铈及冷却速率对铬锰氮不锈钢定向凝固稳态区组织的影响

采用电磁感应定向凝固生长炉制备了铬锰氮不锈钢定向凝固试样,研究了凝固速率和稀土铈含量对试样稳态区凝固组织的影响。结果表明,当凝固速率为12μm/s时,试样稳态区的凝固组织是胞状组织,随着凝固速率增加到120μm/s和500μm/s时,试样稳态区的胞状组织向枝晶状组织转变,且随冷速的增加,枝晶臂来不及长大。当冷速为12μm/s时,随铈含量增加到0.067%时,枝晶尖端的成分过冷增加,凝固组织也由胞状向枝晶状转变,晶粒形态发生变化,晶粒界面增多,从而提高了铬锰氮不锈钢的硬度。     

定向凝固Cu-1.0%Cr合金中带状组织及其形成机制

在温度梯度为200 K/cm和凝固速率为2-10μm/s下, Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶合金的凝固组织中分别存在单相平界面和共晶、单相平界面和胞晶及胞间共晶、单相胞晶和共晶3种带状组织.从实验和理论两方面阐明了上述带状组织的产生与合金定向凝固界面前沿的溶质分布有关;形成的原因是合金未达到稳态凝固,凝固速率和合金成分一直处于变化之中.另外,单相平界面和共晶的带状组织中,合金凝固速率在单相平界面凝固中随着界面液相成分的增加而逐渐增大,而在共晶组织中随着界面前沿液相成分的减少而逐渐减小.     

生长速率对Al-Zn-Mg合金显微组织和溶质分布的影响（英文）

定向凝固制备Al-5.3%Zn-5.3%Mg合金,在生长速率为4~500μm/s、温度梯度为25 K/cm的条件下,采用改进的晶体生长Bridgman技术研究该合金的形貌转变和溶质分布。结果表明,在生长速率为6.5~9.5μm/s的条件下,产生了晶胞。在速率下限时,界面前沿向晶胞组织转变,而在速率上限时晶胞组织转变为柱状枝晶。在30~500μm/s速率下凝固的合金,其微观组织主要由柱状枝晶组成,然而在大于500μm/s速率下凝固的合金,其微观组织为等轴晶。多元合金枝晶凝固的溶质分布实验结果与Rappaz和Boettinger模型预测的相吻合。根据溶质分布结果,可以得到τ相的沉淀分数,采用τ相作为铝牺牲阳极能提高合金的电化学性能。     

定向凝固下Cu-0.5Cr合金的界面形态和组织演化

采用定向凝固工艺研究了不同速率下Cu-0.5Cr合金的凝固组织演化。结果表明,在温度梯度为200K/cm下,定向凝固速率由2μm/s增加到500μm/s时,凝固组织依次呈现平界面组织→胞状组织→枝晶组织→细胞状组织→板条状组织。试验中凝固速率达到10μm/s后,合金定向凝固组织中存在非平衡凝固的共晶组织,其体积分数随凝固速率的增加逐渐减少。不同凝固速率下初生α-Cu的一次枝晶间距值位于KF模型和Hunt-Lu模型计算结果之间。     

纵向磁场对不同尺寸定向凝固高温合金DZ417G组织的影响

进行了外加纵向静磁场下高温合金DZ417G的定向凝固实验,考察了纵向磁场对不同尺寸试样凝固组织形貌的影响.结果显示,在温度悌度为70℃/cm,抽拉速率为5μm/s时,施加磁场后一次枝晶间距减小,并在试样边缘出现等轴晶组织;随着试样尺寸的增大,在试样边缘和中心的柱状枝晶组织遭到破坏,形成等轴晶组织,且出现"斑状"偏析.这些现象可归结为磁场在固/液界面前沿合金熔体中诱发的热电磁对流(TEMC)所致.     

定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金枝晶组织与抽拉速率的关系

用自制下拉式定向凝固设备,在一定的温度梯度下,在20-220μm/s的抽拉速率范围制备定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金,并对其微观组织、特别是一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：定向凝固微观组织随抽拉速率的增大呈细化趋势,其一次枝晶间距减小;当抽拉速率小于100μm/s时,枝晶间距随抽拉速率而减小的幅度较大;当抽拉速率大于100μm/s时,枝晶间距减小幅度较为平缓。在综合分析抽拉速率、界面生长速率、温度梯度等影响因素的基础上,推导出界面局域平衡条件下预测定向凝固次枝晶间距的理论模型,该模型能够较为准确地反映定向凝固一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率在100-220μm/s范围的变化规律,为定向凝固工艺获得特定组织而预先选配合适的工艺参数提供理论参考。     

Nd-Fe-B包晶合金高梯度定向凝固试验研究

在定向凝固试验中,采用全熔和区熔两种加热方式分别获得了180 K/cm和250～360 k/cm的温度梯度,在5～500μm/s的抽拉速率范围内对过包晶Nd13.5Fe79.75 B6.75合金进行了定向凝固试验,考察了温度梯度和抽拉速率对此合金凝固组织及相含量的影响.结果表明,合金的凝固组织包含初生a-Fe枝晶、包晶Nd2Fe14B相及少量的富Nd相.随着抽拉速率的增加,包晶相含量先增加后减少;而在同一抽拉速率下,提高温度梯度可增加铁磁性Nd2Fe14B相的含量.当抽拉速率为50 μm/s时,区熔试样中(G=300 K/cm)Nd2Fe14B相的含量可达约90%,而相同速率下全熔试样(G=180 K/cm)中其含量约为60%.     

定向凝固速率对Cu-7．9％Co包晶合金凝固组织的影响

对Cu-7．9％Co包晶合金不同定向凝固速率下的凝固组织进行了研究。结果表明：在定向凝固速率1μm／s～100μm／s下，随凝固速率的提高，初生α-Co相体积分数减少，使形态从定向生长的枝晶转变为等轴枝晶，相应地β-Cu包晶相的生长界面形态由平界面转变为枝状界面。利用最高界面生长温度假设，计算得到了凝固速率在0．55μm／s～5000μm／s范围内α-Co相领先于β-Cu相生长，与实验结果较为吻合；并当凝固速率大于5000μm／s时，β-Cu相的凝固界面生长温度高于α-Co而成为领先相，可以不通过包晶反应直接从熔体中凝固析出。     

试样尺寸对定向凝固Al-4%Cu合金固/液界面特征的影响

采用定向凝固方法研究不同试样尺寸对Al-4%Cu合金凝固固/液界面特征的影响.结果表明:当凝固速率v=1 μm/s时,小尺寸试样的平界面更加平直;当v=5 μm/s时,随着试样尺寸的增大,界面形态分别为浅胞-深胞一初始枝晶,同时,试样边缘的组织比中心的组织更不稳定;在相同凝固速率下,小尺寸试样的温度梯度较大,促使界面稳定性提高;试样尺寸的增大引起径向温差增大,促进溶质流动,使试样边缘产生溶质富集,从而使平界面弯曲;由于试样中心排出的溶质大部分流向界面前沿糊状区的液相中,而枝晶糊状区的液相比胞晶的多,因而形成的枝晶界面弯曲程度比胞晶的小.     

抽拉速率对定向凝固Al-4％Cu合金枝晶界面特征的影响

采用Al-4%Cu合金,对不同抽拉速率下定向凝固枝晶界面特征进行了研究.结果表明,当抽拉速率从100 μm/s增至600μm/s时,一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率的增大而减小.在枝晶固/液界面存在枝晶干的凸起,其平-凸-平-凸的程度随抽拉速率的增加呈现先加强后减弱最后几乎消失的规律.随着抽拉速率的增大,枝晶尖端温度先升高而后降低.采用KGT模型和非平衡效应研究了枝晶界面温度,分析了尖端过冷度和尖端成分对枝晶界面特征的影响,得到非平衡凝固枝晶尖端过冷度的计算方程.界面平-凸-平-凸的程度与枝晶尖端成分和尖端过冷度有关.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.