different initial saturation degrees for the needlepunched geotextile. The main results showed that, when placed wet, the needlepunched geotextile had no influence. When placed dry, it homogenized the flow in its surroundings and thus allowed better contact between heavy metals and the reactive soil, resulting in an increase of their retention. The thermosealed geotextile, placed dry, homogenized the flow and increased retention over a larger area, resulting in optimal global retention. In conclusion, geotextiles could be used in infiltration basins, provided that their effect on both flow and heavy metal retention is optimized by appropriate design--choice of geotextiles--and appropriate monitoring--control of hydric conditions.     

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs from free-range hens in Campania (southern Italy) and risk evaluation

ABSTRACT

Hens’ eggs collected in home-producing farms located in different areas of the Campania region of southern Italy were analysed for six NDL-polychlorobiphenyls (PCB indicators), 17 polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and 12 congeners of dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). In the investigated area, waste from civil, industrial and hospital activities was illegally dumped and in many cases burned, so the area is called the ‘Land of fire’. This illicit practice has been considered the main source of pollution in this territory and the cause of the persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs) contamination in the neighbouring lands intended for agricultural use and livestock. The results, which were obtained from the analysis of 56 samples of eggs, showed levels of contamination by dioxins and PCBs that have often exceeded the action levels set by European Union Recommendation 711/2013 and sometimes even exceeded the maximum levels set by Commission Regulation (EU) 1259/2011. The median PCDD/Fs was 0.41 pg TEQ g^?1 fat (range = 0.01–6.18 pg TEQ g^?1 fat) and the median concentration of DL-PCBs was 0.70 pg TEQ g^?1 fat (range = 0.01–14.60 pg TEQ g^?1 fat), whereas NDL-PCBs median was 7.35 ng g^?1 fat (range = 0.48–67.55 ng g^?1 fat). Nevertheless, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) calculated for consumers of eggs home produced in Campania is lower than the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) established by the European Union Scientific Committee on Food (SCF).     

Determination of heavy metals (Cd,Pb) and trace elements (Cu,Zn) in sediments and fish of the Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) by atomic absorption spectrometry

The Bay of Güllük in Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) is very important by the potential of marine product in the Aegean Sea. There are various polluting elements in Güllük Bay. The current situation of the bay and impact of pollutants have became necessity. Dicentrarchus labrax are frequently used for human consumption. In this study, heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and trace elements (Cu, Zn) were analyzed in fish (D. labrax) and sediments in the Bay of Güllük by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average metal concentrations in the fish varied in the following ranges: Pb; <0.02–0.4, Cd; <0.01–0.04, Cu; <0.1, Zn; <0.5–7.2 mg kg⁻¹. In addition, seven sediment samples were analyzed and avarage concentrations of them were found as Zn; 80.8 ± 0.45, Cu; 25.2 ± 0.14, Pb; 20.0 ± 2, Cd; 0.560.08 mg kg⁻¹. The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by using International Certified Reference samples (fish: DORM-2, sediment: HISS-1).     

Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in indoor air

Indoor air levels of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (mono- and non-ortho substituted PCB) of various buildings were determined. As a consequence of the presence of joint sealings containing PCB, total PCB concentrations in indoor air up to 4,200 ng/m3 were detected (data based on a survey including 29 sampling sites). In a PCB contaminated industrial building, total indoor air PCB levels up to 13,000 ng/m3 were measured. Typical PCB congeners in indoor air include PCB 28, PCB 52, and PCB 101. Concentrations of coplanar (dioxin-like) PCB have been determined for six different sites. The most abundant coplanar PCB congener in indoor air is PCB 118, followed by PCB 105, PCB 123, and PCB 77 in various order. Levels of coplanar PCB, expressed as toxicity equivalents (TEG), do correlate well with the total indoor air PCB concentration: a total PCB level of 1,000 ng/m3 corresponds to a concentration of coplanar PCB of 1.2 pg TEQ/m3. Based on this correlation and on an indoor air PCB level of 6,000 ng/m3 (tentative guideline value for PCB in indoor air in Switzerland based on a daily exposure of 8 h), the maximum daily intake of coplanar PCB via indoor air was estimated to be 0.6 pg TEQ/kg body weight.     

Assessment of noise and heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the ambience of the production line for recycling waste printed circuit boards

The crush-pneumatic separation-corona electrostatic separation production line provides a feasible method for industrialization of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) recycling. To determine the potential environmental contamination in the automatic line workshop, noise and heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the ambience of the production line have been evaluated in this paper. The mean noise level in the workshop has been reduced from 96.4 to 79.3 dB since the engineering noise control measures were employed. Noise whose frequency ranged from 500 to 1000 Hz is controlled effectively. The mass concentrations of TSP and PM(10) in the workshop are 282.6 and 202.0 μg/m(3), respectively. Pb (1.40 μg/m(3)) and Cu (1.22 μg/m(3)) are the most enriched metals in TSP samples followed by Cr (0.17 μg/m(3)) and Cd (0.028 μg/m(3)). The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd in PM(10) are 0.88, 0.56, 0.12, and 0.88 μg/m(3), respectively. Among the four metals, Cr and Pb are released into the ambience of the automatic line more easily in the crush and separation process. Health risk assessment shows that noncancerous effects might be possible for Pb (HI = 1.45), and noncancerous effects are unlikely for Cr, Cu, and Cd. The carcinogenic risks for Cr and Cd are 3.29 × 10(-8) and 1.61 × 10(-9), respectively. It indicates that carcinogenic risks on workers are relatively light in the workshop. These findings suggest that this technology is advanced from the perspective of environmental protection in the waste PCBs recycling industry.     

Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese

The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese has been investigated. In total 43 milk samples and 64 mozzarella cheese samples, coming from 40 creameries in the Caserta region of southern Italy, and 26 buffalo mozzarella cheese samples, purchased in Reggio Calabria's supermarkets have been analysed. The extraction and clean up method resulted in an efficient separation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from other compounds that might interfere with the instrumental analysis. Analysis was carried out using an isotopic dilution method in conjunction with High Resolution Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). Of the 90 mozzarella cheese samples analysed none exceeded toxicity values higher than the maximum limits requested by CE regulation CE No 2375/2001, 29/11/2001. Five of the 41 milk samples analysed showed toxicity values higher than the maximum law limits.     

Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish oil dietary supplements: Occurrence and human exposure in the UK

Commercially available fish oil supplements sourced from retail outlets in the UK, as well as by mail order, were surveyed in 2000-02 for dioxin (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content. Sampled products were representative of market share. The WHO-TEQ values for these products ranged from 0.18 to 8.4 ng kg^-1 for ΣPCDD/F and from 1.1 to 41 ng kg^-1 for Σ dioxin-like PCBs. The results suggest a downward trend in the levels of dioxins in fish oil supplements over the last decade, since levels for similar products ranged from 0.3 to 10 ng kg^-1 for ΣPCDD/F WHO-TEQ in 1996. Levels of ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Seas) 7 PCBs in the current study ranged from 8.3 to 267 µg kg^-1. Subsequent to this survey, European Union legislation has been introduced that includes a maximum limit of 2 ng kg^-1 WHO-TEQ for dioxins in fish oil products for human consumption. Twelve of the 33 products reported here would have exceeded this limit. Negotiations are in progress to incorporate dioxin-like PCBs into the European Union regulations. When manufacturer-recommended doses were applied to the observed levels, the estimated upper bound human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from dietary intake of these products ranged from 0.02 to 7.1 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight day^-1 for adults and from 0.02 to 10 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight day^-1 for schoolchildren. This level rises to 1.8-8.9 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight day^-1 for adults and 1.4-14 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight day^-1 for schoolchildren when combined with the average exposure from the whole diet in 1997. Again, subsequent to this survey, the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) revised the UK tolerable daily intake (TDI) for mixtures of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from 10 to 2 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight day^-1. This is in line with the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 14 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 body weight set by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF).     

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in shark liver oil supplements

Results are reported of a pilot survey of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in shark liver oil supplements. Eleven brands of dietary supplements were analysed using an isotope dilution GC/MS method. Total concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -49, -66, -99, -100, -153, -154, -155 and -183) ranged from 0.1 to 53 ng g^-1 oil weight and total concentrations of six PCB congeners (CB-28/31, -52, -118, -153 and -180) in the samples ranged from 16 to 340 ng g^-1 oil weight (undetected values are not included). Two brands of Japanese deep-sea shark liver oil contained the highest levels of PBDEs (49-53 ng g^-1 oil weight) and PCBs (290-340 ng g^-1 oil weight). These results indicate that PBDEs may have entered Japanese deep-sea waters.     

Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals and omega‐3 fatty acids in commercially available Korean functional fish oil supplements

In this study, the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), as well as chemical indices including acid and peroxide values were determined among twenty‐four commercially available functional fish oil supplements. The sum of indicator PCB congeners (congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) was below the limit of quantification of 0.043 mg kg^?1. Metallic compounds (Cd, Pb, Hg and As) were not detected in all fish oil supplement samples. The relative percentages of EPA and DHA in fish oil supplements ranged from 25% to 80%. The acid values ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg KOH per g oil, and peroxide values ranged from 2.7 to 28.8 meq per kg oil. All fish oil supplement samples tested in current study met the safety standard for fish oil supplements set by Korean government as well as International standard.     

含铅汞铬镉无机颜料的限用及其替代

评析目前欧盟推出的针对含铅镉等无机颜料的RoHS法规和SVHC法规,包括这些法规中所限制的各种无机颜料,指出了目前市场可供的代用无机颜料和有机颜料,以供企业参考。     

Gehalt an Schwermetallen (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in Bachforellen im Leine-Raum G?ttingen

Zusammenfassung Um das Ausmaß der Belastung der Leine mit Schwermetallen (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) durch die Abwässer der Stadt Göttingen zu erforschen, wurden die Schwermetallgehalte in Bachforellen, die der Leine an zwei Probenahmestellen, oberhalb bzw. unterhalb Göttingen (Abb. 1) entnommen worden waren, mit Hilfe des Atom-Absorptions-Spektrometer ermittelt.Die durchgeführten Schwermetalluntersuchungen (im Gesamtfisch, Muskulatur und Leber) ergaben im Vergleich der obengenannten Fangorte eine statistisch gesicherte Zunahme einiger Schwermetalle durch die in diesem urbanisierten Raum anfallenden Abwässer. In der Fischmuskulatur waren nur Cd, in der Leber Cd, Hg, Zn und im Gesamtfisch Cd, Cu, Zn signifikant erhöht.Sämtliche Schwermetallwerte der Fischmuskulatur lagen unterhalb der in der Literatur vorgeschlagenen, als zulässig zu betrachtenden Höchstwerte.

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The levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Ph, Zn) in brook trouts from the River Leine in the area of Göttingen (West Germany)

Summary In order to evaluate the load of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) imposed on the River Leine by the city of Göttingen (medium-sized town) the content of heavy metals in fish samples (which had been collected at two points on the River Leine, upstream, respectively downstream of Göttingen — Fig. 1) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Analysis of heavy metals in brook trout (total fish, flesh, and liver) showed a statistically significant definite increase in some heavy metals, caused by the sewage from the city of Göttingen. In the flesh only Cd in the liver Cd, Hg and Zn and in the total fish Cd, Cu and Zn had been increased significantly. All the values of heavy metals in the flesh were lower than the suggested maximum allowable concentrations.

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Diese Arbeit wurde am Institut für Agrikulturchemie der Universität Göttingen (Direktor: Prof. Dr. E. Welte) angefertigt