经编土工格栅施工损伤现场试验研究

经编土工格栅因施工损伤导致强度折减现象较为严重,但国内现场试验较少。比较了双向拉伸经编格栅在4种填料下压实后的纵横向拉伸强度、伸长率、应力应变曲线,对施工损伤导致的强度折减影响因素进行了分析,并给出了相应的折减系数,为设计人员提供了适合国内施工工艺、施工器械、经编格栅产品的施工损伤折减系数的参考值。     

砂土颗粒级配对筋土界面抗剪特性的影响

为了研究砂土与土工合成材料相互作用时筋土界面的抗剪强度以及剪胀特性,采用3种不同级配的砂土分别与土工格栅和土工织物进行室内大型直剪试验,研究不同颗粒级配、密实度、筋材种类以及竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响,并对界面剪胀系数进行分析。试验结果表明：粗砂和细砂与筋材的界面剪切强度要明显大于粗细混合砂;松砂剪切过程中只有剪缩效应的存在,但密实砂土呈现出明显的剪胀过程;当竖向应力较大时,筋土界面达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比低应力时大;粗砂与土工格栅作用时达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比与土工织物作用时大,而细砂则相反。     

不同拉力方向下双向土工格栅施工损伤强度折减模拟

施工损伤是直接影响土工格栅强度发挥的重要因素之一,在设计时必须考虑土工格栅由于施工损伤所引起的强度折减。本文采用数值分析方法定量评价了一种特定双向土工格栅在不同程度施工损伤下的强度折减。利用FLAC2D软件,研究了拉力方向变化时对同一肋条不同程度损伤时抗拉强度变化规律。结果表明,单一肋条损伤与未损伤双向土工格栅试样的抗拉强度和抗拉刚度受单向水平拉力的方向影响均较大。对于单一肋条不同程度损伤,双向土工格栅强度折减系数的变化范围为1.00~3.71。     

格栅–砂土界面宏细观关联性与加筋性能评价方法研究

土工格栅与填料间作用特性对加筋土结构设计至关重要。为研究界面宏–细观力学响应关联及填料粒径对加筋效果的影响,采用三维离散元方法对三向土工格栅拉拔过程进行仿真模拟,系统分析拉拔作用下筋材及颗粒的力学响应,揭示拉拔力发展与细观组构指标演化规律,建立基于拉拔试验结果的格栅加筋性能评价方法。研究结果表明,界面颗粒速度场可即时反映筋土相互作用;选取组构演化系数描述宏观强度的发展是合适的;在一定粒径范围内,格栅加筋性能主要受控于颗粒体系比表面积,加筋土临塑荷载随填料粒径的增大而降低。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

土工格栅的直剪试验研究

以工程常用的单向、双向拉伸土工格栅作为筋材,采用粗粒料作为填料,对影响筋土界面的几个因素(包括压实度、含水量、土工格栅孔径)采用大型直剪试验进行了系统研究,得到了一些有益的结论,可供加筋土工程设计参考.     

基于特种筋材蠕变试验预应变加筋法应用研究及计算模型

通过对目前广泛应用于加筋土工程的特种筋材——CE131土工网、SDL25土工格栅进行了不同应力水平作用下的长期荷载蠕变试验。为比较不同强度土工合成材料的蠕变特性,研究制作6个CE131土工网试样和4个SDL25土工格栅试样。通过大量的试验结果分析,得出特种筋材CE131土工网、SDL25土工格栅的长期强度为抗拉强度的30%～40%,并提出在长期强度条件下特种筋材的预应变值大小及其计算公式。这对施工中的预应变加筋法技术有重要的参考价值。     

土工格栅与铜矿尾矿界面作用特性的实验研究

钢塑复合土工格栅的加筋效果好于其它筋材的原因在于其表面结构特性,在生产过程中塑料表面处理时,肋条压制成粗糙的花纹,以增强格栅表面的粗糙程度,提高CATT钢塑复合土工格栅与土体的摩擦系数。它与土之间不仅存在表面摩擦力,而且还存在镶嵌咬合力,从而增强加筋土体的稳定性。文中以不同规格的钢塑复合土工格栅作为加筋材料,以有色金属铜矿的尾矿作为填料土,通过拉拔实验,研究钢塑复合土工格栅与铜矿尾矿填料土的界面作用特性,获得了筋——土之间的剪切强度系数（C、ψ）、似摩擦系数f^＊等结果,并对它们的影响因素进行了分析与探讨。     

加筋土的拉拔摩擦试验研究

本文通过筋土之间的拉拔摩擦试验研究,分析了四种筋材在同一填料以及一种筋材在三种不同填料中的筋土界面摩擦系数的变化情况,并分析了筋材摩阻强度的变化规律。试验结果表明:在同种填料中,土工网和土工格栅较土工布、土工带界面摩擦系数高;同种筋材在粗颗粒填料中界面摩擦系数较细颗粒填料中大。拉拔试验的剪切应力与剪切位移具有明显的非线性特征,在开始阶段剪切应力有明显的增加,然后达到峰值并趋于稳定;随着法向应力的增加,界面的剪切应力的峰值以及对应的拉拔位移量也相应的增加。研究结果可为今后加筋土的研究及应用提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Large-scale load capacity tests on a geosynthetic encased column

Stone columns have been used to minimize the settlement of embankments on soft soils but their use in very soft soils can become challenging, partly because of the low confinement provided by the surrounding soil. Geosynthetic encased columns (GECs) have been successfully used to enhance to reduce settlements of embankments on soft soils. This paper describes an investigation on the performance of encased columns constructed on a very soft soil using different types of encasement (three woven geotextiles with different values of tensile stiffness) and different column fill materials (sand, gravel and recycled construction and demolition waste, RCDW). The results of load capacity tests conducted on large-scale models constructed to simulate the different types of GECs indicate that the displacement method adopted during column installation can lead to an enhanced shear strength in the smear zone that develops within the very soft soil. In addition, breakage of the column fill material was found to affect the load-settlement response of gravel and RCDW columns. Furthermore, the excess pore water pressure generated in the surrounding soil during installation, was found to remain limited to radial distances smaller than three times the GEC diameter.     

Model geogrids and 3D printing

This paper summarizes the technical aspects of using 3D printing to fabricate small model geogrids for geotechnical experiments, with the aim of scaling their geometry and tensile behavior under operational conditions, say up to 5% strain. Specifically, we successfully fabricated model geogrids with one-hundredth of the tensile strength of prototypes, which is desirable for 1:10 model tests under 1-g condition. We also successfully fabricated another one with tensile strength close to one-tenth of prototypes, which is desirable for 1:10 model tests under 10-g condition in centrifuges. Therefore, by using 3D-printed model geogrids with properly scaled dimensions and tensile behavior, it is possible to achieve the two scaling laws simultaneously in reinforced-soil model tests, making the small-scale model tests more representative of field conditions.     

宽围压加卸荷条件下特高坝填筑料强度变形研究

开展大型三轴试验,系统研究了特高坝堆石料和砂砾石填筑料在宽围压加卸荷条件下的强度变形特性。结果表明:相比堆石料,砂砾石料在低应力条件下的强度低,采用砂砾石填筑的大坝应防止坝坡浅层失稳。围压对强度指标和邓肯模型变形参数均具有重要影响,对于特高土石坝,宜根据应力分布情况分段采用不同的强度指标和变形参数,以提升坝体结构应力变形计算精度和提高工程安全性。卸荷—再加载循环内,均产生了正值的轴向变形和体积变形,循环结束后,应力-应变、体变-应变曲线均回归至原有的正常加载形态;在卸载段,低围压、低应力水平条件下往往表现为体胀,随围压和应力水平的提高,主要表现为卸荷体缩;在再加载段,无论围压大小还是应力水平高低,均主要表现为体缩。随围压的提高,回弹模量与初始切线模量之比增大;同一围压下,随应力水平的提高,回弹模量变化不大,略有降低的趋势;大石峡工程高填筑标准砂砾石料和堆石料K_ur/K约1.98~2.22,但指数n_ur要远大于n;对于那些特高坝和高坝而言,有限元计算时假定n_ur=n是不太适宜的,应开展回弹模量试验研究。     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。     

加筋形式对桩承式路堤工作性状影响的试验研究

对无加筋和采用不同加筋材料、加筋层数下桩承式路堤的工作性状进行了三维模型试验研究,侧重分析了桩土应力比、应力折减系数、填土中竖向应力分布、地基沉降等内容。结果表明加筋材料的设置有利于荷载向桩顶的转移,可有效减小沉降,但不同加筋形式下桩承式路堤的工作性状有所不同。使用单层或双层土工布时,路堤的荷载传递机理主要是填土的土拱效应和加筋材料的拉膜效应,但拉膜效应发挥相对较晚。使用双层格栅时,加筋材料与周围砂土形成半刚性平台。单层格栅的作用介于两者之间。试验结果与常规拉膜效应设计方法的对比表明,若假设荷载只由相邻桩间的加筋材料条带承担,计算的拉力将偏大,过于保守。     

Strength enhancement of clay by encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand

Large size direct shear tests (i.e.300 × 300 × 200 mm) were conducted to investigate the possibility of strength enhancement of clays reinforced with geogrids embedded in thin layers of sand. In this paper test results for the clay, sand, clay–sand, clay–geogrid, sand–geogrid and clay–sand–geogrid samples are presented and discussed. Thin sand layers with thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm were used to quantify their effect on the interaction between the clay and the geogrids. In this regard effects of sand layer thickness, normal pressure (i.e. confinement) and transversal members of geogrids were investigated. All the tests were conducted using saturated clay with no drainage allowed. Test results indicate that provision of thin layers of sand for encapsulating the geogrids is very effective in improving the strength and deformation characteristics of saturated clay. Maximum strength enhancement was derived at an optimum sand layer thickness of 10 mm which proved to be independent of the magnitude of the normal pressure used. For a particular sand layer thickness, increasing the normal pressure resulted in enhanced strength improvement. Results also showed that removal of the geogrid transversal members resulted in reducing the strength of the reinforced samples by 10% compared to geogrids with transversal members. Encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand not only will improve the performance of clays if used as backfill it would also provide drainage paths preventing pore water pressure generation on saturation of the backfill.     

Large scale direct shear tests of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interfaces

The interface shear strength of soil against geosynthetic is of great interest among the researchers in geosynthetic properties. This study conducts a series of large scale direct shear tests to investigate the interface shear strength of different soils (sand, gravel, and laterite) against PET-yarn geogrids of various tensile strengths, percent open area, and aperture patterns. First, the appropriateness of different set-ups of a lower shearing box is examined in this study. It reveals that a lower box which is filled with the test soil and is of the same size as the upper box is more suitable for testing the soil/geogrid interface. The test results show that the soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface has significantly lower shear strength than soil strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.7–0.8 for Ottawa sand and for laterite, and it is about 0.85–0.95 for gravel. On the other hand, the soil/geogrid interface has higher shear strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.9–1.05. It is found that the shear strength ratio of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface is positively correlated to the transverse tensile strength of the PET-yarn geogrid. However, it is negatively correlated with the aperture length and percent open area of the PET-yarn geogrid. The interface shear test results of PET-yarn geogrid against different soils are compared with the test results predicted by a classical model for analyzing the applicability of the classical model. Further, a simple model is proposed herein to estimate the bearing resistance provided by the transverse ribs of geogrid. It shows this component to be about 0–15% when PET-yarn geogrid is against Ottawa sand or laterite, while it is smaller when the PET-yarn geogrid is against gravel.     

土工格栅控制液化土体流动变形的试验研究

液化导致的土体大变形以及侧向流动是地震引起建筑物破坏的主要原因。采用土工格栅作为主要加固材料,开展建筑物荷载作用下液化场地流动变形的振动台试验研究,考虑水平层状土工格栅、包裹状土工格栅和土工格栅+无纺布联合处理等3种加固方案对结果的影响,从超孔隙水压力发展、建筑物沉降量以及格栅应变特性等分析加固方案对液化变形的处理效果。试验表明:采用上述3种加固方案所得的相同埋深处超孔隙水压力峰值基本相等,表明土工格栅的加入基本不能改变地基的液化状态,而后期超孔隙水压力在土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下消散速度最快。与其它两种加固方案相比,土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下建筑物沉降量最小,相比未加固工况沉降量减少24%,土工格栅中间位置的应变峰值小于边缘位置的应变峰值。采用土工格栅+无纺布联合加固时,具有较大表面积的无纺布对该覆盖区域液化土体有较好的约束作用,限制了砂土颗粒的竖向移动。此外,砂土颗粒对无纺布的作用力将由土工格栅承担,这种作用力将有利于土工格栅与砂土之间的摩擦效应,进一步限制液化砂土的流动变形。