赶黄草花、叶、杆中总黄酮含量及其抗氧化性比较研究

运用超声辅助-分光光度法优化了赶黄草花、叶、杆中总黄酮提取的料液比、超声时间、超声温度及超声功率等工艺条件及其含量测定。结果表明：赶黄草花、叶、杆中总黄酮平均得率分别为：11.09%、9.27%、4.06%。且样品的总黄酮提取液对DPPH·、OH·自由基均有良好的清除率,均超过66%。结果表明：赶黄草花、叶、杆均有良好的抗氧化活性,具有明显的抗病毒、抗衰老等药效作用。     

肺筋草中油脂类成分的提取及其抗氧化性研究

研究采用了石油醚提取肺筋草油脂类成分的提取工艺,并对肺筋草油脂的抗氧化性进行了探讨。确立了从肺筋草中提取油脂类成分的最佳提取工艺,工艺流程为:以石油醚为提取溶剂,超声提取料液比为1:8,时间40 min,功率350 W。利用抗氧化能力(T-AOC)测试盒初步测定了肺筋草油脂的总抗氧化能力。实验结果表明肺筋草油脂具有较好的抗氧化活性。为肺筋草油脂类成分在保健食品等行业的应用提供了理论依据。     

橙皮提取物对猪油的抗氧化能力的研究

在温度为60℃和9天时间内,在100g猪油中分别加入0.02g的乙醇、乙醚和乙酸乙酯的橙皮提取物和0.02g的二丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）,测得猪油过氧化值（POV）依次为0.111、0.0966、0.0738和0.0835meq/kg。同样条件下,未加抗氧化剂的猪油POV为1.038meq/kg。这说明橙皮提取物对猪油有显著的抗氧化能力。乙酏乙酯的橙皮提取物抗氧化能力甚至优于BHT。     

阳荷总黄酮对食用油脂的抗氧化作用研究

以阳荷姜为原料,采用超声波辅助醇提法提取阳荷总黄酮,以芦丁为对照品用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。研究了阳荷总黄酮对大豆油的抗氧化作用,并与维生素C、柠檬酸进行比较。结果表明:阳荷黄酮具有很强的抗氧化能力,且0.1%的阳荷黄酮抗氧化能力相当于0.05%的维生素C。可作为天然抗氧化剂用于油脂和含油脂食物中,能起到抗氧化作用,延长保质期。     

银杏叶总黄酮的提取及其抗氧化性的研究

采取微波辅助乙醇法提取银杏叶总黄酮,探讨最佳提取条件及产品的抗氧化性活性。研究表明,提取的影响因素顺序为乙醇浓度>固液比>微波时间>微波功率,最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度90%,固液比1∶40(g/mL),微波时间20 min,微波功率600 W。抗氧化的实验表明,银杏叶黄酮提取物对超氧阴离子、羟自由基和DPPH自由基均有较强的清除作用,且随着添加量的增大而增强。同浓度的银杏提取物比同浓度的Vc溶液清除效果好。     

永州荔枝草总黄酮超声提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以永州野生荔枝草为对象,在测定总黄酮含量基础上,采用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺,进一步研究总黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,荔枝草中总黄酮含量为7. 32%;最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶15、超声温度30℃、超声时间50 min,总黄酮得率为5. 40%,总黄酮提取率达到73. 77%。荔枝草总黄酮提取物清除DPPH自由基活性较强,且有良好的线性关系。     

柑橘皮总黄酮的提取及抗氧化性研究

采取乙醇索氏提取法、纤维素酶辅助法、微波提取法以及超声波提取法从柑橘皮中提取总黄酮,研究了用超声波法得到的柑橘皮提取物中总黄酮对O2-·和·OH的抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声波法提取柑橘皮中总黄酮提取率最高,可达1.583%。柑橘皮提取物中总黄酮对O2-·和·OH清除能力良好。为柑橘皮作为天然抗氧化剂和功能性食品的开发利用提供了理论基础和实验依据。     

金莲花中黄酮类物质对食用油脂的抗氧化性能研究

本文以花生油为介质,以过氧化值为指标研究了金莲花中黄酮的抗氧化性能。研究表明金莲花黄酮对食用油脂的氧化有较好的抑制作用,且抗氧化作用随添加量的增加而增强。通过增效实验发现,α-生育酚的增效作用最强,0.02%的α-生育酚与金莲花黄酮共同作用,其抗氧化作用强于0.02%BHT抗氧化效果。     

不同方式处理杜仲雄花总黄酮的提取及抗氧化性研究

以杜仲雄花为原料,单因素结合正交实验,研究了超声辅助杜仲雄花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件,并评价不同处理方式对其总黄酮含量的影响及抗氧化性。结果表明,杜仲雄花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度60%,超声温度60℃,超声功率250 W,超声时间20 min,料液比1∶30(g/m L)。该条件下,阴干、杀青、炒制和花粉样品的提取率分别是2.18%,1.85%,3.58%和2.46%,杜仲雄花总黄酮能够有效地清除羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和亚硝酸盐,优于同浓度条件下抗氧化剂VC。     

不同方式处理杜仲雄花总黄酮的提取及抗氧化性研究

以杜仲雄花为原料,单因素结合正交实验,研究了超声辅助杜仲雄花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件,并评价不同处理方式对其总黄酮含量的影响及抗氧化性。结果表明,杜仲雄花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度60%,超声温度60℃,超声功率250 W,超声时间20 min,料液比1∶30(g/m L)。该条件下,阴干、杀青、炒制和花粉样品的提取率分别是2.18%,1.85%,3.58%和2.46%,杜仲雄花总黄酮能够有效地清除羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和亚硝酸盐,优于同浓度条件下抗氧化剂VC。     

Detection of lard and randomized lard as adulterants in refined-bleached-deodorized palm oil by differential scanning calorimetry

A study was conducted to assess the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for detecting the presence of lard/randomized lard as adulterants in refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) palm oil. Lard extracted from the adipose tissues of pig was chemically interesterified using sodium methoxide as catalyst. DSC thermal profiles of both genuine lard and randomized lard were compared with those of other common animal fats such as beef tallow, mutton tallow, and chicken fat. Lard and randomized lard were then blended with RBD palm oil in two series, in proportions ranging from 0.2 to 20%, and DSC analyses were obtained. The DSC cooling profiles of adulterated RBD palm oil samples showed an adulteration peak corresponding to lard/randomized lard in the low-temperature region. This peak was confirmed as an indicator of the presence of lard in RBD palm oil since similar experiments carried out using other common animal fats such as mutton tallow, beef tallow, and chicken fat showed that the lard adulteration peak could be distinctly identified. Using this method, a detection limit of 1% lard/randomized lard was reached (P<0.0001).     

Lubrication properties of trimethylolpropane esters based on palm oil and palm kernel oils

Due to the global drive towards biodegradable products, trimethylolpropane [2‐ethyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1, 3‐propanediol] (TMP) esters based on palm and palm kernel oils were synthesized, their lubrication properties evaluated, and their potential as base stock for biodegradable lubricants assessed. Two types of TMP esters were considered: palm kernel (PKOTE) and palm oil (PPOTE) TMP esters, derived from palm oil and palm kernel methyl esters, respectively. Lubrication properties such as viscosity, viscosity index (VI) and pour point (PP) were determined according to methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Wear and friction properties were evaluated using a four‐ball test machine, while oxidative stability was studied with the Penn State Micro‐oxidation thin‐film test. High VI ranges between 170 to 200 were recorded for these base stocks. PP were relatively high, between 4 to —1 °C, but were improved to at least —33 °C in high oleic palm oil TMP esters. The effects of chemical structure and impurities on wear properties and oxidative stability were also studied. The presence of methyl esters was found to improve wear, but hydroxyl groups in mono‐ and diesters had negative effects at high concentrations. Differences in chemical structures of PKOTE and PPOTE were shown to affect friction and wear results. Both base fluids exhibit oxidative stability comparable to other high oleic base fluids.     

Comparative evaluation of palm oil color measurement using a prototype palm oil colorimeter

The color of refined palm oil and palm oil products is conventionally measured using the manually operated Lovibond^® Tintometer. In the present study, one manual/visual and three automatic colorimeters for the measurement of vegetable oil color were used for color measurements of refined palm oil. All colorimeters used were commercially available instruments except for an automatic palm oil colorimeter developed specifically for the measurement of palm oil color. The color values obtained from all four instruments were compared using the visually obtained readings as reference values. Results showed that all three automatic instruments gave correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9300 for red color measurements. In addition, the Student t-test showed no difference between the analysis of red color using the visual method and the palm oil colorimeter. This investigation concludes that, although it is extremely difficult to reduce the lack of precision in color measurement of palm oil, a properly designed and calibrated automatic instrument may still be the better choice because reproducibility and repeatability are required in all standard test methods. The palm oil colorimeter offers a ready and relatively inexpensive solution to the problem of color matches based on visual observations.     

Determination of cypermethrin in palm oil matrices

In this study, a new method was developed for the determination of cypermethrin residue in both crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) using GC with electron capture detector. In this method, the oil was extracted with acetonitrile. Aliquots were cleaned‐up using combined solid phase extraction (SPE), and a primary‐secondary amine in combination with graphitized carbon black. The SPE cartridges were first conditioned and then eluted with acetonitrile. Cypermethrin recoveries from the fortified CPO samples were 87–98% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 4–8%, while those for the fortified CPKO samples were 83–100% with RSD values of 3–10%. Since good recoveries were obtained with RSD values below 10% in most cases, the proposed methodology will be useful for the analyses of palm oil samples. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of cypermethrin in real palm oil samples from various parts of Malaysia. No cypermethrin residue was found among 30 samples analyzed.     

The effect of the refining process on the interfacial properties of palm oil

The interfacial tension of palm oil against water at 60°C was determined in the presence of monoglycerides with (i) different acyl chain lengths, (ii) the same acyl chain length but with different unsaturation, and (iii) different phospholipids. The interfacial tensions of the oil/water interface were depressed, albeit to different extents, by the presence of these substances, depending on the acyl chain length, unsaturation, and the chemical structure of the species adsorbed. The adsorption of the saturated monoglycerides C12∶0, C14∶0, C16∶0, C18∶0 and the unsaturated monoglycerides of C18∶1 and C18∶3 is consistent with a Langmuir isotherm at the palm oil/water interface. However, fitting of the data for C18∶2, l-α-phosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylcholine to the Langmuir isotherm is less satisfactory. The surface areas of the materials adsorbed at the palm oil/water interface are much larger than those of liquid condensed films and closer to those for liquid expanded films. The influence of the nature of the oil (triglycerides), the minor components in the oil, and thier interactions with the added lipids at the oil/water interface are briefly discussed. The effect of the refining process on the interfacial properties of palm oil against water was also studied. The efficiency of the refining process in minor oil contaminants’ removal and the quality of the oil obtained as reflected by the interfacial properties of the oil is discussed.     

Improvement of palm oil through breeding and biotechnology

The oil palm Elaeis guineensis is the highest oil-yielding crop and has the potential to become the major supplier of both edible oil and renewable industrial feedstock. The oil yield from wild groves is presently less than 0.5 t/ha/y. However, through breeding and selection, the oil yield of commercial plantations could reach as much as 8 t/ha/y. New planting materials also have the capability of better oil yields with high iodine value (IV), slow height increment, and larger kernels. The oil also contains considerable amounts of carotenoids (500–700 ppm), vitamin E (600–1000 ppm), and sterols (250–620 ppm). The oil yield of another oil palm species, E. oleifera, is approximately 0.5 t/ha/y with high contents of carotenoids (700–1500 ppm), vitamin E (700–1500 ppm), and sterols (3500–4000 ppm). The above traits could be improved through breeding and biotechnology. Biotechnological efforts at the Palm Oil Institute of Malaysia are directed toward the production of oil with high IV and high monounsaturated fatty acids for edible purposes and industrial uses. Isolation and manipulation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids are the main focus. The aim is to increase the efficiency of conversion of palmitate (C_16:0) to oleate (C_18:1). Levels of palmitate and oleate are controlled by the enzymes acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase and β-keto acyl ACP synthase II. The chain termination reactions of C_16:0 and C_18:1 are independent, thus paving the way for the possibility of reducing palmitate levels by switching off the palmitoyl ACP thioesterase gene. Paper presented at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. May 11–14, 1997, Seattle, Washington, USA.     

棕榈油市场分析

分析了2008年度的棕榈油市场发展状况,对2009年度的棕榈油市场进行了展望和预测。同时,对全球棕榈油库存及库存使用比以及在全球贸易中所占比例进行了分析。     

棕榈油在全球的贸易

深入阐述了棕榈油、月桂酸和工业油脂化学在马来西亚和印度尼西亚等生产大国的市场概况,进而看到棕榈油在全球的贸易。同时,也分析了棕榈油和月桂油在中国的市场状况和市场潜力,不管是对马来西亚还是整个世界来说,中国是非常重要的市场。     

The influence of chemical interesterification on the physicochemical properties of complex fat systems. 2. Morphology and polymorphism

Palm oil-soybean oil (POSBO) blends and lard-canola oil (LCO) blends were chemically interesterified with sodium methoxide. Changes in crystal morphology using polarized light microscopy and crystal polymorphic behavior using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) were studied. Spherulitic crystalline particles, measuring 10–20 μm, were detected in palm oil (PO). These spherulitic particles were characterized by a dense core surrounded by a lower-density halo region. PO fat-crystal morphology was not greatly altered on addition of soybean oil (SBO), except for a gradual reduction in spherulite size as the amount of SBO in the blends was increased. Chemical interesterification (IE) did not alter PO or POSBO blend fat-crystal morphology significantly. Irregular particles and spherulites of different sizes and shapes were observed in lard, from small crystals to irregular, angular crystal aggregates. Changes in lard fat-crystal morphology due to the addition of canola oil (CO) were concentration-dependent. In general, spherulite diameter decreased with increasing CO addition. IE dramatically altered lard fat-crystal morphology—IE induced the formation of more symmetrical spherulitic crystalline particles, and the halo-to-core ratio was increased significantly. XRD spectroscopic analysis of POSBO blends revealed small changes in the long spacings of PO fat crystals with either blending or IE; all values were close to 45 ?. Short spacings of fat crystals in noninteresterified (NIE) POSBO blends suggested the predominance of β′ polymorphs. IE led to an increase in the proportion of the β polymorph in PO and POSBO blends. Long spacings of NIE lard fat crystals suggested the presence of a bilayer structure in their unit cells (45 ?). Dilution with ≥10% canola oil led to the appearance of a second reflection at 35 ?. β′ polymorphs were predominantly detected in NIE lard and NIE LCO blends. The β polymorph became more evident with increasing addition of CO. Fat crystals in IE lard and IE LCO blends displayed a single long-spacing reflection at 40 ?. IE of lard and LCO blends induced the formation of β polymorphs.     

Trans-free vanaspati containing ternary blends of palm oil-palm stearin-palm olein and palm oil-palm stearin-palm kernel olein

Four samples of trans-free vanaspati were made using palm oil-palm stearin-palm olein (PO-POs-POo) blends (set A) and another four samples (set B) using palm oil-palm stearin-palm kernel olein (PO-POs-PKOo). Palm stearin iodine value [iodine value (IV), 30] and soft palm stearin (IV, 44) were used in this study. The products were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties. It was observed that most of the vanaspati were granular (grainy) and had a shiny appearance. Chemical analyses indicated that vanaspati consisting of PO-POs-POo had higher IV (47.7–52.4) than the PO-POs-PKOo vanaspati (37.5–47.3). The higher IV demonstrated by set A samples was due to their higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, 46.0–50.0% compared to 36.6–45.0% in set B. Decreasing the amount of palm oil while increasing palm stearin in the formulations resulted in higher slip melting points and higher yield values. Eutectic interaction was observed in PO-POs-PKOo blends. The β′ crystalline form was predominent in PO-POs-POo samples (set A). One formulation in set B exhibited β crystallinity. From the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, samples in set B showed a high peak at the low-melting region as well as a high peak at the high-melting region. In set A, the peak at the low-melting region was relatively lower.